CHMOD(1)

名称
chmod - 改变文件模式比特位

概述
chmod [选项]... 模式[,模式]... 文件列表...
chmod [选项]... 八进制模式字符串 文件列表...
chmod [选项]... --reference=参考文件 文件列表...

描述
本手册页记录了 GNU 版本的 chmod。chmod 根据给定 模式改变每个给出文件的模式比特位，其模式字符串既可以是修改目标的符号表示，也可以是用一个八进制数字来代表新的模式比特位形式。

The format of a symbolic mode is [ugoa...][[-+=][perms...]...], where perms is either zero or more letters from the set rwxXst, or a single letter from the set ugo. Multiple symbolic modes can be given, separated by commas.

A combination of the letters ugoa controls which users' access to the file will be changed: the user who owns it (u), other users in the file's group (g), other users not in the file's group (o), or all users (a). If none of these are given, the effect is as if (a) were given, but bits that are set in the umask are not affected.

The operator + causes the selected file mode bits to be added to the existing file mode bits of each file; - causes them to be removed; and = causes them to be added and causes unmentioned bits to be removed except that a directory's unmentioned set user and group ID bits are not affected.

The letters rwxXst select file mode bits for the affected users: read (r), write (w), execute (or search for directories) (x), execute/search only if the file is a directory or already has execute permission for some user (X), set user or group ID on execution (s), restricted deletion flag or sticky bit (t). Instead of one or more of these letters, you can specify exactly one of the letters ugo: the permissions granted to the user who owns the file (u), the permissions granted to other users who are members of the file's group (g), and the permissions granted to users that are in neither of the two preceding categories (o).

A numeric mode is from one to four octal digits (0-7), derived by adding up the bits with values 4, 2, and 1. Omitted digits are assumed to be leading zeros. The first digit selects the set user ID (4) and set group ID (2) and restricted deletion or sticky (1) attributes. The second digit selects permissions for the user who owns the file: read (4), write (2), and execute (1); the third selects permissions for other users in the file's group, with the same values; and the fourth for other users not in the file's group, with the same values.

chmod never changes the permissions of symbolic links; the chmod system call cannot change their permissions. This is not a problem since the permissions of symbolic links are never used. However, for each symbolic link listed on the command line, chmod changes the permissions of the pointed-to file. In contrast, chmod ignores symbolic links encountered during recursive directory traversals.

SETUID 和 SETGID 比特位
chmod clears the set-group-ID bit of a regular file if the file's group ID does not match the user's effective group ID or one of the user's supplementary group IDs, unless the user has appropriate privileges. Additional restrictions may cause the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of MODE or RFILE to be ignored. This behavior depends on the policy and functionality of the underlying chmod system call. When in doubt, check the underlying system behavior.

For directories chmod preserves set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits unless you explicitly specify otherwise. You can set or clear the bits with symbolic modes like u+s and g-s. To clear these bits for directories with a numeric mode requires an additional leading zero like 00755, leading minus like -6000, or leading equals like =755.

RESTRICTED DELETION FLAG OR STICKY BIT
The restricted deletion flag or sticky bit is a single bit, whose interpretation depends on the file type. For directories, it prevents unprivileged users from removing or renaming a file in the directory unless they own the file or the directory; this is called the restricted deletion flag for the directory, and is commonly found on world-writable directories like /tmp. For regular files on some older systems, the bit saves the program's text image on the swap device so it will load more quickly when run; this is called the sticky bit.

选项

将每个文件的权限模式变更至指定模式。使用 --reference 选项时，把指定文件的模式设置为与参考文件相同。

-c, --changes
    类似 verbose 选项，但只在做出修改时进行报告

-f, --silent, --quiet
    隐藏大多数错误信息

-v, --verbose
    对每一个处理的文件输出诊断信息

--no-preserve-root
    不要对“/”特别对待（默认）

--preserve-root
    不要在“/”下进行递归操作

--reference=参考文件
    使用参考文件的模式作为具体模式值

-R, --recursive
    递归修改文件和目录

--help
    显示此帮助信息并退出

--version
    显示版本信息并退出

每个模式字符串都应该匹配如下格式："[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+|[-+=][0-7]+"。

作者
由 David MacKenzie 和 Jim Meyering 编写。

报告错误
GNU coreutils 的在线帮助： <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
请向 <https://translationproject.org/team/zh_CN.html> 报告翻译错误。

版权
Copyright © 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

参见
chmod(2)

完整文档请见： <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/chmod>
或者在本地使用： info '(coreutils) chmod invocation'