Functions

A growing list of functions that you can use in formulas and scripting...

  `abs` (`x`) – absolute value
  `abs#` (`vector#`) – absolute value of each element of `vector#`
  `abs##` (`matrix##`) – absolute value of each cell of `matrix##`
  `appDay` ( ) – the month day at which the present version of Praat was built
  `appendFile` (`filePath$`, `...`) – write texts, numbers, vectors and so on at the end of an existing file (create such a file if it does not exist yet)
  `appendFileLine` (`filePath$`, `...`) – write texts, numbers, vectors and so on, followed by a newline, at the end of an existing file (create such a file if it does not exist yet)
  `appendInfo` (`...`) – write texts, numbers, vectors and so on, to the Info window
  `appendInfoLine` (`...`) – write texts, numbers, vectors and so on, followed by a newline, to the Info window
  `appMonth` ( ) – the month in which the present version of Praat was built (between 1 and 12)
  `appMonth$` ( ) – the name of the month (in English) in which the present version of Praat was built
  `appVersion` ( ) – the number of the present version of Praat
  `appVersion$` ( ) – the present version of Praat, as text
  `appYear` ( ) – the year in which the present version of Praat was built
  `arccos` (`x`) – inverse cosine
  `arccos#` (`vector#`) – inverse cosine of each element of `vector#`
  `arccos##` (`matrix##`) – inverse cosine of each cell of `matrix##`
  `arccosh` (`x`) – inverse hyperbolic cosine
  `arccosh#` (`vector#`) – inverse hyperbolic cosine of each element of `vector#`
  `arccosh##` (`matrix##`) – inverse hyperbolic cosine of each cell of `matrix##`
  `arcsin` (`x`) – inverse sine
  `arcsin#` (`vector#`) – inverse sine of each element of `vector#`
  `arcsin##` (`matrix##`) – inverse sine of each cell of `matrix##`
  `arcsinh` (`x`) – inverse hyperbolic sine
  `arcsinh#` (`vector#`) – inverse hyperbolic sine of each element of `vector#`
  `arcsinh##` (`matrix##`) – inverse hyperbolic sine of each cell of `matrix##`
  `arctan` (`x`) – inverse tangent
  `arctan#` (`vector#`) – inverse tangent of each element of `vector#`
  `arctan##` (`matrix##`) – inverse tangent of each cell of `matrix##`
  `arctan2` (`y`, `x`) – argument angle
  `arctanh` (`x`) – inverse hyperbolic tangent
  `arctanh#` (`vector#`) – inverse hyperbolic tangent of each element of `vector#`
  `arctanh##` (`matrix##`) – inverse hyperbolic tangent of each cell of `matrix##`
  `assert` `condition` – condition checking
  `asserterror` `message$` – testing that a certain error occurs
  `asynchronous` – let the script continue while the sound is playing
  `backslashTrigraphsToUnicode$` (`string$`) – convert e.g. \ct to ɔ
  `barkToHertz` (`x`) – from Bark-rate to acoustic frequency
  `besselI` (`n`, `x`) – modified Bessel function of the first kind, In
  `besselK` (`n`, `x`) – modified Bessel function of the second kind, Kn
  `beta` (`x`, `y`) – β function
  `between_by#` (`low`, `high`, `step`) – symmetrically dispersed numbers between `low` and `high`, in steps of `step`
  `between_count#` (`low`, `high`, `n`) – `n` symmetrically dispersed numbers between `low` and `high` (bin centres)
  `binomialP` (`p`, `k`, `n`) – probability of Bernoulli event occurring at most `k` in `n` times
  `binomialQ` (`p`, `k`, `n`) – probability of Bernoulli event occurring at least `k` in `n` times
  `ceiling` (x) – round up to integer
  `ceiling#` (`vector#`) – round up each element of `vector#`
  `ceiling##` (`matrix##`) – round up each cell of `matrix##`
  `center` (`v#`) – center (or centre) of gravity
  `chiSquareP` (`chiSquare`, `df`) – area under the χ2 curve up to `chiSquare`
  `chiSquareQ` (`chiSquare`, `df`) – area under the χ2 curve after `chiSquare`
  `chooseFolder$` (`title$`) – pops up a folder selection window
  `chooseReadFile$` (`title$`) – pops up a file selection window for opening (or appending to) an existing file
  `chooseWriteFile$` (`title$`, `defaultFilename$`) – pops up a file selection window for saving to a new file
  `clearinfo` – clear the Info window
  `clock` ( ) – typically the number of seconds since system start-up
  `col` – the columns number (of the current cell) in a Formula command
  `col$` [`i`] – the name of column i of an object
  `col#` (`matrix##`, `columnNumber`) - extract one column from a matrix
  `columnSums#` (`matrix##`)
  `combine#` (...) - combine numbers, vectors and matrices into a new vector
  `correlation` (`u#`, `v#`) – correlation (between −1 and +1) of two vectors
  `cos` (`x`) – cosine
  `cos#` (`vector#`) – cosine of each element of `vector#`
  `cos##` (`matrix##`) – cosine of each cell of `matrix##`
  `cosh` (x) – hyperbolic cosine
  `cosh#` (`vector#`) – hyperbolic cosine of each element of `vector#`
  `cosh##` (`matrix##`) – hyperbolic cosine of each cell of `matrix##`
  `createFolder` (`folderPath$`) – create a new folder, or do nothing if it already exists
  `date$` ( ) – current local date and time in the form "Mon Nov 8 16:32:42 2021"
  `date_iso$` ( ) – current local date and time in the form "2021-11-08T16:32:42+01:00"
  `date#` ( ) – current local date and time in the form { 2021, 11, 8, 16, 32, 42 }
  `date_utc$` ( ) – current standard date and time in the form "Mon Nov 8 15:32:42 2021"
  `date_utc_iso$` ( ) – current standard date and time in the form "2021-11-08T15:32:42Z"
  `date_utc#` ( ) – current standard date and time in the form { 2021, 11, 8, 15, 32, 42 }
  `deleteFile` (`filePath$`) – delete a file, or do nothing if it does not exist
  `demo` – execute a graphics command in the Demo window (instead of in the Picture window)
  `demoClicked` ( ) – determine whether the user clicked in the Demo window
  `demoClickedIn` (`xmin`, `xmax`, `ymmin`, `ymax`) – determine whether the user clicked in a rectangular region in the Demo window
  `demoCommandKeyPressed` ( ) – determine whether the user pressed the Command key when they typed into the Demo window
  `demoInput` (`characters$`) – determine whether the user typed (or clicked) the specified characters into the Demo window
  `demoKey$` ( ) – determine the key that the user typed into the Demo window
  `demoKeyPressed` ( ) – determine whether the user typed anything into the Demo window
  `demoOptionKeyPressed` ( ) – determine whether the user pressed the Option key when they typed into the Demo window
  `demoPeekInput` ( ) – see whether a user event (click or key press) is available in the Demo window
  `demoShiftKeyPressed` ( ) – determine whether the user pressed the Shift key when they typed into the Demo window
  `demoShow` ( ) – make all deferred drawing commands immediately visible
  `demoWaitForInput` ( ) – wait for a user event (click or key press) in the Demo window
  `demoWindowTitle` (`newTitle$`) – change the title of the Demo window
  `demoX` ( ) – the horizontal position of a mouse click in the Demo window
  `demoY` ( ) – the vertical position of a mouse click in the Demo window
  `differenceLimensToPhon` (`x`) – from jnd-scale to perceptual loudness
  `dx` – the horizontal distance between cells (i.e. the distance between columns) of an object
  `dy` – the vertical distance between cells (i.e. the distance between rows) of an object
  `editor` (`editor($)`) – enter the environment of an editor (by number or by name)
  `empty$#` (`numberOfStrings`) – create an array of empty strings
  `endeditor` – leave the environment of an editor
  `endproc` – end a procedure definition
  `endsWith` (`string$`, `part$`) – determine whether `string$` ends in `part$`
  `endsWith_caseInsensitive` (`string$`, `part$`) – determine whether `string$` ends in `part$`
  `environment$` (`string$`) – look up a system environment string
  `erb` (`f`) – equivalent rectangular bandwidth for frequency `f`
  `erbToHertz` (`x`) – from ERB-rate to acoustic frequency
  `erf` (`x`) – error function, the integral of the Gaussian
  `erfc` (`x`) – complement of the error function, i.e. 1 − erf (`x`); this is a separate function because erf (`x`) can be close to 1
  `exitScript` (`...`) – show a message that tells the user why the script will be interrupted
  `exp` (`x`) – exponentiation, i.e. e`x`
  `exp#` (`vector#`) – exponentiate each element of `vector#`
  `exp##` (`matrix##`) – exponentiate each cell of `matrix##`
  `extractLine$` (`string$`, `part$`) – everything that comes after the first occurrence of `part$` in `string$`
  `extractNumber` (`string$`, `part$`) – the first number after the first occurrence of `part$% in %`string````
  `extractWord$` (`string$`, `part$`) – the first “word” after the first occurrence of `part$% in %`string````
  `fileNames$#` (`folderNameOrPattern$`) – get the names (not the whole paths) of the files in a folder or that match a pattern with an asterisk
  `fileNames_caseInsensitive$#` (`folderNameOrPattern$`) – get the names (not the whole paths) of the files in a folder or that match a pattern with an asterisk
  `fileReadable` (`filePath$`) – 1 if the file exists and can be read, 0 otherwise
  `fisherP` (`f`, `df1`, `df2`) – area under the Fisher F curve up to `f`
  `fisherQ` (`f`, `df1`, `df2`) – area under the Fisher F curve after `f`
  `fixed$` (`number`, `precision`) – format a number as a string, with `precision` digits after the decimal point
  `fixed$` (`vector#`, `precision`) – format a vector as a string, with all elements expressed in `precision` digits after the decimal point
  `fixed$` (`matrix##`, `precision`) – format a matrix as a string, with all cells expressed in `precision` digits after the decimal point
  `floor` (`x`) – round down to integer
  `floor#` (`vector#`) – round down each element of `vector#`
  `floor##` (`matrix##`) – round down each cell of `matrix##`
  `folderExists` (`folderPath$`) – 1 if the folder exists and can be read, 0 otherwise
  `folderNames$#` (`folderNameOrPattern$`) – get the names (not the whole paths) of the subfolders in a folder or that match a pattern with an asterisk
  `folderNames_caseInsensitive$#` (`folderNameOrPattern$`) – get the names (not the whole paths) of the subfolders in a folder or that match a pattern with an asterisk
  `from_to#` (`m`, `n`) – the integers from `m` through `n`
  `from_to_by#` (`m`, `n`, `step`) – numbers from `m` through `n`, in steps of `step`
  `from_to_count#` (`start`, `end`, `n`) – `n` numbers from `start` through `end`
  `gaussP` (`z`) – area under the normal curve up to `z`
  `gaussQ` (`z`) – area under the normal curve after `z`
  `goto` – place in a script to jump from
  `hertzToBark` (`x`) – from acoustic frequency to Bark-rate
  `hertzToErb` (`x`) – from acoustic frequency to ERB-rate
  `hertzToMel` (`x`) – from acoustic frequency to mel
  `hertzToSemitones` (`x`) – from acoustic frequency to logarithmic scale re 100 Hz
  `imax` (`x`, `...`) – location of the maximum
  `imin` (`x`, `...`) – location of the minimum
  `index` (`string$`, `part$`) – look up a substring, or 0 if not found
  `index` (`strings$#`, `s$`) – look up whether and where `s$` first occurs in `strings$`
  `index_caseInsensitive` (`string$`, `part$`) – look up a substring, or 0 if not found
  `index_caseInsensitive` (`strings$#`, `s$`) – look up whether and where `s$` first occurs in `strings$`
  `index_regex` (`string$`, `regex$`) – determine whether and where `string$` first matches `regex$`
  `inner` (`a#`, `b#`) – inner product
  `invBinomialP` (`P`, `k`, `n`) – inverse of `binomialP`
  `invBinomialQ` (`Q`, `k`, `n`) – inverse of `binomialQ`
  `invChiSquareQ` (`q`, `df`) – inverse of `chiSquareQ`
  `invFisherQ` (`q`, `df1`, `df2`) – inverse of `fisherQ`
  `invGaussQ` (`z`) – inverse of `gaussQ`
  `invSigmoid` (`x`) – inverse `sigmoid`
  `invSigmoid#` (`vector#`) – inverse sigmoid of each element of `vector#`
  `invSigmoid##` (`matrix##`) – inverse sigmoid of each cell of `matrix##`
  `invStudentQ` (`q`, `df`) – inverse studentQ
  `label` – place in a script to jump to
  `left$` (`string$`, `n`) – the n first characters in `string$`
  `length` (`string$`) – number of Unicode characters in `string$`
  `ln` (`x`) – natural logarithm, base e
  `ln#` (`vector#`) – natural logarithm of each element of `vector#`
  `ln##` (`matrix##`) – natural logarithm of each cell of `matrix##`
  `lnGamma` (`x`) – logarithm of the Γ function
  `log2` (`x`) – logarithm, base 2
  `log2#` (`vector#`) – base-2 logarithm of each element of `vector#`
  `log2##` (`matrix##`) – base-2 logarithm of each cell of `matrix##`
  `log10` (x) – logarithm, base 10
  `log10#` (`vector#`) – base-10 logarithm of each element of `vector#`
  `log10##` (`matrix##`) – base-10 logarithm of each cell of `matrix##`
  `lowerCase$` (`string$`) – turns all capitals into lower case
  `lowerCaseAppName$` ( ) – the name of the app in lower snake case, e.g. `praat` or `praat_for_hospitals`
  `max` (`x`, `...`) – maximum
  `mean` (`v#`) – average of the elements of a vector
  `melToHertz` (`x`) – from mel to acoustic frequency
  `mid$` (`string$`, `from`, `n`) – the `n` characters in `string$` starting at position `from`
  `min` (`x`, `...`) – minimum
  `minusObject` (`...`) – shrink the selection of objects in the list
  `moveAndOrRenameFile` (`fromFilePath$`, `toFilePath$`) – move and/or rename a file (note: supply two paths)
  `mul##` (`a##`, `b##`) – matrix multiplication
  `ncol` – the number of columns of an object
  `nrow` – the number of rows of an object
  `number` (`a$`) – interpret a string as a number
  `number#` (`a$#`) – interpret strings as numbers
  `numberOfColumns` (`matrix##`)
  `numberOfRows` (`matrix##`)
  `nx` – the number of cells horizontally (i.e. the number of columns) of an object
  `ny` – the number of cells vertically (i.e. the number of rows) of an object
  `outer##` (`a#`, `b#`) – outer product, i.e. resultij = ai bj
  `padLeft$` (`string$`, `minimumNewWidth` [, `pad$`]) – left padding
  `padOrTruncateLeft$` (`string$`, `newWidth` [, `pad$`]) – left padding or truncation
  `padOrTruncateRight$` (`string$`, `newWidth` [, `pad$`]) – right padding or truncation
  `padRight$` (`string$`, `minimumNewWidth` [, `pad$`]) – right padding
  `pauseScript` (`...`) – show a message in a simple pause window
  `percent$` (`number`, `precision`) – format a number as a string, with a trailing percent sign and `precision` digits after the decimal point
  `phonToDifferenceLimens` (`x`) – from perceptual loudness to jnd-scale
  `plusObject` (`...`) – extend the selection of objects in the list
  `procedure`: `procedureName`, `...` – start a procedure definition
  `randomBernoulli` (`p`) – Bernoulli-distributed random deviate (0 or 1)
  `randomBernoulli#` (`n`, `p`) – `n` independent Bernoulli-distributed zeroes and ones
  `randomGamma` (`shape`, `rate`) – gamma-distributed random deviate
  `randomGamma#` (`n`, `shape`, `rate`) – n independent gamma-distributed random numbers
  `randomGamma#` (`vector#`, `shape`, `rate`) – duplicate `vector#`, and replace all elements with independent gamma-distributed random numbers
  `randomGamma##` (`nrow`, `ncol`, `shape`, `rate`) – nrow × ncol independent gamma-distributed random numbers
  `randomGamma##` (`matrix##`, `shape`, `rate`) – duplicate `matrix##`, and replace all cells with independent gamma-distributed random numbers
  `randomGauss` (`mu`, `sigma`) – normally distributed random deviate
  `randomGauss#` (`n`, `mu`, `sigma`) – n independent normally distributed random numbers
  `randomGauss#` (`vector#`, `mu`, `sigma`) – duplicate `vector#`, and replace all elements with independent normally distributed random numbers
  `randomGauss##` (`nrow`, `ncol`, `mu`, `sigma`) – `nrow` × `ncol` independent normally distributed random numbers
  `randomGauss##` (`matrix##`, `mu`, `sigma`) – duplicate `matrix##`, and replace all cells with independent normally distributed random numbers
  `randomInteger` (`min`, `max`) – uniformly distributed integer random deviate
  `randomInteger#` (`n`, `min`, `max`) – `n` independent uniformly distributed random integers
  `randomInteger#` (`vector#`, `min`, `max`) – duplicate `vector#`, and replace all elements with independent uniformly distributed random integers
  `randomInteger##` (`nrow`, `ncol`, `min`, `max`) – `nrow` × `ncol` independent uniformly distributed random integers
  `randomInteger##` (`matrix##`, `min`, `max`) – duplicate `matrix##`, and replace all cells with independent uniformly distributed random integers
  `randomPoisson` (`mean`) – Poisson-distributed random deviate
  `randomPoisson#` (`n`, `mean`) – `n` independent Poisson-distributed random numbers
  `randomPoisson#` (`vector#`, `mean`) – duplicate `vector#`, and replace all elements with independent Poisson-distributed random numbers
  `randomPoisson##` (nrow, ncol, `mean`) – `nrow` × `ncol` independent Poisson-distributed random numbers
  `randomPoisson##` (`matrix##`, `mean`) – duplicate `matrix##`, and replace all cells with independent Poisson-distributed random numbers
  `randomUniform` (`min`, `max`) – uniformly distributed random deviate
  `randomUniform#` (`n`, `min`, `max`) – n independent uniformly distributed random numbers
  `randomUniform#` (`vector#`, min, max) – duplicate `vector#`, and replace all elements with independent uniformly distributed random numbers
  `randomUniform##` (`nrow`, `ncol`, `min`, `max`) – `nrow` × `ncol` independent uniformly distributed random numbers
  `randomUniform##` (`matrix##`, `min`, `max`) – duplicate `matrix##`, and replace all cells with independent uniformly distributed random numbers
  `random_initializeSafelyAndUnpredictably` ( ) – undoes the effects of the following function
  `random_initializeWithSeedUnsafelyButPredictably` (`seed`) – reproducible sequence of random numbers
  `readFile` (`filePath$`) – read a number from a text file
  `readFile$` (`filePath$`) – read a whole text file into a string
  `readFile#` (`filePath$`) – read a vector from a text file
  `readFile##` (`filePath$`) – read a matrix from a text file
  `readLinesFromFile$#` (`filePath$`) – read all lines from a text file
  `rectify` (`x`) – set to zero if negative (no change if positive)
  `rectify#` (`vector#`) – rectify each element of `vector#`
  `rectify##` (`matrix##`) – rectify each cell of `matrix##`
  `removeObject` (`...`) – remove objects from the list, by ID and/or name
  `repeat#` (`v#`, `n`) – repeat the whole sequence of elements of `v#` `n` times
  `replace$` (`a$`, `b$`, `c$`, `n`) – within `a$`, replace the first `n` occurrences of `b$` with `c$`, or all if `n` = 0
  `replace_regex$` (`a$`, `b$`, `c$`, `n`) – within `a$`, replace the first `n` matches of regular expression `b$` with the regular expression `c$`, or all if `n` = 0
  `right$` (`string$`, `n`) – the n last characters in `string$`
  `rindex` (`string$`, `part$`) – look up a substring from the end, or 0 if not found
  `rindex` (`strings$#`, `s$`) – look up whether and where `s$` last occurs in `strings$#`
  `rindex_caseInsensitive` (`string$`, `part$`) – look up a substring from the end, or 0 if not found
  `rindex_caseInsensitive` (`strings$#`, `s$`) – look up whether and where `s$` last occurs in `strings$#`
  `rindex_regex` (`string$`, `regex$`) – determine whether and where `string$` last matches `regex$`
  `round` (`x`) – nearest integer
  `round#` (`vector#`) – nearest integer of each element of `vector#`
  `round##` (`matrix##`) – nearest integer of each cell of `matrix##`
  `row` – the row number (of the current cell) in a Formula command
  `row$` [`i`] – the name of row i of an object
  `row#` (`matrix##`, `rowNumber`) - extract one row from a matrix
  `rowSums#` (`matrix##`)
  `runScript` (`filePath$`, `...`) – run a script with the given arguments
  `runSubprocess` (`executableFilePath$`, `...`) – run an external program with the given arguments
  `runSubprocess$` (`executableFilePath$`, `...`) – run an external program with the given arguments, and return its output
  `runSystem` (`...`) – run a system command line with the given arguments concatenated
  `runSystem$` (`...`) – run a system command line with the given arguments concatenated, and return its output
  `selected` ( ) – the ID of the topmost selected object
  `selected` (`i`) – the ID of the ith selected object (as counted from the top, or from the bottom if negative)
  `selected` (`type$`) – the ID of the topmost selected object of type `type$`
  `selected` (`type$`, `i`) – the ID of the ith selected object of type `type$` (as counted from the top, or from the bottom if negative)
  `selected$` ( ) – the full name (type + given name) of the topmost selected object
  `selected$` (`i`) – the full name (type + given name) of the ith selected object (as counted from the top, or from the bottom if negative)
  `selected$` (`type$`) – the given name of the topmost selected object of type `type$`
  `selected$` (`type$`, `i`) – the given name of the ith selected object of type `type$` (as counted from the top, or from the bottom if negative)
  `selected#` ( ) – the IDs of all selected objects
  `selected#` (`type$`) – the IDs of all selected objects of type `type$`
  `selected$#` ( ) – the full names of all selected objects
  `selected$#` (`type$`) – the given names of all selected objects of type `type$`
  `selectObject` (`...`) – select object(s) in the list by ID and/or full name
  `semitonesToHertz` (`x`) – from logarithmic scale re 100 Hz to acoustic frequency
  `sigmoid` (`x`) – 1 / (1 + e-`x`)
  `sigmoid#` (`vector#`) – sigmoid of each element of `vector#`
  `sigmoid##` (`matrix##`) – sigmoid of each cell of `matrix##`
  `sin` (`x`) – sine
  `sin#` (`vector#`) – sine of each element of `vector#`
  `sin##` (`matrix##`) – sine of each cell of `matrix##`
  `sinc` (`x`) – sinus cardinalis: sin (`x`) / `x`
  `sincpi` (`x`) – sin (π x) / (π x)
  `sinh` (`x`) – hyperbolic sine
  `sinh#` (`vector#`) – hyperbolic sine of each element of `vector#`
  `sinh##` (`matrix##`) – hyperbolic sine of each cell of `matrix##`
  `size` (`v#`) – number of elements
  `shuffle#` (`vector#`) – randomize order
  `shuffle$#` (`stringVector$#`) – randomize order
  `sleep` (`duration`) – pause script for `duration` seconds
  `softmax#` (`vector#`)
  `softmaxPerRow##` (`matrix##`)
  `solve#` (`a##`, `y#`) – find x for which A · x = y
  `solve##` (`a##`, `y##`) – find X for which A · X = Y
  `solveNonnegative#` (`a##`, `y#` [, `x`], `maximumNumberOfIterations`, `tolerance`, `infoLevel`)
  `solveSparse#` (`a##`, `y#` [, `x`], `maximumNumberOfNonzeros`, `maximumNumberOfIterations`, `tolerance`, `infoLevel`)
  `solveWeaklyConstrained#` (`a##`, `y#`, `alpha`, `delta`)
  `sort#` (`vector#`) – reshuffle in increasing order
  `sort$#` (`stringVector$#`) – reshuffle in Unicode-alphabetical order
  `sort_numberAware$#` (`stringVector$#`) – reshuffle in Unicode-alphabetical order, with special attention to numbers
  `splitByWhitespace$#` (`string$`) – split a string into inks
  `sqrt` (`x`) – square root
  `sqrt#` (`vector#`) – square root of each element of `vector#`
  `sqrt##` (`matrix##`) – square root of each cell of `matrix##`
  `startsWith` (`string$`, `part$`) – determine whether `string$` starts with `part$`
  `startsWith_caseInsensitive` (`string$`, `part$`) – determine whether `string$` starts with `part$`
  `stdev` (`v#`) – standard deviation of the elements of a vector
  `stopwatch` – give the current value of the timer, which is then immediately reset to zero (note: no parentheses)
  `string$` (`number`) – format a number as a string
  `studentP` (`t`, `df`) – area under the Student T curve up to `t`
  `studentQ` (`t`, `df`) – area under the Student T curve after `t`
  `sum` (`v#`) – sum the elements
  `sumOver` (`loopVariable` `to` `n`, `numericExpressionOptionallyUsingLoopVariable`) – Σ
  `tan` (`x`) – tangent
  `tan#` (`vector#`) – tangent of each element of `vector#`
  `tan##` (`matrix##`) – tangent of each cell of `matrix##`
  `tanh` (`x`) – hyperbolic tangent
  `tanh#` (`vector#`) – hyperbolic tangent of each element of `vector#`
  `tanh##` (`matrix##`) – hyperbolic tangent of each cell of `matrix##`
  `to#` (`n`) – the integers 1 through `n`
  `transpose##` (`matrix##`) – flip matrix along its diagonal
  `truncateLeft$` (`string$`, `newMaximumWidth` [, `pad$`]) – left truncation of `string$`
  `truncateRight$` (`string$`, `newMaximumWidth` [, `pad$`]) – right truncation of `string$`
  `tryToAppendFile` (`filePath$`) – check whether a file can be appended to
  `tryToWriteFile` (`filePath$`) – check whether a file can be written (destructive!)
  `unicode` (`c$`) – the Unicode codepoint number that corresponds to character `c$`
  `unicode$` (`n`) – the character that corresponds to Unicode codepoint `n`
  `unicodeToBackslashTrigraphs$` (`string$`) – convert e.g. ɔ to \ct
  `upperCase$` (`string$`) – turns all lower-case characters into capitals
  `upperCaseAppName$` ( ) – the name of the app in upper camel case, e.g. `Praat` or `PraatForHospitals`
  `variableExists` (`variableName$`) – does the variable `variableName$` exist?
  `vertical$` (`stringArray$#`) – format a string array vertically
  `writeFile` (`filePath$`, `...`) – create a new text file, and write texts, numbers, vectors and so on into it
  `writeFileLine` (`filePath$`, `...`) – create a new text file, write texts, numbers, vectors and so on into it, followed by a newline
  `writeInfo` (`...`) – write texts, numbers, vectors and so on, to a clear Info window
  `writeInfoLine` (`...`) – write texts, numbers, vectors and so on, followed by a newline, to a clear Info window
  `x` – the horizontal place (in world coordinates) of the current cell in a Formula command
  `xmax` – the top of the horizontal domain of an object
  `xmin` – the bottom of the horizontal domain of an object
  `y` – the vertical place (in world coordinates) of the current cell in a Formula command
  `ymax` – the top of the vertical domain of an object
  `ymin` – the bottom of the vertical domain of an object
  `zero#` (`n`) – vector with `n` elements that are all 0
  `zero##` (`nrow`, `ncol`) – matrix with `nrow` × `ncol` elements that are all 0