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# sqlglot.parser

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       1from __future__ import annotations
       2
       3import logging
       4import typing as t
       5import itertools
       6from collections import defaultdict
       7
       8from sqlglot import exp
       9from sqlglot.errors import ErrorLevel, ParseError, concat_messages, merge_errors
      10from sqlglot.helper import apply_index_offset, ensure_list, seq_get
      11from sqlglot.time import format_time
      12from sqlglot.tokens import Token, Tokenizer, TokenType
      13from sqlglot.trie import TrieResult, in_trie, new_trie
      14
      15if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
      16    from sqlglot._typing import E, Lit
      17    from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import Dialect, DialectType
      18
      19    T = t.TypeVar("T")
      20    TCeilFloor = t.TypeVar("TCeilFloor", exp.Ceil, exp.Floor)
      21
      22logger = logging.getLogger("sqlglot")
      23
      24OPTIONS_TYPE = t.Dict[str, t.Sequence[t.Union[t.Sequence[str], str]]]
      25
      26
      27def build_var_map(args: t.List) -> exp.StarMap | exp.VarMap:
      28    if len(args) == 1 and args[0].is_star:
      29        return exp.StarMap(this=args[0])
      30
      31    keys = []
      32    values = []
      33    for i in range(0, len(args), 2):
      34        keys.append(args[i])
      35        values.append(args[i + 1])
      36
      37    return exp.VarMap(keys=exp.array(*keys, copy=False), values=exp.array(*values, copy=False))
      38
      39
      40def build_like(args: t.List) -> exp.Escape | exp.Like:
      41    like = exp.Like(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=seq_get(args, 0))
      42    return exp.Escape(this=like, expression=seq_get(args, 2)) if len(args) > 2 else like
      43
      44
      45def binary_range_parser(
      46    expr_type: t.Type[exp.Expression], reverse_args: bool = False
      47) -> t.Callable[[Parser, t.Optional[exp.Expression]], t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
      48    def _parse_binary_range(
      49        self: Parser, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]
      50    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
      51        expression = self._parse_bitwise()
      52        if reverse_args:
      53            this, expression = expression, this
      54        return self._parse_escape(self.expression(expr_type, this=this, expression=expression))
      55
      56    return _parse_binary_range
      57
      58
      59def build_logarithm(args: t.List, dialect: Dialect) -> exp.Func:
      60    # Default argument order is base, expression
      61    this = seq_get(args, 0)
      62    expression = seq_get(args, 1)
      63
      64    if expression:
      65        if not dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST:
      66            this, expression = expression, this
      67        return exp.Log(this=this, expression=expression)
      68
      69    return (exp.Ln if dialect.parser_class.LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN else exp.Log)(this=this)
      70
      71
      72def build_hex(args: t.List, dialect: Dialect) -> exp.Hex | exp.LowerHex:
      73    arg = seq_get(args, 0)
      74    return exp.LowerHex(this=arg) if dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE else exp.Hex(this=arg)
      75
      76
      77def build_lower(args: t.List) -> exp.Lower | exp.Hex:
      78    # LOWER(HEX(..)) can be simplified to LowerHex to simplify its transpilation
      79    arg = seq_get(args, 0)
      80    return exp.LowerHex(this=arg.this) if isinstance(arg, exp.Hex) else exp.Lower(this=arg)
      81
      82
      83def build_upper(args: t.List) -> exp.Upper | exp.Hex:
      84    # UPPER(HEX(..)) can be simplified to Hex to simplify its transpilation
      85    arg = seq_get(args, 0)
      86    return exp.Hex(this=arg.this) if isinstance(arg, exp.Hex) else exp.Upper(this=arg)
      87
      88
      89def build_extract_json_with_path(expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> t.Callable[[t.List, Dialect], E]:
      90    def _builder(args: t.List, dialect: Dialect) -> E:
      91        expression = expr_type(
      92            this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=dialect.to_json_path(seq_get(args, 1))
      93        )
      94        if len(args) > 2 and expr_type is exp.JSONExtract:
      95            expression.set("expressions", args[2:])
      96
      97        return expression
      98
      99    return _builder
     100
     101
     102def build_mod(args: t.List) -> exp.Mod:
     103    this = seq_get(args, 0)
     104    expression = seq_get(args, 1)
     105
     106    # Wrap the operands if they are binary nodes, e.g. MOD(a + 1, 7) -> (a + 1) % 7
     107    this = exp.Paren(this=this) if isinstance(this, exp.Binary) else this
     108    expression = exp.Paren(this=expression) if isinstance(expression, exp.Binary) else expression
     109
     110    return exp.Mod(this=this, expression=expression)
     111
     112
     113def build_pad(args: t.List, is_left: bool = True):
     114    return exp.Pad(
     115        this=seq_get(args, 0),
     116        expression=seq_get(args, 1),
     117        fill_pattern=seq_get(args, 2),
     118        is_left=is_left,
     119    )
     120
     121
     122def build_array_constructor(
     123    exp_class: t.Type[E], args: t.List, bracket_kind: TokenType, dialect: Dialect
     124) -> exp.Expression:
     125    array_exp = exp_class(expressions=args)
     126
     127    if exp_class == exp.Array and dialect.HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS:
     128        array_exp.set("bracket_notation", bracket_kind == TokenType.L_BRACKET)
     129
     130    return array_exp
     131
     132
     133def build_convert_timezone(
     134    args: t.List, default_source_tz: t.Optional[str] = None
     135) -> t.Union[exp.ConvertTimezone, exp.Anonymous]:
     136    if len(args) == 2:
     137        source_tz = exp.Literal.string(default_source_tz) if default_source_tz else None
     138        return exp.ConvertTimezone(
     139            source_tz=source_tz, target_tz=seq_get(args, 0), timestamp=seq_get(args, 1)
     140        )
     141
     142    return exp.ConvertTimezone.from_arg_list(args)
     143
     144
     145def build_trim(args: t.List, is_left: bool = True):
     146    return exp.Trim(
     147        this=seq_get(args, 0),
     148        expression=seq_get(args, 1),
     149        position="LEADING" if is_left else "TRAILING",
     150    )
     151
     152
     153def build_coalesce(
     154    args: t.List, is_nvl: t.Optional[bool] = None, is_null: t.Optional[bool] = None
     155) -> exp.Coalesce:
     156    return exp.Coalesce(this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], is_nvl=is_nvl, is_null=is_null)
     157
     158
     159def build_locate_strposition(args: t.List):
     160    return exp.StrPosition(
     161        this=seq_get(args, 1),
     162        substr=seq_get(args, 0),
     163        position=seq_get(args, 2),
     164    )
     165
     166
     167class _Parser(type):
     168    def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs):
     169        klass = super().__new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs)
     170
     171        klass.SHOW_TRIE = new_trie(key.split(" ") for key in klass.SHOW_PARSERS)
     172        klass.SET_TRIE = new_trie(key.split(" ") for key in klass.SET_PARSERS)
     173
     174        return klass
     175
     176
     177class Parser(metaclass=_Parser):
     178    """
     179    Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.
     180
     181    Args:
     182        error_level: The desired error level.
     183            Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
     184        error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying
     185            the error message (in number of characters).
     186            Default: 100
     187        max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError.
     188            This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE.
     189            Default: 3
     190    """
     191
     192    FUNCTIONS: t.Dict[str, t.Callable] = {
     193        **{name: func.from_arg_list for name, func in exp.FUNCTION_BY_NAME.items()},
     194        **dict.fromkeys(("COALESCE", "IFNULL", "NVL"), build_coalesce),
     195        "ARRAY": lambda args, dialect: exp.Array(expressions=args),
     196        "ARRAYAGG": lambda args, dialect: exp.ArrayAgg(
     197            this=seq_get(args, 0), nulls_excluded=dialect.ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS is None or None
     198        ),
     199        "ARRAY_AGG": lambda args, dialect: exp.ArrayAgg(
     200            this=seq_get(args, 0), nulls_excluded=dialect.ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS is None or None
     201        ),
     202        "CHAR": lambda args: exp.Chr(expressions=args),
     203        "CHR": lambda args: exp.Chr(expressions=args),
     204        "COUNT": lambda args: exp.Count(this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=True),
     205        "CONCAT": lambda args, dialect: exp.Concat(
     206            expressions=args,
     207            safe=not dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT,
     208            coalesce=dialect.CONCAT_COALESCE,
     209        ),
     210        "CONCAT_WS": lambda args, dialect: exp.ConcatWs(
     211            expressions=args,
     212            safe=not dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT,
     213            coalesce=dialect.CONCAT_COALESCE,
     214        ),
     215        "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": build_convert_timezone,
     216        "DATE_TO_DATE_STR": lambda args: exp.Cast(
     217            this=seq_get(args, 0),
     218            to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.TEXT),
     219        ),
     220        "GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY": lambda args: exp.GenerateDateArray(
     221            start=seq_get(args, 0),
     222            end=seq_get(args, 1),
     223            step=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Interval(this=exp.Literal.string(1), unit=exp.var("DAY")),
     224        ),
     225        "GLOB": lambda args: exp.Glob(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=seq_get(args, 0)),
     226        "HEX": build_hex,
     227        "JSON_EXTRACT": build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
     228        "JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR": build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
     229        "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT": build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
     230        "LIKE": build_like,
     231        "LOG": build_logarithm,
     232        "LOG2": lambda args: exp.Log(this=exp.Literal.number(2), expression=seq_get(args, 0)),
     233        "LOG10": lambda args: exp.Log(this=exp.Literal.number(10), expression=seq_get(args, 0)),
     234        "LOWER": build_lower,
     235        "LPAD": lambda args: build_pad(args),
     236        "LEFTPAD": lambda args: build_pad(args),
     237        "LTRIM": lambda args: build_trim(args),
     238        "MOD": build_mod,
     239        "RIGHTPAD": lambda args: build_pad(args, is_left=False),
     240        "RPAD": lambda args: build_pad(args, is_left=False),
     241        "RTRIM": lambda args: build_trim(args, is_left=False),
     242        "SCOPE_RESOLUTION": lambda args: exp.ScopeResolution(expression=seq_get(args, 0))
     243        if len(args) != 2
     244        else exp.ScopeResolution(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1)),
     245        "STRPOS": exp.StrPosition.from_arg_list,
     246        "CHARINDEX": lambda args: build_locate_strposition(args),
     247        "INSTR": exp.StrPosition.from_arg_list,
     248        "LOCATE": lambda args: build_locate_strposition(args),
     249        "TIME_TO_TIME_STR": lambda args: exp.Cast(
     250            this=seq_get(args, 0),
     251            to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.TEXT),
     252        ),
     253        "TO_HEX": build_hex,
     254        "TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR": lambda args: exp.Substring(
     255            this=exp.Cast(
     256                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     257                to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.TEXT),
     258            ),
     259            start=exp.Literal.number(1),
     260            length=exp.Literal.number(10),
     261        ),
     262        "UNNEST": lambda args: exp.Unnest(expressions=ensure_list(seq_get(args, 0))),
     263        "UPPER": build_upper,
     264        "VAR_MAP": build_var_map,
     265    }
     266
     267    NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS = {
     268        TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: exp.CurrentDate,
     269        TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: exp.CurrentDate,
     270        TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: exp.CurrentTime,
     271        TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: exp.CurrentTimestamp,
     272        TokenType.CURRENT_USER: exp.CurrentUser,
     273    }
     274
     275    STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS = {
     276        TokenType.NESTED,
     277        TokenType.OBJECT,
     278        TokenType.STRUCT,
     279        TokenType.UNION,
     280    }
     281
     282    NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS = {
     283        TokenType.ARRAY,
     284        TokenType.LIST,
     285        TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY,
     286        TokenType.MAP,
     287        TokenType.NULLABLE,
     288        TokenType.RANGE,
     289        *STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS,
     290    }
     291
     292    ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS = {
     293        TokenType.DYNAMIC,
     294        TokenType.ENUM,
     295        TokenType.ENUM8,
     296        TokenType.ENUM16,
     297    }
     298
     299    AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS = {
     300        TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION,
     301        TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION,
     302    }
     303
     304    TYPE_TOKENS = {
     305        TokenType.BIT,
     306        TokenType.BOOLEAN,
     307        TokenType.TINYINT,
     308        TokenType.UTINYINT,
     309        TokenType.SMALLINT,
     310        TokenType.USMALLINT,
     311        TokenType.INT,
     312        TokenType.UINT,
     313        TokenType.BIGINT,
     314        TokenType.UBIGINT,
     315        TokenType.INT128,
     316        TokenType.UINT128,
     317        TokenType.INT256,
     318        TokenType.UINT256,
     319        TokenType.MEDIUMINT,
     320        TokenType.UMEDIUMINT,
     321        TokenType.FIXEDSTRING,
     322        TokenType.FLOAT,
     323        TokenType.DOUBLE,
     324        TokenType.UDOUBLE,
     325        TokenType.CHAR,
     326        TokenType.NCHAR,
     327        TokenType.VARCHAR,
     328        TokenType.NVARCHAR,
     329        TokenType.BPCHAR,
     330        TokenType.TEXT,
     331        TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT,
     332        TokenType.LONGTEXT,
     333        TokenType.BLOB,
     334        TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB,
     335        TokenType.LONGBLOB,
     336        TokenType.BINARY,
     337        TokenType.VARBINARY,
     338        TokenType.JSON,
     339        TokenType.JSONB,
     340        TokenType.INTERVAL,
     341        TokenType.TINYBLOB,
     342        TokenType.TINYTEXT,
     343        TokenType.TIME,
     344        TokenType.TIMETZ,
     345        TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     346        TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
     347        TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
     348        TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
     349        TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
     350        TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
     351        TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ,
     352        TokenType.DATETIME,
     353        TokenType.DATETIME2,
     354        TokenType.DATETIME64,
     355        TokenType.SMALLDATETIME,
     356        TokenType.DATE,
     357        TokenType.DATE32,
     358        TokenType.INT4RANGE,
     359        TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE,
     360        TokenType.INT8RANGE,
     361        TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE,
     362        TokenType.NUMRANGE,
     363        TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE,
     364        TokenType.TSRANGE,
     365        TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE,
     366        TokenType.TSTZRANGE,
     367        TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE,
     368        TokenType.DATERANGE,
     369        TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE,
     370        TokenType.DECIMAL,
     371        TokenType.DECIMAL32,
     372        TokenType.DECIMAL64,
     373        TokenType.DECIMAL128,
     374        TokenType.DECIMAL256,
     375        TokenType.UDECIMAL,
     376        TokenType.BIGDECIMAL,
     377        TokenType.UUID,
     378        TokenType.GEOGRAPHY,
     379        TokenType.GEOMETRY,
     380        TokenType.POINT,
     381        TokenType.RING,
     382        TokenType.LINESTRING,
     383        TokenType.MULTILINESTRING,
     384        TokenType.POLYGON,
     385        TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON,
     386        TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
     387        TokenType.HSTORE,
     388        TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE,
     389        TokenType.SUPER,
     390        TokenType.SERIAL,
     391        TokenType.SMALLSERIAL,
     392        TokenType.BIGSERIAL,
     393        TokenType.XML,
     394        TokenType.YEAR,
     395        TokenType.USERDEFINED,
     396        TokenType.MONEY,
     397        TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
     398        TokenType.ROWVERSION,
     399        TokenType.IMAGE,
     400        TokenType.VARIANT,
     401        TokenType.VECTOR,
     402        TokenType.VOID,
     403        TokenType.OBJECT,
     404        TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
     405        TokenType.INET,
     406        TokenType.IPADDRESS,
     407        TokenType.IPPREFIX,
     408        TokenType.IPV4,
     409        TokenType.IPV6,
     410        TokenType.UNKNOWN,
     411        TokenType.NOTHING,
     412        TokenType.NULL,
     413        TokenType.NAME,
     414        TokenType.TDIGEST,
     415        TokenType.DYNAMIC,
     416        *ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS,
     417        *NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS,
     418        *AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS,
     419    }
     420
     421    SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN = {
     422        TokenType.BIGINT: TokenType.UBIGINT,
     423        TokenType.INT: TokenType.UINT,
     424        TokenType.MEDIUMINT: TokenType.UMEDIUMINT,
     425        TokenType.SMALLINT: TokenType.USMALLINT,
     426        TokenType.TINYINT: TokenType.UTINYINT,
     427        TokenType.DECIMAL: TokenType.UDECIMAL,
     428        TokenType.DOUBLE: TokenType.UDOUBLE,
     429    }
     430
     431    SUBQUERY_PREDICATES = {
     432        TokenType.ANY: exp.Any,
     433        TokenType.ALL: exp.All,
     434        TokenType.EXISTS: exp.Exists,
     435        TokenType.SOME: exp.Any,
     436    }
     437
     438    RESERVED_TOKENS = {
     439        *Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.values(),
     440        TokenType.SELECT,
     441    } - {TokenType.IDENTIFIER}
     442
     443    DB_CREATABLES = {
     444        TokenType.DATABASE,
     445        TokenType.DICTIONARY,
     446        TokenType.FILE_FORMAT,
     447        TokenType.MODEL,
     448        TokenType.NAMESPACE,
     449        TokenType.SCHEMA,
     450        TokenType.SEQUENCE,
     451        TokenType.SINK,
     452        TokenType.SOURCE,
     453        TokenType.STAGE,
     454        TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION,
     455        TokenType.STREAMLIT,
     456        TokenType.TABLE,
     457        TokenType.TAG,
     458        TokenType.VIEW,
     459        TokenType.WAREHOUSE,
     460    }
     461
     462    CREATABLES = {
     463        TokenType.COLUMN,
     464        TokenType.CONSTRAINT,
     465        TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY,
     466        TokenType.FUNCTION,
     467        TokenType.INDEX,
     468        TokenType.PROCEDURE,
     469        *DB_CREATABLES,
     470    }
     471
     472    ALTERABLES = {
     473        TokenType.INDEX,
     474        TokenType.TABLE,
     475        TokenType.VIEW,
     476    }
     477
     478    # Tokens that can represent identifiers
     479    ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
     480        TokenType.ALL,
     481        TokenType.ATTACH,
     482        TokenType.VAR,
     483        TokenType.ANTI,
     484        TokenType.APPLY,
     485        TokenType.ASC,
     486        TokenType.ASOF,
     487        TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT,
     488        TokenType.BEGIN,
     489        TokenType.BPCHAR,
     490        TokenType.CACHE,
     491        TokenType.CASE,
     492        TokenType.COLLATE,
     493        TokenType.COMMAND,
     494        TokenType.COMMENT,
     495        TokenType.COMMIT,
     496        TokenType.CONSTRAINT,
     497        TokenType.COPY,
     498        TokenType.CUBE,
     499        TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA,
     500        TokenType.DEFAULT,
     501        TokenType.DELETE,
     502        TokenType.DESC,
     503        TokenType.DESCRIBE,
     504        TokenType.DETACH,
     505        TokenType.DICTIONARY,
     506        TokenType.DIV,
     507        TokenType.END,
     508        TokenType.EXECUTE,
     509        TokenType.EXPORT,
     510        TokenType.ESCAPE,
     511        TokenType.FALSE,
     512        TokenType.FIRST,
     513        TokenType.FILTER,
     514        TokenType.FINAL,
     515        TokenType.FORMAT,
     516        TokenType.FULL,
     517        TokenType.GET,
     518        TokenType.IDENTIFIER,
     519        TokenType.IS,
     520        TokenType.ISNULL,
     521        TokenType.INTERVAL,
     522        TokenType.KEEP,
     523        TokenType.KILL,
     524        TokenType.LEFT,
     525        TokenType.LIMIT,
     526        TokenType.LOAD,
     527        TokenType.MERGE,
     528        TokenType.NATURAL,
     529        TokenType.NEXT,
     530        TokenType.OFFSET,
     531        TokenType.OPERATOR,
     532        TokenType.ORDINALITY,
     533        TokenType.OVERLAPS,
     534        TokenType.OVERWRITE,
     535        TokenType.PARTITION,
     536        TokenType.PERCENT,
     537        TokenType.PIVOT,
     538        TokenType.PRAGMA,
     539        TokenType.PUT,
     540        TokenType.RANGE,
     541        TokenType.RECURSIVE,
     542        TokenType.REFERENCES,
     543        TokenType.REFRESH,
     544        TokenType.RENAME,
     545        TokenType.REPLACE,
     546        TokenType.RIGHT,
     547        TokenType.ROLLUP,
     548        TokenType.ROW,
     549        TokenType.ROWS,
     550        TokenType.SEMI,
     551        TokenType.SET,
     552        TokenType.SETTINGS,
     553        TokenType.SHOW,
     554        TokenType.TEMPORARY,
     555        TokenType.TOP,
     556        TokenType.TRUE,
     557        TokenType.TRUNCATE,
     558        TokenType.UNIQUE,
     559        TokenType.UNNEST,
     560        TokenType.UNPIVOT,
     561        TokenType.UPDATE,
     562        TokenType.USE,
     563        TokenType.VOLATILE,
     564        TokenType.WINDOW,
     565        *CREATABLES,
     566        *SUBQUERY_PREDICATES,
     567        *TYPE_TOKENS,
     568        *NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS,
     569    }
     570    ID_VAR_TOKENS.remove(TokenType.UNION)
     571
     572    TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
     573        TokenType.ANTI,
     574        TokenType.APPLY,
     575        TokenType.ASOF,
     576        TokenType.FULL,
     577        TokenType.LEFT,
     578        TokenType.LOCK,
     579        TokenType.NATURAL,
     580        TokenType.RIGHT,
     581        TokenType.SEMI,
     582        TokenType.WINDOW,
     583    }
     584
     585    ALIAS_TOKENS = ID_VAR_TOKENS
     586
     587    COLON_PLACEHOLDER_TOKENS = ID_VAR_TOKENS
     588
     589    ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = {
     590        "ARRAY": exp.Array,
     591        "LIST": exp.List,
     592    }
     593
     594    COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {TokenType.IS}
     595
     596    UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS = TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {TokenType.SET}
     597
     598    TRIM_TYPES = {"LEADING", "TRAILING", "BOTH"}
     599
     600    FUNC_TOKENS = {
     601        TokenType.COLLATE,
     602        TokenType.COMMAND,
     603        TokenType.CURRENT_DATE,
     604        TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME,
     605        TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA,
     606        TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
     607        TokenType.CURRENT_TIME,
     608        TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
     609        TokenType.FILTER,
     610        TokenType.FIRST,
     611        TokenType.FORMAT,
     612        TokenType.GET,
     613        TokenType.GLOB,
     614        TokenType.IDENTIFIER,
     615        TokenType.INDEX,
     616        TokenType.ISNULL,
     617        TokenType.ILIKE,
     618        TokenType.INSERT,
     619        TokenType.LIKE,
     620        TokenType.MERGE,
     621        TokenType.NEXT,
     622        TokenType.OFFSET,
     623        TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY,
     624        TokenType.RANGE,
     625        TokenType.REPLACE,
     626        TokenType.RLIKE,
     627        TokenType.ROW,
     628        TokenType.UNNEST,
     629        TokenType.VAR,
     630        TokenType.LEFT,
     631        TokenType.RIGHT,
     632        TokenType.SEQUENCE,
     633        TokenType.DATE,
     634        TokenType.DATETIME,
     635        TokenType.TABLE,
     636        TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     637        TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
     638        TokenType.TRUNCATE,
     639        TokenType.WINDOW,
     640        TokenType.XOR,
     641        *TYPE_TOKENS,
     642        *SUBQUERY_PREDICATES,
     643    }
     644
     645    CONJUNCTION: t.Dict[TokenType, t.Type[exp.Expression]] = {
     646        TokenType.AND: exp.And,
     647    }
     648
     649    ASSIGNMENT: t.Dict[TokenType, t.Type[exp.Expression]] = {
     650        TokenType.COLON_EQ: exp.PropertyEQ,
     651    }
     652
     653    DISJUNCTION: t.Dict[TokenType, t.Type[exp.Expression]] = {
     654        TokenType.OR: exp.Or,
     655    }
     656
     657    EQUALITY = {
     658        TokenType.EQ: exp.EQ,
     659        TokenType.NEQ: exp.NEQ,
     660        TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: exp.NullSafeEQ,
     661    }
     662
     663    COMPARISON = {
     664        TokenType.GT: exp.GT,
     665        TokenType.GTE: exp.GTE,
     666        TokenType.LT: exp.LT,
     667        TokenType.LTE: exp.LTE,
     668    }
     669
     670    BITWISE = {
     671        TokenType.AMP: exp.BitwiseAnd,
     672        TokenType.CARET: exp.BitwiseXor,
     673        TokenType.PIPE: exp.BitwiseOr,
     674    }
     675
     676    TERM = {
     677        TokenType.DASH: exp.Sub,
     678        TokenType.PLUS: exp.Add,
     679        TokenType.MOD: exp.Mod,
     680        TokenType.COLLATE: exp.Collate,
     681    }
     682
     683    FACTOR = {
     684        TokenType.DIV: exp.IntDiv,
     685        TokenType.LR_ARROW: exp.Distance,
     686        TokenType.SLASH: exp.Div,
     687        TokenType.STAR: exp.Mul,
     688    }
     689
     690    EXPONENT: t.Dict[TokenType, t.Type[exp.Expression]] = {}
     691
     692    TIMES = {
     693        TokenType.TIME,
     694        TokenType.TIMETZ,
     695    }
     696
     697    TIMESTAMPS = {
     698        TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     699        TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ,
     700        TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
     701        TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
     702        *TIMES,
     703    }
     704
     705    SET_OPERATIONS = {
     706        TokenType.UNION,
     707        TokenType.INTERSECT,
     708        TokenType.EXCEPT,
     709    }
     710
     711    JOIN_METHODS = {
     712        TokenType.ASOF,
     713        TokenType.NATURAL,
     714        TokenType.POSITIONAL,
     715    }
     716
     717    JOIN_SIDES = {
     718        TokenType.LEFT,
     719        TokenType.RIGHT,
     720        TokenType.FULL,
     721    }
     722
     723    JOIN_KINDS = {
     724        TokenType.ANTI,
     725        TokenType.CROSS,
     726        TokenType.INNER,
     727        TokenType.OUTER,
     728        TokenType.SEMI,
     729        TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN,
     730    }
     731
     732    JOIN_HINTS: t.Set[str] = set()
     733
     734    LAMBDAS = {
     735        TokenType.ARROW: lambda self, expressions: self.expression(
     736            exp.Lambda,
     737            this=self._replace_lambda(
     738                self._parse_assignment(),
     739                expressions,
     740            ),
     741            expressions=expressions,
     742        ),
     743        TokenType.FARROW: lambda self, expressions: self.expression(
     744            exp.Kwarg,
     745            this=exp.var(expressions[0].name),
     746            expression=self._parse_assignment(),
     747        ),
     748    }
     749
     750    COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
     751        TokenType.DOT: None,
     752        TokenType.DOTCOLON: lambda self, this, to: self.expression(
     753            exp.JSONCast,
     754            this=this,
     755            to=to,
     756        ),
     757        TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this, to: self.expression(
     758            exp.Cast if self.STRICT_CAST else exp.TryCast,
     759            this=this,
     760            to=to,
     761        ),
     762        TokenType.ARROW: lambda self, this, path: self.expression(
     763            exp.JSONExtract,
     764            this=this,
     765            expression=self.dialect.to_json_path(path),
     766            only_json_types=self.JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE,
     767        ),
     768        TokenType.DARROW: lambda self, this, path: self.expression(
     769            exp.JSONExtractScalar,
     770            this=this,
     771            expression=self.dialect.to_json_path(path),
     772            only_json_types=self.JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE,
     773        ),
     774        TokenType.HASH_ARROW: lambda self, this, path: self.expression(
     775            exp.JSONBExtract,
     776            this=this,
     777            expression=path,
     778        ),
     779        TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: lambda self, this, path: self.expression(
     780            exp.JSONBExtractScalar,
     781            this=this,
     782            expression=path,
     783        ),
     784        TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: lambda self, this, key: self.expression(
     785            exp.JSONBContains,
     786            this=this,
     787            expression=key,
     788        ),
     789    }
     790
     791    EXPRESSION_PARSERS = {
     792        exp.Cluster: lambda self: self._parse_sort(exp.Cluster, TokenType.CLUSTER_BY),
     793        exp.Column: lambda self: self._parse_column(),
     794        exp.Condition: lambda self: self._parse_assignment(),
     795        exp.DataType: lambda self: self._parse_types(allow_identifiers=False, schema=True),
     796        exp.Expression: lambda self: self._parse_expression(),
     797        exp.From: lambda self: self._parse_from(joins=True),
     798        exp.Group: lambda self: self._parse_group(),
     799        exp.Having: lambda self: self._parse_having(),
     800        exp.Hint: lambda self: self._parse_hint_body(),
     801        exp.Identifier: lambda self: self._parse_id_var(),
     802        exp.Join: lambda self: self._parse_join(),
     803        exp.Lambda: lambda self: self._parse_lambda(),
     804        exp.Lateral: lambda self: self._parse_lateral(),
     805        exp.Limit: lambda self: self._parse_limit(),
     806        exp.Offset: lambda self: self._parse_offset(),
     807        exp.Order: lambda self: self._parse_order(),
     808        exp.Ordered: lambda self: self._parse_ordered(),
     809        exp.Properties: lambda self: self._parse_properties(),
     810        exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self: self._parse_partitioned_by(),
     811        exp.Qualify: lambda self: self._parse_qualify(),
     812        exp.Returning: lambda self: self._parse_returning(),
     813        exp.Select: lambda self: self._parse_select(),
     814        exp.Sort: lambda self: self._parse_sort(exp.Sort, TokenType.SORT_BY),
     815        exp.Table: lambda self: self._parse_table_parts(),
     816        exp.TableAlias: lambda self: self._parse_table_alias(),
     817        exp.Tuple: lambda self: self._parse_value(values=False),
     818        exp.Whens: lambda self: self._parse_when_matched(),
     819        exp.Where: lambda self: self._parse_where(),
     820        exp.Window: lambda self: self._parse_named_window(),
     821        exp.With: lambda self: self._parse_with(),
     822        "JOIN_TYPE": lambda self: self._parse_join_parts(),
     823    }
     824
     825    STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     826        TokenType.ALTER: lambda self: self._parse_alter(),
     827        TokenType.ANALYZE: lambda self: self._parse_analyze(),
     828        TokenType.BEGIN: lambda self: self._parse_transaction(),
     829        TokenType.CACHE: lambda self: self._parse_cache(),
     830        TokenType.COMMENT: lambda self: self._parse_comment(),
     831        TokenType.COMMIT: lambda self: self._parse_commit_or_rollback(),
     832        TokenType.COPY: lambda self: self._parse_copy(),
     833        TokenType.CREATE: lambda self: self._parse_create(),
     834        TokenType.DELETE: lambda self: self._parse_delete(),
     835        TokenType.DESC: lambda self: self._parse_describe(),
     836        TokenType.DESCRIBE: lambda self: self._parse_describe(),
     837        TokenType.DROP: lambda self: self._parse_drop(),
     838        TokenType.GRANT: lambda self: self._parse_grant(),
     839        TokenType.INSERT: lambda self: self._parse_insert(),
     840        TokenType.KILL: lambda self: self._parse_kill(),
     841        TokenType.LOAD: lambda self: self._parse_load(),
     842        TokenType.MERGE: lambda self: self._parse_merge(),
     843        TokenType.PIVOT: lambda self: self._parse_simplified_pivot(),
     844        TokenType.PRAGMA: lambda self: self.expression(exp.Pragma, this=self._parse_expression()),
     845        TokenType.REFRESH: lambda self: self._parse_refresh(),
     846        TokenType.ROLLBACK: lambda self: self._parse_commit_or_rollback(),
     847        TokenType.SET: lambda self: self._parse_set(),
     848        TokenType.TRUNCATE: lambda self: self._parse_truncate_table(),
     849        TokenType.UNCACHE: lambda self: self._parse_uncache(),
     850        TokenType.UNPIVOT: lambda self: self._parse_simplified_pivot(is_unpivot=True),
     851        TokenType.UPDATE: lambda self: self._parse_update(),
     852        TokenType.USE: lambda self: self._parse_use(),
     853        TokenType.SEMICOLON: lambda self: exp.Semicolon(),
     854    }
     855
     856    UNARY_PARSERS = {
     857        TokenType.PLUS: lambda self: self._parse_unary(),  # Unary + is handled as a no-op
     858        TokenType.NOT: lambda self: self.expression(exp.Not, this=self._parse_equality()),
     859        TokenType.TILDA: lambda self: self.expression(exp.BitwiseNot, this=self._parse_unary()),
     860        TokenType.DASH: lambda self: self.expression(exp.Neg, this=self._parse_unary()),
     861        TokenType.PIPE_SLASH: lambda self: self.expression(exp.Sqrt, this=self._parse_unary()),
     862        TokenType.DPIPE_SLASH: lambda self: self.expression(exp.Cbrt, this=self._parse_unary()),
     863    }
     864
     865    STRING_PARSERS = {
     866        TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING: lambda self, token: self.expression(
     867            exp.RawString, this=token.text
     868        ),
     869        TokenType.NATIONAL_STRING: lambda self, token: self.expression(
     870            exp.National, this=token.text
     871        ),
     872        TokenType.RAW_STRING: lambda self, token: self.expression(exp.RawString, this=token.text),
     873        TokenType.STRING: lambda self, token: self.expression(
     874            exp.Literal, this=token.text, is_string=True
     875        ),
     876        TokenType.UNICODE_STRING: lambda self, token: self.expression(
     877            exp.UnicodeString,
     878            this=token.text,
     879            escape=self._match_text_seq("UESCAPE") and self._parse_string(),
     880        ),
     881    }
     882
     883    NUMERIC_PARSERS = {
     884        TokenType.BIT_STRING: lambda self, token: self.expression(exp.BitString, this=token.text),
     885        TokenType.BYTE_STRING: lambda self, token: self.expression(exp.ByteString, this=token.text),
     886        TokenType.HEX_STRING: lambda self, token: self.expression(
     887            exp.HexString,
     888            this=token.text,
     889            is_integer=self.dialect.HEX_STRING_IS_INTEGER_TYPE or None,
     890        ),
     891        TokenType.NUMBER: lambda self, token: self.expression(
     892            exp.Literal, this=token.text, is_string=False
     893        ),
     894    }
     895
     896    PRIMARY_PARSERS = {
     897        **STRING_PARSERS,
     898        **NUMERIC_PARSERS,
     899        TokenType.INTRODUCER: lambda self, token: self._parse_introducer(token),
     900        TokenType.NULL: lambda self, _: self.expression(exp.Null),
     901        TokenType.TRUE: lambda self, _: self.expression(exp.Boolean, this=True),
     902        TokenType.FALSE: lambda self, _: self.expression(exp.Boolean, this=False),
     903        TokenType.SESSION_PARAMETER: lambda self, _: self._parse_session_parameter(),
     904        TokenType.STAR: lambda self, _: self._parse_star_ops(),
     905    }
     906
     907    PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
     908        TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: lambda self: self.expression(exp.Placeholder),
     909        TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: self._parse_parameter(),
     910        TokenType.COLON: lambda self: (
     911            self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
     912            if self._match_set(self.COLON_PLACEHOLDER_TOKENS)
     913            else None
     914        ),
     915    }
     916
     917    RANGE_PARSERS = {
     918        TokenType.AT_GT: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayContainsAll),
     919        TokenType.BETWEEN: lambda self, this: self._parse_between(this),
     920        TokenType.GLOB: binary_range_parser(exp.Glob),
     921        TokenType.ILIKE: binary_range_parser(exp.ILike),
     922        TokenType.IN: lambda self, this: self._parse_in(this),
     923        TokenType.IRLIKE: binary_range_parser(exp.RegexpILike),
     924        TokenType.IS: lambda self, this: self._parse_is(this),
     925        TokenType.LIKE: binary_range_parser(exp.Like),
     926        TokenType.LT_AT: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayContainsAll, reverse_args=True),
     927        TokenType.OVERLAPS: binary_range_parser(exp.Overlaps),
     928        TokenType.RLIKE: binary_range_parser(exp.RegexpLike),
     929        TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: binary_range_parser(exp.SimilarTo),
     930        TokenType.FOR: lambda self, this: self._parse_comprehension(this),
     931    }
     932
     933    PROPERTY_PARSERS: t.Dict[str, t.Callable] = {
     934        "ALLOWED_VALUES": lambda self: self.expression(
     935            exp.AllowedValuesProperty, expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_primary)
     936        ),
     937        "ALGORITHM": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.AlgorithmProperty),
     938        "AUTO": lambda self: self._parse_auto_property(),
     939        "AUTO_INCREMENT": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.AutoIncrementProperty),
     940        "BACKUP": lambda self: self.expression(
     941            exp.BackupProperty, this=self._parse_var(any_token=True)
     942        ),
     943        "BLOCKCOMPRESSION": lambda self: self._parse_blockcompression(),
     944        "CHARSET": lambda self, **kwargs: self._parse_character_set(**kwargs),
     945        "CHARACTER SET": lambda self, **kwargs: self._parse_character_set(**kwargs),
     946        "CHECKSUM": lambda self: self._parse_checksum(),
     947        "CLUSTER BY": lambda self: self._parse_cluster(),
     948        "CLUSTERED": lambda self: self._parse_clustered_by(),
     949        "COLLATE": lambda self, **kwargs: self._parse_property_assignment(
     950            exp.CollateProperty, **kwargs
     951        ),
     952        "COMMENT": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.SchemaCommentProperty),
     953        "CONTAINS": lambda self: self._parse_contains_property(),
     954        "COPY": lambda self: self._parse_copy_property(),
     955        "DATABLOCKSIZE": lambda self, **kwargs: self._parse_datablocksize(**kwargs),
     956        "DATA_DELETION": lambda self: self._parse_data_deletion_property(),
     957        "DEFINER": lambda self: self._parse_definer(),
     958        "DETERMINISTIC": lambda self: self.expression(
     959            exp.StabilityProperty, this=exp.Literal.string("IMMUTABLE")
     960        ),
     961        "DISTRIBUTED": lambda self: self._parse_distributed_property(),
     962        "DUPLICATE": lambda self: self._parse_composite_key_property(exp.DuplicateKeyProperty),
     963        "DYNAMIC": lambda self: self.expression(exp.DynamicProperty),
     964        "DISTKEY": lambda self: self._parse_distkey(),
     965        "DISTSTYLE": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.DistStyleProperty),
     966        "EMPTY": lambda self: self.expression(exp.EmptyProperty),
     967        "ENGINE": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.EngineProperty),
     968        "ENVIRONMENT": lambda self: self.expression(
     969            exp.EnviromentProperty, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
     970        ),
     971        "EXECUTE": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.ExecuteAsProperty),
     972        "EXTERNAL": lambda self: self.expression(exp.ExternalProperty),
     973        "FALLBACK": lambda self, **kwargs: self._parse_fallback(**kwargs),
     974        "FORMAT": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.FileFormatProperty),
     975        "FREESPACE": lambda self: self._parse_freespace(),
     976        "GLOBAL": lambda self: self.expression(exp.GlobalProperty),
     977        "HEAP": lambda self: self.expression(exp.HeapProperty),
     978        "ICEBERG": lambda self: self.expression(exp.IcebergProperty),
     979        "IMMUTABLE": lambda self: self.expression(
     980            exp.StabilityProperty, this=exp.Literal.string("IMMUTABLE")
     981        ),
     982        "INHERITS": lambda self: self.expression(
     983            exp.InheritsProperty, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_table)
     984        ),
     985        "INPUT": lambda self: self.expression(exp.InputModelProperty, this=self._parse_schema()),
     986        "JOURNAL": lambda self, **kwargs: self._parse_journal(**kwargs),
     987        "LANGUAGE": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.LanguageProperty),
     988        "LAYOUT": lambda self: self._parse_dict_property(this="LAYOUT"),
     989        "LIFETIME": lambda self: self._parse_dict_range(this="LIFETIME"),
     990        "LIKE": lambda self: self._parse_create_like(),
     991        "LOCATION": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.LocationProperty),
     992        "LOCK": lambda self: self._parse_locking(),
     993        "LOCKING": lambda self: self._parse_locking(),
     994        "LOG": lambda self, **kwargs: self._parse_log(**kwargs),
     995        "MATERIALIZED": lambda self: self.expression(exp.MaterializedProperty),
     996        "MERGEBLOCKRATIO": lambda self, **kwargs: self._parse_mergeblockratio(**kwargs),
     997        "MODIFIES": lambda self: self._parse_modifies_property(),
     998        "MULTISET": lambda self: self.expression(exp.SetProperty, multi=True),
     999        "NO": lambda self: self._parse_no_property(),
    1000        "ON": lambda self: self._parse_on_property(),
    1001        "ORDER BY": lambda self: self._parse_order(skip_order_token=True),
    1002        "OUTPUT": lambda self: self.expression(exp.OutputModelProperty, this=self._parse_schema()),
    1003        "PARTITION": lambda self: self._parse_partitioned_of(),
    1004        "PARTITION BY": lambda self: self._parse_partitioned_by(),
    1005        "PARTITIONED BY": lambda self: self._parse_partitioned_by(),
    1006        "PARTITIONED_BY": lambda self: self._parse_partitioned_by(),
    1007        "PRIMARY KEY": lambda self: self._parse_primary_key(in_props=True),
    1008        "RANGE": lambda self: self._parse_dict_range(this="RANGE"),
    1009        "READS": lambda self: self._parse_reads_property(),
    1010        "REMOTE": lambda self: self._parse_remote_with_connection(),
    1011        "RETURNS": lambda self: self._parse_returns(),
    1012        "STRICT": lambda self: self.expression(exp.StrictProperty),
    1013        "STREAMING": lambda self: self.expression(exp.StreamingTableProperty),
    1014        "ROW": lambda self: self._parse_row(),
    1015        "ROW_FORMAT": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.RowFormatProperty),
    1016        "SAMPLE": lambda self: self.expression(
    1017            exp.SampleProperty, this=self._match_text_seq("BY") and self._parse_bitwise()
    1018        ),
    1019        "SECURE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.SecureProperty),
    1020        "SECURITY": lambda self: self._parse_security(),
    1021        "SET": lambda self: self.expression(exp.SetProperty, multi=False),
    1022        "SETTINGS": lambda self: self._parse_settings_property(),
    1023        "SHARING": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.SharingProperty),
    1024        "SORTKEY": lambda self: self._parse_sortkey(),
    1025        "SOURCE": lambda self: self._parse_dict_property(this="SOURCE"),
    1026        "STABLE": lambda self: self.expression(
    1027            exp.StabilityProperty, this=exp.Literal.string("STABLE")
    1028        ),
    1029        "STORED": lambda self: self._parse_stored(),
    1030        "SYSTEM_VERSIONING": lambda self: self._parse_system_versioning_property(),
    1031        "TBLPROPERTIES": lambda self: self._parse_wrapped_properties(),
    1032        "TEMP": lambda self: self.expression(exp.TemporaryProperty),
    1033        "TEMPORARY": lambda self: self.expression(exp.TemporaryProperty),
    1034        "TO": lambda self: self._parse_to_table(),
    1035        "TRANSIENT": lambda self: self.expression(exp.TransientProperty),
    1036        "TRANSFORM": lambda self: self.expression(
    1037            exp.TransformModelProperty, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_expression)
    1038        ),
    1039        "TTL": lambda self: self._parse_ttl(),
    1040        "USING": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.FileFormatProperty),
    1041        "UNLOGGED": lambda self: self.expression(exp.UnloggedProperty),
    1042        "VOLATILE": lambda self: self._parse_volatile_property(),
    1043        "WITH": lambda self: self._parse_with_property(),
    1044    }
    1045
    1046    CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {
    1047        "AUTOINCREMENT": lambda self: self._parse_auto_increment(),
    1048        "AUTO_INCREMENT": lambda self: self._parse_auto_increment(),
    1049        "CASESPECIFIC": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint, not_=False),
    1050        "CHARACTER SET": lambda self: self.expression(
    1051            exp.CharacterSetColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_var_or_string()
    1052        ),
    1053        "CHECK": lambda self: self.expression(
    1054            exp.CheckColumnConstraint,
    1055            this=self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_assignment),
    1056            enforced=self._match_text_seq("ENFORCED"),
    1057        ),
    1058        "COLLATE": lambda self: self.expression(
    1059            exp.CollateColumnConstraint,
    1060            this=self._parse_identifier() or self._parse_column(),
    1061        ),
    1062        "COMMENT": lambda self: self.expression(
    1063            exp.CommentColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_string()
    1064        ),
    1065        "COMPRESS": lambda self: self._parse_compress(),
    1066        "CLUSTERED": lambda self: self.expression(
    1067            exp.ClusteredColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_ordered)
    1068        ),
    1069        "NONCLUSTERED": lambda self: self.expression(
    1070            exp.NonClusteredColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_ordered)
    1071        ),
    1072        "DEFAULT": lambda self: self.expression(
    1073            exp.DefaultColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_bitwise()
    1074        ),
    1075        "ENCODE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.EncodeColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_var()),
    1076        "EPHEMERAL": lambda self: self.expression(
    1077            exp.EphemeralColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_bitwise()
    1078        ),
    1079        "EXCLUDE": lambda self: self.expression(
    1080            exp.ExcludeColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_index_params()
    1081        ),
    1082        "FOREIGN KEY": lambda self: self._parse_foreign_key(),
    1083        "FORMAT": lambda self: self.expression(
    1084            exp.DateFormatColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_var_or_string()
    1085        ),
    1086        "GENERATED": lambda self: self._parse_generated_as_identity(),
    1087        "IDENTITY": lambda self: self._parse_auto_increment(),
    1088        "INLINE": lambda self: self._parse_inline(),
    1089        "LIKE": lambda self: self._parse_create_like(),
    1090        "NOT": lambda self: self._parse_not_constraint(),
    1091        "NULL": lambda self: self.expression(exp.NotNullColumnConstraint, allow_null=True),
    1092        "ON": lambda self: (
    1093            self._match(TokenType.UPDATE)
    1094            and self.expression(exp.OnUpdateColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_function())
    1095        )
    1096        or self.expression(exp.OnProperty, this=self._parse_id_var()),
    1097        "PATH": lambda self: self.expression(exp.PathColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_string()),
    1098        "PERIOD": lambda self: self._parse_period_for_system_time(),
    1099        "PRIMARY KEY": lambda self: self._parse_primary_key(),
    1100        "REFERENCES": lambda self: self._parse_references(match=False),
    1101        "TITLE": lambda self: self.expression(
    1102            exp.TitleColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_var_or_string()
    1103        ),
    1104        "TTL": lambda self: self.expression(exp.MergeTreeTTL, expressions=[self._parse_bitwise()]),
    1105        "UNIQUE": lambda self: self._parse_unique(),
    1106        "UPPERCASE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.UppercaseColumnConstraint),
    1107        "WATERMARK": lambda self: self.expression(
    1108            exp.WatermarkColumnConstraint,
    1109            this=self._match(TokenType.FOR) and self._parse_column(),
    1110            expression=self._match(TokenType.ALIAS) and self._parse_disjunction(),
    1111        ),
    1112        "WITH": lambda self: self.expression(
    1113            exp.Properties, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_properties()
    1114        ),
    1115        "BUCKET": lambda self: self._parse_partitioned_by_bucket_or_truncate(),
    1116        "TRUNCATE": lambda self: self._parse_partitioned_by_bucket_or_truncate(),
    1117    }
    1118
    1119    def _parse_partitioned_by_bucket_or_truncate(self) -> exp.Expression:
    1120        klass = (
    1121            exp.PartitionedByBucket
    1122            if self._prev.text.upper() == "BUCKET"
    1123            else exp.PartitionByTruncate
    1124        )
    1125
    1126        args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(lambda: self._parse_primary() or self._parse_column())
    1127        this, expression = seq_get(args, 0), seq_get(args, 1)
    1128
    1129        if isinstance(this, exp.Literal):
    1130            # Check for Iceberg partition transforms (bucket / truncate) and ensure their arguments are in the right order
    1131            #  - For Hive, it's `bucket(<num buckets>, <col name>)` or `truncate(<num_chars>, <col_name>)`
    1132            #  - For Trino, it's reversed - `bucket(<col name>, <num buckets>)` or `truncate(<col_name>, <num_chars>)`
    1133            # Both variants are canonicalized in the latter i.e `bucket(<col name>, <num buckets>)`
    1134            #
    1135            # Hive ref: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/athena/latest/ug/querying-iceberg-creating-tables.html#querying-iceberg-partitioning
    1136            # Trino ref: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/athena/latest/ug/create-table-as.html#ctas-table-properties
    1137            this, expression = expression, this
    1138
    1139        return self.expression(klass, this=this, expression=expression)
    1140
    1141    ALTER_PARSERS = {
    1142        "ADD": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_add(),
    1143        "AS": lambda self: self._parse_select(),
    1144        "ALTER": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_alter(),
    1145        "CLUSTER BY": lambda self: self._parse_cluster(wrapped=True),
    1146        "DELETE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.Delete, where=self._parse_where()),
    1147        "DROP": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_drop(),
    1148        "RENAME": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_rename(),
    1149        "SET": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_set(),
    1150        "SWAP": lambda self: self.expression(
    1151            exp.SwapTable, this=self._match(TokenType.WITH) and self._parse_table(schema=True)
    1152        ),
    1153    }
    1154
    1155    ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS = {
    1156        "DISTKEY": lambda self: self._parse_alter_diststyle(),
    1157        "DISTSTYLE": lambda self: self._parse_alter_diststyle(),
    1158        "SORTKEY": lambda self: self._parse_alter_sortkey(),
    1159        "COMPOUND": lambda self: self._parse_alter_sortkey(compound=True),
    1160    }
    1161
    1162    SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS = {
    1163        "CHECK",
    1164        "EXCLUDE",
    1165        "FOREIGN KEY",
    1166        "LIKE",
    1167        "PERIOD",
    1168        "PRIMARY KEY",
    1169        "UNIQUE",
    1170        "WATERMARK",
    1171        "BUCKET",
    1172        "TRUNCATE",
    1173    }
    1174
    1175    NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    1176        "ANY": lambda self: self.expression(exp.Any, this=self._parse_bitwise()),
    1177        "CASE": lambda self: self._parse_case(),
    1178        "CONNECT_BY_ROOT": lambda self: self.expression(
    1179            exp.ConnectByRoot, this=self._parse_column()
    1180        ),
    1181        "IF": lambda self: self._parse_if(),
    1182    }
    1183
    1184    INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS = {
    1185        TokenType.IDENTIFIER,
    1186        TokenType.STRING,
    1187    }
    1188
    1189    FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {"STRUCT"}
    1190
    1191    KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS = (exp.Alias, exp.EQ, exp.PropertyEQ, exp.Slice)
    1192
    1193    FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    1194        **{
    1195            name: lambda self: self._parse_max_min_by(exp.ArgMax) for name in exp.ArgMax.sql_names()
    1196        },
    1197        **{
    1198            name: lambda self: self._parse_max_min_by(exp.ArgMin) for name in exp.ArgMin.sql_names()
    1199        },
    1200        "CAST": lambda self: self._parse_cast(self.STRICT_CAST),
    1201        "CEIL": lambda self: self._parse_ceil_floor(exp.Ceil),
    1202        "CONVERT": lambda self: self._parse_convert(self.STRICT_CAST),
    1203        "DECODE": lambda self: self._parse_decode(),
    1204        "EXTRACT": lambda self: self._parse_extract(),
    1205        "FLOOR": lambda self: self._parse_ceil_floor(exp.Floor),
    1206        "GAP_FILL": lambda self: self._parse_gap_fill(),
    1207        "JSON_OBJECT": lambda self: self._parse_json_object(),
    1208        "JSON_OBJECTAGG": lambda self: self._parse_json_object(agg=True),
    1209        "JSON_TABLE": lambda self: self._parse_json_table(),
    1210        "MATCH": lambda self: self._parse_match_against(),
    1211        "NORMALIZE": lambda self: self._parse_normalize(),
    1212        "OPENJSON": lambda self: self._parse_open_json(),
    1213        "OVERLAY": lambda self: self._parse_overlay(),
    1214        "POSITION": lambda self: self._parse_position(),
    1215        "PREDICT": lambda self: self._parse_predict(),
    1216        "SAFE_CAST": lambda self: self._parse_cast(False, safe=True),
    1217        "STRING_AGG": lambda self: self._parse_string_agg(),
    1218        "SUBSTRING": lambda self: self._parse_substring(),
    1219        "TRIM": lambda self: self._parse_trim(),
    1220        "TRY_CAST": lambda self: self._parse_cast(False, safe=True),
    1221        "TRY_CONVERT": lambda self: self._parse_convert(False, safe=True),
    1222        "XMLELEMENT": lambda self: self.expression(
    1223            exp.XMLElement,
    1224            this=self._match_text_seq("NAME") and self._parse_id_var(),
    1225            expressions=self._match(TokenType.COMMA) and self._parse_csv(self._parse_expression),
    1226        ),
    1227        "XMLTABLE": lambda self: self._parse_xml_table(),
    1228    }
    1229
    1230    QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
    1231        TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE: lambda self: ("match", self._parse_match_recognize()),
    1232        TokenType.PREWHERE: lambda self: ("prewhere", self._parse_prewhere()),
    1233        TokenType.WHERE: lambda self: ("where", self._parse_where()),
    1234        TokenType.GROUP_BY: lambda self: ("group", self._parse_group()),
    1235        TokenType.HAVING: lambda self: ("having", self._parse_having()),
    1236        TokenType.QUALIFY: lambda self: ("qualify", self._parse_qualify()),
    1237        TokenType.WINDOW: lambda self: ("windows", self._parse_window_clause()),
    1238        TokenType.ORDER_BY: lambda self: ("order", self._parse_order()),
    1239        TokenType.LIMIT: lambda self: ("limit", self._parse_limit()),
    1240        TokenType.FETCH: lambda self: ("limit", self._parse_limit()),
    1241        TokenType.OFFSET: lambda self: ("offset", self._parse_offset()),
    1242        TokenType.FOR: lambda self: ("locks", self._parse_locks()),
    1243        TokenType.LOCK: lambda self: ("locks", self._parse_locks()),
    1244        TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: lambda self: ("sample", self._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=True)),
    1245        TokenType.USING: lambda self: ("sample", self._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=True)),
    1246        TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: lambda self: (
    1247            "cluster",
    1248            self._parse_sort(exp.Cluster, TokenType.CLUSTER_BY),
    1249        ),
    1250        TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: lambda self: (
    1251            "distribute",
    1252            self._parse_sort(exp.Distribute, TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY),
    1253        ),
    1254        TokenType.SORT_BY: lambda self: ("sort", self._parse_sort(exp.Sort, TokenType.SORT_BY)),
    1255        TokenType.CONNECT_BY: lambda self: ("connect", self._parse_connect(skip_start_token=True)),
    1256        TokenType.START_WITH: lambda self: ("connect", self._parse_connect()),
    1257    }
    1258
    1259    SET_PARSERS = {
    1260        "GLOBAL": lambda self: self._parse_set_item_assignment("GLOBAL"),
    1261        "LOCAL": lambda self: self._parse_set_item_assignment("LOCAL"),
    1262        "SESSION": lambda self: self._parse_set_item_assignment("SESSION"),
    1263        "TRANSACTION": lambda self: self._parse_set_transaction(),
    1264    }
    1265
    1266    SHOW_PARSERS: t.Dict[str, t.Callable] = {}
    1267
    1268    TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS = {
    1269        exp.DataType.Type.JSON: lambda self, this, _: self.expression(exp.ParseJSON, this=this),
    1270    }
    1271
    1272    TYPE_CONVERTERS: t.Dict[exp.DataType.Type, t.Callable[[exp.DataType], exp.DataType]] = {}
    1273
    1274    DDL_SELECT_TOKENS = {TokenType.SELECT, TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN}
    1275
    1276    PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS = {TokenType.CREATE, TokenType.REPLACE, TokenType.UNIQUE}
    1277
    1278    TRANSACTION_KIND = {"DEFERRED", "IMMEDIATE", "EXCLUSIVE"}
    1279    TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS: OPTIONS_TYPE = {
    1280        "ISOLATION": (
    1281            ("LEVEL", "REPEATABLE", "READ"),
    1282            ("LEVEL", "READ", "COMMITTED"),
    1283            ("LEVEL", "READ", "UNCOMITTED"),
    1284            ("LEVEL", "SERIALIZABLE"),
    1285        ),
    1286        "READ": ("WRITE", "ONLY"),
    1287    }
    1288
    1289    CONFLICT_ACTIONS: OPTIONS_TYPE = dict.fromkeys(
    1290        ("ABORT", "FAIL", "IGNORE", "REPLACE", "ROLLBACK", "UPDATE"), tuple()
    1291    )
    1292    CONFLICT_ACTIONS["DO"] = ("NOTHING", "UPDATE")
    1293
    1294    CREATE_SEQUENCE: OPTIONS_TYPE = {
    1295        "SCALE": ("EXTEND", "NOEXTEND"),
    1296        "SHARD": ("EXTEND", "NOEXTEND"),
    1297        "NO": ("CYCLE", "CACHE", "MAXVALUE", "MINVALUE"),
    1298        **dict.fromkeys(
    1299            (
    1300                "SESSION",
    1301                "GLOBAL",
    1302                "KEEP",
    1303                "NOKEEP",
    1304                "ORDER",
    1305                "NOORDER",
    1306                "NOCACHE",
    1307                "CYCLE",
    1308                "NOCYCLE",
    1309                "NOMINVALUE",
    1310                "NOMAXVALUE",
    1311                "NOSCALE",
    1312                "NOSHARD",
    1313            ),
    1314            tuple(),
    1315        ),
    1316    }
    1317
    1318    ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS: OPTIONS_TYPE = {"FOR": ("ALL", "INSERT", "NONE")}
    1319
    1320    USABLES: OPTIONS_TYPE = dict.fromkeys(
    1321        ("ROLE", "WAREHOUSE", "DATABASE", "SCHEMA", "CATALOG"), tuple()
    1322    )
    1323
    1324    CAST_ACTIONS: OPTIONS_TYPE = dict.fromkeys(("RENAME", "ADD"), ("FIELDS",))
    1325
    1326    SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS: OPTIONS_TYPE = {
    1327        "TYPE": ("EVOLUTION",),
    1328        **dict.fromkeys(("BINDING", "COMPENSATION", "EVOLUTION"), tuple()),
    1329    }
    1330
    1331    PROCEDURE_OPTIONS: OPTIONS_TYPE = {}
    1332
    1333    EXECUTE_AS_OPTIONS: OPTIONS_TYPE = dict.fromkeys(("CALLER", "SELF", "OWNER"), tuple())
    1334
    1335    KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS: OPTIONS_TYPE = {
    1336        "NOT": ("ENFORCED",),
    1337        "MATCH": (
    1338            "FULL",
    1339            "PARTIAL",
    1340            "SIMPLE",
    1341        ),
    1342        "INITIALLY": ("DEFERRED", "IMMEDIATE"),
    1343        "USING": (
    1344            "BTREE",
    1345            "HASH",
    1346        ),
    1347        **dict.fromkeys(("DEFERRABLE", "NORELY", "RELY"), tuple()),
    1348    }
    1349
    1350    WINDOW_EXCLUDE_OPTIONS: OPTIONS_TYPE = {
    1351        "NO": ("OTHERS",),
    1352        "CURRENT": ("ROW",),
    1353        **dict.fromkeys(("GROUP", "TIES"), tuple()),
    1354    }
    1355
    1356    INSERT_ALTERNATIVES = {"ABORT", "FAIL", "IGNORE", "REPLACE", "ROLLBACK"}
    1357
    1358    CLONE_KEYWORDS = {"CLONE", "COPY"}
    1359    HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX = {"AT", "BEFORE", "END"}
    1360    HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND = {"OFFSET", "STATEMENT", "STREAM", "TIMESTAMP", "VERSION"}
    1361
    1362    OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS = {"ASC", "DESC", "NULLS", "WITH"}
    1363
    1364    OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS = {TokenType.COMMA, TokenType.R_PAREN}
    1365
    1366    TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS = {TokenType.FORCE, TokenType.IGNORE, TokenType.USE}
    1367
    1368    VIEW_ATTRIBUTES = {"ENCRYPTION", "SCHEMABINDING", "VIEW_METADATA"}
    1369
    1370    WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS = ID_VAR_TOKENS - {TokenType.ROWS}
    1371    WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS = {TokenType.OVER}
    1372    WINDOW_SIDES = {"FOLLOWING", "PRECEDING"}
    1373
    1374    JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS = {TokenType.COLON, TokenType.COMMA, TokenType.IS}
    1375
    1376    FETCH_TOKENS = ID_VAR_TOKENS - {TokenType.ROW, TokenType.ROWS, TokenType.PERCENT}
    1377
    1378    ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS = {
    1379        TokenType.CONSTRAINT,
    1380        TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY,
    1381        TokenType.INDEX,
    1382        TokenType.KEY,
    1383        TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY,
    1384        TokenType.UNIQUE,
    1385    }
    1386
    1387    DISTINCT_TOKENS = {TokenType.DISTINCT}
    1388
    1389    NULL_TOKENS = {TokenType.NULL}
    1390
    1391    UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS = TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - SET_OPERATIONS
    1392
    1393    SELECT_START_TOKENS = {TokenType.L_PAREN, TokenType.WITH, TokenType.SELECT}
    1394
    1395    COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS = {"FILE_FORMAT", "COPY_OPTIONS", "FORMAT_OPTIONS", "CREDENTIAL"}
    1396
    1397    IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND = {"VALUE", "SCALAR", "ARRAY", "OBJECT"}
    1398
    1399    ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS = {
    1400        "d": exp.Date,
    1401        "t": exp.Time,
    1402        "ts": exp.Timestamp,
    1403    }
    1404
    1405    ON_CONDITION_TOKENS = {"ERROR", "NULL", "TRUE", "FALSE", "EMPTY"}
    1406
    1407    PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS = {TokenType.ON, TokenType.COMMA, TokenType.L_PAREN}
    1408
    1409    # The style options for the DESCRIBE statement
    1410    DESCRIBE_STYLES = {"ANALYZE", "EXTENDED", "FORMATTED", "HISTORY"}
    1411
    1412    # The style options for the ANALYZE statement
    1413    ANALYZE_STYLES = {
    1414        "BUFFER_USAGE_LIMIT",
    1415        "FULL",
    1416        "LOCAL",
    1417        "NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG",
    1418        "SAMPLE",
    1419        "SKIP_LOCKED",
    1420        "VERBOSE",
    1421    }
    1422
    1423    ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS = {
    1424        "ALL": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_columns(),
    1425        "COMPUTE": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_statistics(),
    1426        "DELETE": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_delete(),
    1427        "DROP": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_histogram(),
    1428        "ESTIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_statistics(),
    1429        "LIST": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_list(),
    1430        "PREDICATE": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_columns(),
    1431        "UPDATE": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_histogram(),
    1432        "VALIDATE": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_validate(),
    1433    }
    1434
    1435    PARTITION_KEYWORDS = {"PARTITION", "SUBPARTITION"}
    1436
    1437    AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_TOKENS = (TokenType.LIMIT, TokenType.OFFSET)
    1438
    1439    OPERATION_MODIFIERS: t.Set[str] = set()
    1440
    1441    RECURSIVE_CTE_SEARCH_KIND = {"BREADTH", "DEPTH", "CYCLE"}
    1442
    1443    MODIFIABLES = (exp.Query, exp.Table, exp.TableFromRows)
    1444
    1445    STRICT_CAST = True
    1446
    1447    PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS = False
    1448    IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = False
    1449
    1450    LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = False
    1451
    1452    # Whether ADD is present for each column added by ALTER TABLE
    1453    ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = True
    1454
    1455    # Whether the table sample clause expects CSV syntax
    1456    TABLESAMPLE_CSV = False
    1457
    1458    # The default method used for table sampling
    1459    DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD: t.Optional[str] = None
    1460
    1461    # Whether the SET command needs a delimiter (e.g. "=") for assignments
    1462    SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = True
    1463
    1464    # Whether the TRIM function expects the characters to trim as its first argument
    1465    TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST = False
    1466
    1467    # Whether string aliases are supported `SELECT COUNT(*) 'count'`
    1468    STRING_ALIASES = False
    1469
    1470    # Whether query modifiers such as LIMIT are attached to the UNION node (vs its right operand)
    1471    MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP = True
    1472    SET_OP_MODIFIERS = {"order", "limit", "offset"}
    1473
    1474    # Whether to parse IF statements that aren't followed by a left parenthesis as commands
    1475    NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = True
    1476
    1477    # Whether the -> and ->> operators expect documents of type JSON (e.g. Postgres)
    1478    JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE = False
    1479
    1480    # Whether the `:` operator is used to extract a value from a VARIANT column
    1481    COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT = False
    1482
    1483    # Whether or not a VALUES keyword needs to be followed by '(' to form a VALUES clause.
    1484    # If this is True and '(' is not found, the keyword will be treated as an identifier
    1485    VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN = True
    1486
    1487    # Whether implicit unnesting is supported, e.g. SELECT 1 FROM y.z AS z, z.a (Redshift)
    1488    SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = False
    1489
    1490    # Whether or not interval spans are supported, INTERVAL 1 YEAR TO MONTHS
    1491    INTERVAL_SPANS = True
    1492
    1493    # Whether a PARTITION clause can follow a table reference
    1494    SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION = False
    1495
    1496    # Whether the `name AS expr` schema/column constraint requires parentheses around `expr`
    1497    WRAPPED_TRANSFORM_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT = True
    1498
    1499    # Whether the 'AS' keyword is optional in the CTE definition syntax
    1500    OPTIONAL_ALIAS_TOKEN_CTE = True
    1501
    1502    __slots__ = (
    1503        "error_level",
    1504        "error_message_context",
    1505        "max_errors",
    1506        "dialect",
    1507        "sql",
    1508        "errors",
    1509        "_tokens",
    1510        "_index",
    1511        "_curr",
    1512        "_next",
    1513        "_prev",
    1514        "_prev_comments",
    1515    )
    1516
    1517    # Autofilled
    1518    SHOW_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    1519    SET_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    1520
    1521    def __init__(
    1522        self,
    1523        error_level: t.Optional[ErrorLevel] = None,
    1524        error_message_context: int = 100,
    1525        max_errors: int = 3,
    1526        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1527    ):
    1528        from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect
    1529
    1530        self.error_level = error_level or ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
    1531        self.error_message_context = error_message_context
    1532        self.max_errors = max_errors
    1533        self.dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect)
    1534        self.reset()
    1535
    1536    def reset(self):
    1537        self.sql = ""
    1538        self.errors = []
    1539        self._tokens = []
    1540        self._index = 0
    1541        self._curr = None
    1542        self._next = None
    1543        self._prev = None
    1544        self._prev_comments = None
    1545
    1546    def parse(
    1547        self, raw_tokens: t.List[Token], sql: t.Optional[str] = None
    1548    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    1549        """
    1550        Parses a list of tokens and returns a list of syntax trees, one tree
    1551        per parsed SQL statement.
    1552
    1553        Args:
    1554            raw_tokens: The list of tokens.
    1555            sql: The original SQL string, used to produce helpful debug messages.
    1556
    1557        Returns:
    1558            The list of the produced syntax trees.
    1559        """
    1560        return self._parse(
    1561            parse_method=self.__class__._parse_statement, raw_tokens=raw_tokens, sql=sql
    1562        )
    1563
    1564    def parse_into(
    1565        self,
    1566        expression_types: exp.IntoType,
    1567        raw_tokens: t.List[Token],
    1568        sql: t.Optional[str] = None,
    1569    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    1570        """
    1571        Parses a list of tokens into a given Expression type. If a collection of Expression
    1572        types is given instead, this method will try to parse the token list into each one
    1573        of them, stopping at the first for which the parsing succeeds.
    1574
    1575        Args:
    1576            expression_types: The expression type(s) to try and parse the token list into.
    1577            raw_tokens: The list of tokens.
    1578            sql: The original SQL string, used to produce helpful debug messages.
    1579
    1580        Returns:
    1581            The target Expression.
    1582        """
    1583        errors = []
    1584        for expression_type in ensure_list(expression_types):
    1585            parser = self.EXPRESSION_PARSERS.get(expression_type)
    1586            if not parser:
    1587                raise TypeError(f"No parser registered for {expression_type}")
    1588
    1589            try:
    1590                return self._parse(parser, raw_tokens, sql)
    1591            except ParseError as e:
    1592                e.errors[0]["into_expression"] = expression_type
    1593                errors.append(e)
    1594
    1595        raise ParseError(
    1596            f"Failed to parse '{sql or raw_tokens}' into {expression_types}",
    1597            errors=merge_errors(errors),
    1598        ) from errors[-1]
    1599
    1600    def _parse(
    1601        self,
    1602        parse_method: t.Callable[[Parser], t.Optional[exp.Expression]],
    1603        raw_tokens: t.List[Token],
    1604        sql: t.Optional[str] = None,
    1605    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    1606        self.reset()
    1607        self.sql = sql or ""
    1608
    1609        total = len(raw_tokens)
    1610        chunks: t.List[t.List[Token]] = [[]]
    1611
    1612        for i, token in enumerate(raw_tokens):
    1613            if token.token_type == TokenType.SEMICOLON:
    1614                if token.comments:
    1615                    chunks.append([token])
    1616
    1617                if i < total - 1:
    1618                    chunks.append([])
    1619            else:
    1620                chunks[-1].append(token)
    1621
    1622        expressions = []
    1623
    1624        for tokens in chunks:
    1625            self._index = -1
    1626            self._tokens = tokens
    1627            self._advance()
    1628
    1629            expressions.append(parse_method(self))
    1630
    1631            if self._index < len(self._tokens):
    1632                self.raise_error("Invalid expression / Unexpected token")
    1633
    1634            self.check_errors()
    1635
    1636        return expressions
    1637
    1638    def check_errors(self) -> None:
    1639        """Logs or raises any found errors, depending on the chosen error level setting."""
    1640        if self.error_level == ErrorLevel.WARN:
    1641            for error in self.errors:
    1642                logger.error(str(error))
    1643        elif self.error_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.errors:
    1644            raise ParseError(
    1645                concat_messages(self.errors, self.max_errors),
    1646                errors=merge_errors(self.errors),
    1647            )
    1648
    1649    def raise_error(self, message: str, token: t.Optional[Token] = None) -> None:
    1650        """
    1651        Appends an error in the list of recorded errors or raises it, depending on the chosen
    1652        error level setting.
    1653        """
    1654        token = token or self._curr or self._prev or Token.string("")
    1655        start = token.start
    1656        end = token.end + 1
    1657        start_context = self.sql[max(start - self.error_message_context, 0) : start]
    1658        highlight = self.sql[start:end]
    1659        end_context = self.sql[end : end + self.error_message_context]
    1660
    1661        error = ParseError.new(
    1662            f"{message}. Line {token.line}, Col: {token.col}.\n"
    1663            f"  {start_context}\033[4m{highlight}\033[0m{end_context}",
    1664            description=message,
    1665            line=token.line,
    1666            col=token.col,
    1667            start_context=start_context,
    1668            highlight=highlight,
    1669            end_context=end_context,
    1670        )
    1671
    1672        if self.error_level == ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE:
    1673            raise error
    1674
    1675        self.errors.append(error)
    1676
    1677    def expression(
    1678        self, exp_class: t.Type[E], comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, **kwargs
    1679    ) -> E:
    1680        """
    1681        Creates a new, validated Expression.
    1682
    1683        Args:
    1684            exp_class: The expression class to instantiate.
    1685            comments: An optional list of comments to attach to the expression.
    1686            kwargs: The arguments to set for the expression along with their respective values.
    1687
    1688        Returns:
    1689            The target expression.
    1690        """
    1691        instance = exp_class(**kwargs)
    1692        instance.add_comments(comments) if comments else self._add_comments(instance)
    1693        return self.validate_expression(instance)
    1694
    1695    def _add_comments(self, expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> None:
    1696        if expression and self._prev_comments:
    1697            expression.add_comments(self._prev_comments)
    1698            self._prev_comments = None
    1699
    1700    def validate_expression(self, expression: E, args: t.Optional[t.List] = None) -> E:
    1701        """
    1702        Validates an Expression, making sure that all its mandatory arguments are set.
    1703
    1704        Args:
    1705            expression: The expression to validate.
    1706            args: An optional list of items that was used to instantiate the expression, if it's a Func.
    1707
    1708        Returns:
    1709            The validated expression.
    1710        """
    1711        if self.error_level != ErrorLevel.IGNORE:
    1712            for error_message in expression.error_messages(args):
    1713                self.raise_error(error_message)
    1714
    1715        return expression
    1716
    1717    def _find_sql(self, start: Token, end: Token) -> str:
    1718        return self.sql[start.start : end.end + 1]
    1719
    1720    def _is_connected(self) -> bool:
    1721        return self._prev and self._curr and self._prev.end + 1 == self._curr.start
    1722
    1723    def _advance(self, times: int = 1) -> None:
    1724        self._index += times
    1725        self._curr = seq_get(self._tokens, self._index)
    1726        self._next = seq_get(self._tokens, self._index + 1)
    1727
    1728        if self._index > 0:
    1729            self._prev = self._tokens[self._index - 1]
    1730            self._prev_comments = self._prev.comments
    1731        else:
    1732            self._prev = None
    1733            self._prev_comments = None
    1734
    1735    def _retreat(self, index: int) -> None:
    1736        if index != self._index:
    1737            self._advance(index - self._index)
    1738
    1739    def _warn_unsupported(self) -> None:
    1740        if len(self._tokens) <= 1:
    1741            return
    1742
    1743        # We use _find_sql because self.sql may comprise multiple chunks, and we're only
    1744        # interested in emitting a warning for the one being currently processed.
    1745        sql = self._find_sql(self._tokens[0], self._tokens[-1])[: self.error_message_context]
    1746
    1747        logger.warning(
    1748            f"'{sql}' contains unsupported syntax. Falling back to parsing as a 'Command'."
    1749        )
    1750
    1751    def _parse_command(self) -> exp.Command:
    1752        self._warn_unsupported()
    1753        return self.expression(
    1754            exp.Command,
    1755            comments=self._prev_comments,
    1756            this=self._prev.text.upper(),
    1757            expression=self._parse_string(),
    1758        )
    1759
    1760    def _try_parse(self, parse_method: t.Callable[[], T], retreat: bool = False) -> t.Optional[T]:
    1761        """
    1762        Attemps to backtrack if a parse function that contains a try/catch internally raises an error.
    1763        This behavior can be different depending on the uset-set ErrorLevel, so _try_parse aims to
    1764        solve this by setting & resetting the parser state accordingly
    1765        """
    1766        index = self._index
    1767        error_level = self.error_level
    1768
    1769        self.error_level = ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
    1770        try:
    1771            this = parse_method()
    1772        except ParseError:
    1773            this = None
    1774        finally:
    1775            if not this or retreat:
    1776                self._retreat(index)
    1777            self.error_level = error_level
    1778
    1779        return this
    1780
    1781    def _parse_comment(self, allow_exists: bool = True) -> exp.Expression:
    1782        start = self._prev
    1783        exists = self._parse_exists() if allow_exists else None
    1784
    1785        self._match(TokenType.ON)
    1786
    1787        materialized = self._match_text_seq("MATERIALIZED")
    1788        kind = self._match_set(self.CREATABLES) and self._prev
    1789        if not kind:
    1790            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    1791
    1792        if kind.token_type in (TokenType.FUNCTION, TokenType.PROCEDURE):
    1793            this = self._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind.token_type)
    1794        elif kind.token_type == TokenType.TABLE:
    1795            this = self._parse_table(alias_tokens=self.COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS)
    1796        elif kind.token_type == TokenType.COLUMN:
    1797            this = self._parse_column()
    1798        else:
    1799            this = self._parse_id_var()
    1800
    1801        self._match(TokenType.IS)
    1802
    1803        return self.expression(
    1804            exp.Comment,
    1805            this=this,
    1806            kind=kind.text,
    1807            expression=self._parse_string(),
    1808            exists=exists,
    1809            materialized=materialized,
    1810        )
    1811
    1812    def _parse_to_table(
    1813        self,
    1814    ) -> exp.ToTableProperty:
    1815        table = self._parse_table_parts(schema=True)
    1816        return self.expression(exp.ToTableProperty, this=table)
    1817
    1818    # https://clickhouse.com/docs/en/engines/table-engines/mergetree-family/mergetree#mergetree-table-ttl
    1819    def _parse_ttl(self) -> exp.Expression:
    1820        def _parse_ttl_action() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1821            this = self._parse_bitwise()
    1822
    1823            if self._match_text_seq("DELETE"):
    1824                return self.expression(exp.MergeTreeTTLAction, this=this, delete=True)
    1825            if self._match_text_seq("RECOMPRESS"):
    1826                return self.expression(
    1827                    exp.MergeTreeTTLAction, this=this, recompress=self._parse_bitwise()
    1828                )
    1829            if self._match_text_seq("TO", "DISK"):
    1830                return self.expression(
    1831                    exp.MergeTreeTTLAction, this=this, to_disk=self._parse_string()
    1832                )
    1833            if self._match_text_seq("TO", "VOLUME"):
    1834                return self.expression(
    1835                    exp.MergeTreeTTLAction, this=this, to_volume=self._parse_string()
    1836                )
    1837
    1838            return this
    1839
    1840        expressions = self._parse_csv(_parse_ttl_action)
    1841        where = self._parse_where()
    1842        group = self._parse_group()
    1843
    1844        aggregates = None
    1845        if group and self._match(TokenType.SET):
    1846            aggregates = self._parse_csv(self._parse_set_item)
    1847
    1848        return self.expression(
    1849            exp.MergeTreeTTL,
    1850            expressions=expressions,
    1851            where=where,
    1852            group=group,
    1853            aggregates=aggregates,
    1854        )
    1855
    1856    def _parse_statement(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1857        if self._curr is None:
    1858            return None
    1859
    1860        if self._match_set(self.STATEMENT_PARSERS):
    1861            comments = self._prev_comments
    1862            stmt = self.STATEMENT_PARSERS[self._prev.token_type](self)
    1863            stmt.add_comments(comments, prepend=True)
    1864            return stmt
    1865
    1866        if self._match_set(self.dialect.tokenizer.COMMANDS):
    1867            return self._parse_command()
    1868
    1869        expression = self._parse_expression()
    1870        expression = self._parse_set_operations(expression) if expression else self._parse_select()
    1871        return self._parse_query_modifiers(expression)
    1872
    1873    def _parse_drop(self, exists: bool = False) -> exp.Drop | exp.Command:
    1874        start = self._prev
    1875        temporary = self._match(TokenType.TEMPORARY)
    1876        materialized = self._match_text_seq("MATERIALIZED")
    1877
    1878        kind = self._match_set(self.CREATABLES) and self._prev.text.upper()
    1879        if not kind:
    1880            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    1881
    1882        concurrently = self._match_text_seq("CONCURRENTLY")
    1883        if_exists = exists or self._parse_exists()
    1884
    1885        if kind == "COLUMN":
    1886            this = self._parse_column()
    1887        else:
    1888            this = self._parse_table_parts(
    1889                schema=True, is_db_reference=self._prev.token_type == TokenType.SCHEMA
    1890            )
    1891
    1892        cluster = self._parse_on_property() if self._match(TokenType.ON) else None
    1893
    1894        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    1895            expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_types)
    1896        else:
    1897            expressions = None
    1898
    1899        return self.expression(
    1900            exp.Drop,
    1901            exists=if_exists,
    1902            this=this,
    1903            expressions=expressions,
    1904            kind=self.dialect.CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.get(kind) or kind,
    1905            temporary=temporary,
    1906            materialized=materialized,
    1907            cascade=self._match_text_seq("CASCADE"),
    1908            constraints=self._match_text_seq("CONSTRAINTS"),
    1909            purge=self._match_text_seq("PURGE"),
    1910            cluster=cluster,
    1911            concurrently=concurrently,
    1912        )
    1913
    1914    def _parse_exists(self, not_: bool = False) -> t.Optional[bool]:
    1915        return (
    1916            self._match_text_seq("IF")
    1917            and (not not_ or self._match(TokenType.NOT))
    1918            and self._match(TokenType.EXISTS)
    1919        )
    1920
    1921    def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
    1922        # Note: this can't be None because we've matched a statement parser
    1923        start = self._prev
    1924
    1925        replace = (
    1926            start.token_type == TokenType.REPLACE
    1927            or self._match_pair(TokenType.OR, TokenType.REPLACE)
    1928            or self._match_pair(TokenType.OR, TokenType.ALTER)
    1929        )
    1930        refresh = self._match_pair(TokenType.OR, TokenType.REFRESH)
    1931
    1932        unique = self._match(TokenType.UNIQUE)
    1933
    1934        if self._match_text_seq("CLUSTERED", "COLUMNSTORE"):
    1935            clustered = True
    1936        elif self._match_text_seq("NONCLUSTERED", "COLUMNSTORE") or self._match_text_seq(
    1937            "COLUMNSTORE"
    1938        ):
    1939            clustered = False
    1940        else:
    1941            clustered = None
    1942
    1943        if self._match_pair(TokenType.TABLE, TokenType.FUNCTION, advance=False):
    1944            self._advance()
    1945
    1946        properties = None
    1947        create_token = self._match_set(self.CREATABLES) and self._prev
    1948
    1949        if not create_token:
    1950            # exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
    1951            properties = self._parse_properties()
    1952            create_token = self._match_set(self.CREATABLES) and self._prev
    1953
    1954            if not properties or not create_token:
    1955                return self._parse_as_command(start)
    1956
    1957        concurrently = self._match_text_seq("CONCURRENTLY")
    1958        exists = self._parse_exists(not_=True)
    1959        this = None
    1960        expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    1961        indexes = None
    1962        no_schema_binding = None
    1963        begin = None
    1964        end = None
    1965        clone = None
    1966
    1967        def extend_props(temp_props: t.Optional[exp.Properties]) -> None:
    1968            nonlocal properties
    1969            if properties and temp_props:
    1970                properties.expressions.extend(temp_props.expressions)
    1971            elif temp_props:
    1972                properties = temp_props
    1973
    1974        if create_token.token_type in (TokenType.FUNCTION, TokenType.PROCEDURE):
    1975            this = self._parse_user_defined_function(kind=create_token.token_type)
    1976
    1977            # exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA ("schema" here is the UDF's type signature)
    1978            extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    1979
    1980            expression = self._match(TokenType.ALIAS) and self._parse_heredoc()
    1981            extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    1982
    1983            if not expression:
    1984                if self._match(TokenType.COMMAND):
    1985                    expression = self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
    1986                else:
    1987                    begin = self._match(TokenType.BEGIN)
    1988                    return_ = self._match_text_seq("RETURN")
    1989
    1990                    if self._match(TokenType.STRING, advance=False):
    1991                        # Takes care of BigQuery's JavaScript UDF definitions that end in an OPTIONS property
    1992                        # # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/data-definition-language#create_function_statement
    1993                        expression = self._parse_string()
    1994                        extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    1995                    else:
    1996                        expression = self._parse_user_defined_function_expression()
    1997
    1998                    end = self._match_text_seq("END")
    1999
    2000                    if return_:
    2001                        expression = self.expression(exp.Return, this=expression)
    2002        elif create_token.token_type == TokenType.INDEX:
    2003            # Postgres allows anonymous indexes, eg. CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS ON t(c)
    2004            if not self._match(TokenType.ON):
    2005                index = self._parse_id_var()
    2006                anonymous = False
    2007            else:
    2008                index = None
    2009                anonymous = True
    2010
    2011            this = self._parse_index(index=index, anonymous=anonymous)
    2012        elif create_token.token_type in self.DB_CREATABLES:
    2013            table_parts = self._parse_table_parts(
    2014                schema=True, is_db_reference=create_token.token_type == TokenType.SCHEMA
    2015            )
    2016
    2017            # exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME
    2018            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    2019            extend_props(self._parse_properties(before=True))
    2020
    2021            this = self._parse_schema(this=table_parts)
    2022
    2023            # exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA and POST_WITH
    2024            extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    2025
    2026            has_alias = self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    2027            if not self._match_set(self.DDL_SELECT_TOKENS, advance=False):
    2028                # exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS
    2029                extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    2030
    2031            if create_token.token_type == TokenType.SEQUENCE:
    2032                expression = self._parse_types()
    2033                extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    2034            else:
    2035                expression = self._parse_ddl_select()
    2036
    2037                # Some dialects also support using a table as an alias instead of a SELECT.
    2038                # Here we fallback to this as an alternative.
    2039                if not expression and has_alias:
    2040                    expression = self._try_parse(self._parse_table_parts)
    2041
    2042            if create_token.token_type == TokenType.TABLE:
    2043                # exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION
    2044                extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    2045
    2046                indexes = []
    2047                while True:
    2048                    index = self._parse_index()
    2049
    2050                    # exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX
    2051                    extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    2052                    if not index:
    2053                        break
    2054                    else:
    2055                        self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    2056                        indexes.append(index)
    2057            elif create_token.token_type == TokenType.VIEW:
    2058                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "NO", "SCHEMA", "BINDING"):
    2059                    no_schema_binding = True
    2060            elif create_token.token_type in (TokenType.SINK, TokenType.SOURCE):
    2061                extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    2062
    2063            shallow = self._match_text_seq("SHALLOW")
    2064
    2065            if self._match_texts(self.CLONE_KEYWORDS):
    2066                copy = self._prev.text.lower() == "copy"
    2067                clone = self.expression(
    2068                    exp.Clone, this=self._parse_table(schema=True), shallow=shallow, copy=copy
    2069                )
    2070
    2071        if self._curr and not self._match_set((TokenType.R_PAREN, TokenType.COMMA), advance=False):
    2072            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    2073
    2074        create_kind_text = create_token.text.upper()
    2075        return self.expression(
    2076            exp.Create,
    2077            this=this,
    2078            kind=self.dialect.CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.get(create_kind_text) or create_kind_text,
    2079            replace=replace,
    2080            refresh=refresh,
    2081            unique=unique,
    2082            expression=expression,
    2083            exists=exists,
    2084            properties=properties,
    2085            indexes=indexes,
    2086            no_schema_binding=no_schema_binding,
    2087            begin=begin,
    2088            end=end,
    2089            clone=clone,
    2090            concurrently=concurrently,
    2091            clustered=clustered,
    2092        )
    2093
    2094    def _parse_sequence_properties(self) -> t.Optional[exp.SequenceProperties]:
    2095        seq = exp.SequenceProperties()
    2096
    2097        options = []
    2098        index = self._index
    2099
    2100        while self._curr:
    2101            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    2102            if self._match_text_seq("INCREMENT"):
    2103                self._match_text_seq("BY")
    2104                self._match_text_seq("=")
    2105                seq.set("increment", self._parse_term())
    2106            elif self._match_text_seq("MINVALUE"):
    2107                seq.set("minvalue", self._parse_term())
    2108            elif self._match_text_seq("MAXVALUE"):
    2109                seq.set("maxvalue", self._parse_term())
    2110            elif self._match(TokenType.START_WITH) or self._match_text_seq("START"):
    2111                self._match_text_seq("=")
    2112                seq.set("start", self._parse_term())
    2113            elif self._match_text_seq("CACHE"):
    2114                # T-SQL allows empty CACHE which is initialized dynamically
    2115                seq.set("cache", self._parse_number() or True)
    2116            elif self._match_text_seq("OWNED", "BY"):
    2117                # "OWNED BY NONE" is the default
    2118                seq.set("owned", None if self._match_text_seq("NONE") else self._parse_column())
    2119            else:
    2120                opt = self._parse_var_from_options(self.CREATE_SEQUENCE, raise_unmatched=False)
    2121                if opt:
    2122                    options.append(opt)
    2123                else:
    2124                    break
    2125
    2126        seq.set("options", options if options else None)
    2127        return None if self._index == index else seq
    2128
    2129    def _parse_property_before(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    2130        # only used for teradata currently
    2131        self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    2132
    2133        kwargs = {
    2134            "no": self._match_text_seq("NO"),
    2135            "dual": self._match_text_seq("DUAL"),
    2136            "before": self._match_text_seq("BEFORE"),
    2137            "default": self._match_text_seq("DEFAULT"),
    2138            "local": (self._match_text_seq("LOCAL") and "LOCAL")
    2139            or (self._match_text_seq("NOT", "LOCAL") and "NOT LOCAL"),
    2140            "after": self._match_text_seq("AFTER"),
    2141            "minimum": self._match_texts(("MIN", "MINIMUM")),
    2142            "maximum": self._match_texts(("MAX", "MAXIMUM")),
    2143        }
    2144
    2145        if self._match_texts(self.PROPERTY_PARSERS):
    2146            parser = self.PROPERTY_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()]
    2147            try:
    2148                return parser(self, **{k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if v})
    2149            except TypeError:
    2150                self.raise_error(f"Cannot parse property '{self._prev.text}'")
    2151
    2152        return None
    2153
    2154    def _parse_wrapped_properties(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    2155        return self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_property)
    2156
    2157    def _parse_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    2158        if self._match_texts(self.PROPERTY_PARSERS):
    2159            return self.PROPERTY_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
    2160
    2161        if self._match(TokenType.DEFAULT) and self._match_texts(self.PROPERTY_PARSERS):
    2162            return self.PROPERTY_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self, default=True)
    2163
    2164        if self._match_text_seq("COMPOUND", "SORTKEY"):
    2165            return self._parse_sortkey(compound=True)
    2166
    2167        if self._match_text_seq("SQL", "SECURITY"):
    2168            return self.expression(exp.SqlSecurityProperty, definer=self._match_text_seq("DEFINER"))
    2169
    2170        index = self._index
    2171        key = self._parse_column()
    2172
    2173        if not self._match(TokenType.EQ):
    2174            self._retreat(index)
    2175            return self._parse_sequence_properties()
    2176
    2177        # Transform the key to exp.Dot if it's dotted identifiers wrapped in exp.Column or to exp.Var otherwise
    2178        if isinstance(key, exp.Column):
    2179            key = key.to_dot() if len(key.parts) > 1 else exp.var(key.name)
    2180
    2181        value = self._parse_bitwise() or self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    2182
    2183        # Transform the value to exp.Var if it was parsed as exp.Column(exp.Identifier())
    2184        if isinstance(value, exp.Column):
    2185            value = exp.var(value.name)
    2186
    2187        return self.expression(exp.Property, this=key, value=value)
    2188
    2189    def _parse_stored(self) -> t.Union[exp.FileFormatProperty, exp.StorageHandlerProperty]:
    2190        if self._match_text_seq("BY"):
    2191            return self.expression(exp.StorageHandlerProperty, this=self._parse_var_or_string())
    2192
    2193        self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    2194        input_format = self._parse_string() if self._match_text_seq("INPUTFORMAT") else None
    2195        output_format = self._parse_string() if self._match_text_seq("OUTPUTFORMAT") else None
    2196
    2197        return self.expression(
    2198            exp.FileFormatProperty,
    2199            this=(
    2200                self.expression(
    2201                    exp.InputOutputFormat,
    2202                    input_format=input_format,
    2203                    output_format=output_format,
    2204                )
    2205                if input_format or output_format
    2206                else self._parse_var_or_string() or self._parse_number() or self._parse_id_var()
    2207            ),
    2208        )
    2209
    2210    def _parse_unquoted_field(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    2211        field = self._parse_field()
    2212        if isinstance(field, exp.Identifier) and not field.quoted:
    2213            field = exp.var(field)
    2214
    2215        return field
    2216
    2217    def _parse_property_assignment(self, exp_class: t.Type[E], **kwargs: t.Any) -> E:
    2218        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2219        self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    2220
    2221        return self.expression(exp_class, this=self._parse_unquoted_field(), **kwargs)
    2222
    2223    def _parse_properties(self, before: t.Optional[bool] = None) -> t.Optional[exp.Properties]:
    2224        properties = []
    2225        while True:
    2226            if before:
    2227                prop = self._parse_property_before()
    2228            else:
    2229                prop = self._parse_property()
    2230            if not prop:
    2231                break
    2232            for p in ensure_list(prop):
    2233                properties.append(p)
    2234
    2235        if properties:
    2236            return self.expression(exp.Properties, expressions=properties)
    2237
    2238        return None
    2239
    2240    def _parse_fallback(self, no: bool = False) -> exp.FallbackProperty:
    2241        return self.expression(
    2242            exp.FallbackProperty, no=no, protection=self._match_text_seq("PROTECTION")
    2243        )
    2244
    2245    def _parse_security(self) -> t.Optional[exp.SecurityProperty]:
    2246        if self._match_texts(("NONE", "DEFINER", "INVOKER")):
    2247            security_specifier = self._prev.text.upper()
    2248            return self.expression(exp.SecurityProperty, this=security_specifier)
    2249        return None
    2250
    2251    def _parse_settings_property(self) -> exp.SettingsProperty:
    2252        return self.expression(
    2253            exp.SettingsProperty, expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)
    2254        )
    2255
    2256    def _parse_volatile_property(self) -> exp.VolatileProperty | exp.StabilityProperty:
    2257        if self._index >= 2:
    2258            pre_volatile_token = self._tokens[self._index - 2]
    2259        else:
    2260            pre_volatile_token = None
    2261
    2262        if pre_volatile_token and pre_volatile_token.token_type in self.PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS:
    2263            return exp.VolatileProperty()
    2264
    2265        return self.expression(exp.StabilityProperty, this=exp.Literal.string("VOLATILE"))
    2266
    2267    def _parse_retention_period(self) -> exp.Var:
    2268        # Parse TSQL's HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD: {INFINITE | <number> DAY | DAYS | MONTH ...}
    2269        number = self._parse_number()
    2270        number_str = f"{number} " if number else ""
    2271        unit = self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    2272        return exp.var(f"{number_str}{unit}")
    2273
    2274    def _parse_system_versioning_property(
    2275        self, with_: bool = False
    2276    ) -> exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty:
    2277        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2278        prop = self.expression(
    2279            exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty,
    2280            **{  # type: ignore
    2281                "on": True,
    2282                "with": with_,
    2283            },
    2284        )
    2285
    2286        if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
    2287            prop.set("on", False)
    2288            return prop
    2289
    2290        self._match(TokenType.ON)
    2291        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    2292            while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    2293                if self._match_text_seq("HISTORY_TABLE", "="):
    2294                    prop.set("this", self._parse_table_parts())
    2295                elif self._match_text_seq("DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK", "="):
    2296                    prop.set("data_consistency", self._advance_any() and self._prev.text.upper())
    2297                elif self._match_text_seq("HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD", "="):
    2298                    prop.set("retention_period", self._parse_retention_period())
    2299
    2300                self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    2301
    2302        return prop
    2303
    2304    def _parse_data_deletion_property(self) -> exp.DataDeletionProperty:
    2305        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2306        on = self._match_text_seq("ON") or not self._match_text_seq("OFF")
    2307        prop = self.expression(exp.DataDeletionProperty, on=on)
    2308
    2309        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    2310            while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    2311                if self._match_text_seq("FILTER_COLUMN", "="):
    2312                    prop.set("filter_column", self._parse_column())
    2313                elif self._match_text_seq("RETENTION_PERIOD", "="):
    2314                    prop.set("retention_period", self._parse_retention_period())
    2315
    2316                self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    2317
    2318        return prop
    2319
    2320    def _parse_distributed_property(self) -> exp.DistributedByProperty:
    2321        kind = "HASH"
    2322        expressions: t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]] = None
    2323        if self._match_text_seq("BY", "HASH"):
    2324            expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_id_var)
    2325        elif self._match_text_seq("BY", "RANDOM"):
    2326            kind = "RANDOM"
    2327
    2328        # If the BUCKETS keyword is not present, the number of buckets is AUTO
    2329        buckets: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    2330        if self._match_text_seq("BUCKETS") and not self._match_text_seq("AUTO"):
    2331            buckets = self._parse_number()
    2332
    2333        return self.expression(
    2334            exp.DistributedByProperty,
    2335            expressions=expressions,
    2336            kind=kind,
    2337            buckets=buckets,
    2338            order=self._parse_order(),
    2339        )
    2340
    2341    def _parse_composite_key_property(self, expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> E:
    2342        self._match_text_seq("KEY")
    2343        expressions = self._parse_wrapped_id_vars()
    2344        return self.expression(expr_type, expressions=expressions)
    2345
    2346    def _parse_with_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression] | t.List[exp.Expression]:
    2347        if self._match_text_seq("(", "SYSTEM_VERSIONING"):
    2348            prop = self._parse_system_versioning_property(with_=True)
    2349            self._match_r_paren()
    2350            return prop
    2351
    2352        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    2353            return self._parse_wrapped_properties()
    2354
    2355        if self._match_text_seq("JOURNAL"):
    2356            return self._parse_withjournaltable()
    2357
    2358        if self._match_texts(self.VIEW_ATTRIBUTES):
    2359            return self.expression(exp.ViewAttributeProperty, this=self._prev.text.upper())
    2360
    2361        if self._match_text_seq("DATA"):
    2362            return self._parse_withdata(no=False)
    2363        elif self._match_text_seq("NO", "DATA"):
    2364            return self._parse_withdata(no=True)
    2365
    2366        if self._match(TokenType.SERDE_PROPERTIES, advance=False):
    2367            return self._parse_serde_properties(with_=True)
    2368
    2369        if self._match(TokenType.SCHEMA):
    2370            return self.expression(
    2371                exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty,
    2372                this=self._parse_var_from_options(self.SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS),
    2373            )
    2374
    2375        if self._match_texts(self.PROCEDURE_OPTIONS, advance=False):
    2376            return self.expression(
    2377                exp.WithProcedureOptions, expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_procedure_option)
    2378            )
    2379
    2380        if not self._next:
    2381            return None
    2382
    2383        return self._parse_withisolatedloading()
    2384
    2385    def _parse_procedure_option(self) -> exp.Expression | None:
    2386        if self._match_text_seq("EXECUTE", "AS"):
    2387            return self.expression(
    2388                exp.ExecuteAsProperty,
    2389                this=self._parse_var_from_options(self.EXECUTE_AS_OPTIONS, raise_unmatched=False)
    2390                or self._parse_string(),
    2391            )
    2392
    2393        return self._parse_var_from_options(self.PROCEDURE_OPTIONS)
    2394
    2395    # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/create-view.html
    2396    def _parse_definer(self) -> t.Optional[exp.DefinerProperty]:
    2397        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2398
    2399        user = self._parse_id_var()
    2400        self._match(TokenType.PARAMETER)
    2401        host = self._parse_id_var() or (self._match(TokenType.MOD) and self._prev.text)
    2402
    2403        if not user or not host:
    2404            return None
    2405
    2406        return exp.DefinerProperty(this=f"{user}@{host}")
    2407
    2408    def _parse_withjournaltable(self) -> exp.WithJournalTableProperty:
    2409        self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    2410        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2411        return self.expression(exp.WithJournalTableProperty, this=self._parse_table_parts())
    2412
    2413    def _parse_log(self, no: bool = False) -> exp.LogProperty:
    2414        return self.expression(exp.LogProperty, no=no)
    2415
    2416    def _parse_journal(self, **kwargs) -> exp.JournalProperty:
    2417        return self.expression(exp.JournalProperty, **kwargs)
    2418
    2419    def _parse_checksum(self) -> exp.ChecksumProperty:
    2420        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2421
    2422        on = None
    2423        if self._match(TokenType.ON):
    2424            on = True
    2425        elif self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
    2426            on = False
    2427
    2428        return self.expression(exp.ChecksumProperty, on=on, default=self._match(TokenType.DEFAULT))
    2429
    2430    def _parse_cluster(self, wrapped: bool = False) -> exp.Cluster:
    2431        return self.expression(
    2432            exp.Cluster,
    2433            expressions=(
    2434                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_ordered)
    2435                if wrapped
    2436                else self._parse_csv(self._parse_ordered)
    2437            ),
    2438        )
    2439
    2440    def _parse_clustered_by(self) -> exp.ClusteredByProperty:
    2441        self._match_text_seq("BY")
    2442
    2443        self._match_l_paren()
    2444        expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_column)
    2445        self._match_r_paren()
    2446
    2447        if self._match_text_seq("SORTED", "BY"):
    2448            self._match_l_paren()
    2449            sorted_by = self._parse_csv(self._parse_ordered)
    2450            self._match_r_paren()
    2451        else:
    2452            sorted_by = None
    2453
    2454        self._match(TokenType.INTO)
    2455        buckets = self._parse_number()
    2456        self._match_text_seq("BUCKETS")
    2457
    2458        return self.expression(
    2459            exp.ClusteredByProperty,
    2460            expressions=expressions,
    2461            sorted_by=sorted_by,
    2462            buckets=buckets,
    2463        )
    2464
    2465    def _parse_copy_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.CopyGrantsProperty]:
    2466        if not self._match_text_seq("GRANTS"):
    2467            self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    2468            return None
    2469
    2470        return self.expression(exp.CopyGrantsProperty)
    2471
    2472    def _parse_freespace(self) -> exp.FreespaceProperty:
    2473        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2474        return self.expression(
    2475            exp.FreespaceProperty, this=self._parse_number(), percent=self._match(TokenType.PERCENT)
    2476        )
    2477
    2478    def _parse_mergeblockratio(
    2479        self, no: bool = False, default: bool = False
    2480    ) -> exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty:
    2481        if self._match(TokenType.EQ):
    2482            return self.expression(
    2483                exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty,
    2484                this=self._parse_number(),
    2485                percent=self._match(TokenType.PERCENT),
    2486            )
    2487
    2488        return self.expression(exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty, no=no, default=default)
    2489
    2490    def _parse_datablocksize(
    2491        self,
    2492        default: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    2493        minimum: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    2494        maximum: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    2495    ) -> exp.DataBlocksizeProperty:
    2496        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2497        size = self._parse_number()
    2498
    2499        units = None
    2500        if self._match_texts(("BYTES", "KBYTES", "KILOBYTES")):
    2501            units = self._prev.text
    2502
    2503        return self.expression(
    2504            exp.DataBlocksizeProperty,
    2505            size=size,
    2506            units=units,
    2507            default=default,
    2508            minimum=minimum,
    2509            maximum=maximum,
    2510        )
    2511
    2512    def _parse_blockcompression(self) -> exp.BlockCompressionProperty:
    2513        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2514        always = self._match_text_seq("ALWAYS")
    2515        manual = self._match_text_seq("MANUAL")
    2516        never = self._match_text_seq("NEVER")
    2517        default = self._match_text_seq("DEFAULT")
    2518
    2519        autotemp = None
    2520        if self._match_text_seq("AUTOTEMP"):
    2521            autotemp = self._parse_schema()
    2522
    2523        return self.expression(
    2524            exp.BlockCompressionProperty,
    2525            always=always,
    2526            manual=manual,
    2527            never=never,
    2528            default=default,
    2529            autotemp=autotemp,
    2530        )
    2531
    2532    def _parse_withisolatedloading(self) -> t.Optional[exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty]:
    2533        index = self._index
    2534        no = self._match_text_seq("NO")
    2535        concurrent = self._match_text_seq("CONCURRENT")
    2536
    2537        if not self._match_text_seq("ISOLATED", "LOADING"):
    2538            self._retreat(index)
    2539            return None
    2540
    2541        target = self._parse_var_from_options(self.ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS, raise_unmatched=False)
    2542        return self.expression(
    2543            exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty, no=no, concurrent=concurrent, target=target
    2544        )
    2545
    2546    def _parse_locking(self) -> exp.LockingProperty:
    2547        if self._match(TokenType.TABLE):
    2548            kind = "TABLE"
    2549        elif self._match(TokenType.VIEW):
    2550            kind = "VIEW"
    2551        elif self._match(TokenType.ROW):
    2552            kind = "ROW"
    2553        elif self._match_text_seq("DATABASE"):
    2554            kind = "DATABASE"
    2555        else:
    2556            kind = None
    2557
    2558        if kind in ("DATABASE", "TABLE", "VIEW"):
    2559            this = self._parse_table_parts()
    2560        else:
    2561            this = None
    2562
    2563        if self._match(TokenType.FOR):
    2564            for_or_in = "FOR"
    2565        elif self._match(TokenType.IN):
    2566            for_or_in = "IN"
    2567        else:
    2568            for_or_in = None
    2569
    2570        if self._match_text_seq("ACCESS"):
    2571            lock_type = "ACCESS"
    2572        elif self._match_texts(("EXCL", "EXCLUSIVE")):
    2573            lock_type = "EXCLUSIVE"
    2574        elif self._match_text_seq("SHARE"):
    2575            lock_type = "SHARE"
    2576        elif self._match_text_seq("READ"):
    2577            lock_type = "READ"
    2578        elif self._match_text_seq("WRITE"):
    2579            lock_type = "WRITE"
    2580        elif self._match_text_seq("CHECKSUM"):
    2581            lock_type = "CHECKSUM"
    2582        else:
    2583            lock_type = None
    2584
    2585        override = self._match_text_seq("OVERRIDE")
    2586
    2587        return self.expression(
    2588            exp.LockingProperty,
    2589            this=this,
    2590            kind=kind,
    2591            for_or_in=for_or_in,
    2592            lock_type=lock_type,
    2593            override=override,
    2594        )
    2595
    2596    def _parse_partition_by(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    2597        if self._match(TokenType.PARTITION_BY):
    2598            return self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)
    2599        return []
    2600
    2601    def _parse_partition_bound_spec(self) -> exp.PartitionBoundSpec:
    2602        def _parse_partition_bound_expr() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    2603            if self._match_text_seq("MINVALUE"):
    2604                return exp.var("MINVALUE")
    2605            if self._match_text_seq("MAXVALUE"):
    2606                return exp.var("MAXVALUE")
    2607            return self._parse_bitwise()
    2608
    2609        this: t.Optional[exp.Expression | t.List[exp.Expression]] = None
    2610        expression = None
    2611        from_expressions = None
    2612        to_expressions = None
    2613
    2614        if self._match(TokenType.IN):
    2615            this = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_bitwise)
    2616        elif self._match(TokenType.FROM):
    2617            from_expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_partition_bound_expr)
    2618            self._match_text_seq("TO")
    2619            to_expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_partition_bound_expr)
    2620        elif self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "MODULUS"):
    2621            this = self._parse_number()
    2622            self._match_text_seq(",", "REMAINDER")
    2623            expression = self._parse_number()
    2624            self._match_r_paren()
    2625        else:
    2626            self.raise_error("Failed to parse partition bound spec.")
    2627
    2628        return self.expression(
    2629            exp.PartitionBoundSpec,
    2630            this=this,
    2631            expression=expression,
    2632            from_expressions=from_expressions,
    2633            to_expressions=to_expressions,
    2634        )
    2635
    2636    # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtable.html
    2637    def _parse_partitioned_of(self) -> t.Optional[exp.PartitionedOfProperty]:
    2638        if not self._match_text_seq("OF"):
    2639            self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    2640            return None
    2641
    2642        this = self._parse_table(schema=True)
    2643
    2644        if self._match(TokenType.DEFAULT):
    2645            expression: exp.Var | exp.PartitionBoundSpec = exp.var("DEFAULT")
    2646        elif self._match_text_seq("FOR", "VALUES"):
    2647            expression = self._parse_partition_bound_spec()
    2648        else:
    2649            self.raise_error("Expecting either DEFAULT or FOR VALUES clause.")
    2650
    2651        return self.expression(exp.PartitionedOfProperty, this=this, expression=expression)
    2652
    2653    def _parse_partitioned_by(self) -> exp.PartitionedByProperty:
    2654        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2655        return self.expression(
    2656            exp.PartitionedByProperty,
    2657            this=self._parse_schema() or self._parse_bracket(self._parse_field()),
    2658        )
    2659
    2660    def _parse_withdata(self, no: bool = False) -> exp.WithDataProperty:
    2661        if self._match_text_seq("AND", "STATISTICS"):
    2662            statistics = True
    2663        elif self._match_text_seq("AND", "NO", "STATISTICS"):
    2664            statistics = False
    2665        else:
    2666            statistics = None
    2667
    2668        return self.expression(exp.WithDataProperty, no=no, statistics=statistics)
    2669
    2670    def _parse_contains_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.SqlReadWriteProperty]:
    2671        if self._match_text_seq("SQL"):
    2672            return self.expression(exp.SqlReadWriteProperty, this="CONTAINS SQL")
    2673        return None
    2674
    2675    def _parse_modifies_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.SqlReadWriteProperty]:
    2676        if self._match_text_seq("SQL", "DATA"):
    2677            return self.expression(exp.SqlReadWriteProperty, this="MODIFIES SQL DATA")
    2678        return None
    2679
    2680    def _parse_no_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    2681        if self._match_text_seq("PRIMARY", "INDEX"):
    2682            return exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty()
    2683        if self._match_text_seq("SQL"):
    2684            return self.expression(exp.SqlReadWriteProperty, this="NO SQL")
    2685        return None
    2686
    2687    def _parse_on_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    2688        if self._match_text_seq("COMMIT", "PRESERVE", "ROWS"):
    2689            return exp.OnCommitProperty()
    2690        if self._match_text_seq("COMMIT", "DELETE", "ROWS"):
    2691            return exp.OnCommitProperty(delete=True)
    2692        return self.expression(exp.OnProperty, this=self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var()))
    2693
    2694    def _parse_reads_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.SqlReadWriteProperty]:
    2695        if self._match_text_seq("SQL", "DATA"):
    2696            return self.expression(exp.SqlReadWriteProperty, this="READS SQL DATA")
    2697        return None
    2698
    2699    def _parse_distkey(self) -> exp.DistKeyProperty:
    2700        return self.expression(exp.DistKeyProperty, this=self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_id_var))
    2701
    2702    def _parse_create_like(self) -> t.Optional[exp.LikeProperty]:
    2703        table = self._parse_table(schema=True)
    2704
    2705        options = []
    2706        while self._match_texts(("INCLUDING", "EXCLUDING")):
    2707            this = self._prev.text.upper()
    2708
    2709            id_var = self._parse_id_var()
    2710            if not id_var:
    2711                return None
    2712
    2713            options.append(
    2714                self.expression(exp.Property, this=this, value=exp.var(id_var.this.upper()))
    2715            )
    2716
    2717        return self.expression(exp.LikeProperty, this=table, expressions=options)
    2718
    2719    def _parse_sortkey(self, compound: bool = False) -> exp.SortKeyProperty:
    2720        return self.expression(
    2721            exp.SortKeyProperty, this=self._parse_wrapped_id_vars(), compound=compound
    2722        )
    2723
    2724    def _parse_character_set(self, default: bool = False) -> exp.CharacterSetProperty:
    2725        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2726        return self.expression(
    2727            exp.CharacterSetProperty, this=self._parse_var_or_string(), default=default
    2728        )
    2729
    2730    def _parse_remote_with_connection(self) -> exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty:
    2731        self._match_text_seq("WITH", "CONNECTION")
    2732        return self.expression(
    2733            exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty, this=self._parse_table_parts()
    2734        )
    2735
    2736    def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
    2737        value: t.Optional[exp.Expression]
    2738        null = None
    2739        is_table = self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    2740
    2741        if is_table:
    2742            if self._match(TokenType.LT):
    2743                value = self.expression(
    2744                    exp.Schema,
    2745                    this="TABLE",
    2746                    expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_struct_types),
    2747                )
    2748                if not self._match(TokenType.GT):
    2749                    self.raise_error("Expecting >")
    2750            else:
    2751                value = self._parse_schema(exp.var("TABLE"))
    2752        elif self._match_text_seq("NULL", "ON", "NULL", "INPUT"):
    2753            null = True
    2754            value = None
    2755        else:
    2756            value = self._parse_types()
    2757
    2758        return self.expression(exp.ReturnsProperty, this=value, is_table=is_table, null=null)
    2759
    2760    def _parse_describe(self) -> exp.Describe:
    2761        kind = self._match_set(self.CREATABLES) and self._prev.text
    2762        style = self._match_texts(self.DESCRIBE_STYLES) and self._prev.text.upper()
    2763        if self._match(TokenType.DOT):
    2764            style = None
    2765            self._retreat(self._index - 2)
    2766
    2767        format = self._parse_property() if self._match(TokenType.FORMAT, advance=False) else None
    2768
    2769        if self._match_set(self.STATEMENT_PARSERS, advance=False):
    2770            this = self._parse_statement()
    2771        else:
    2772            this = self._parse_table(schema=True)
    2773
    2774        properties = self._parse_properties()
    2775        expressions = properties.expressions if properties else None
    2776        partition = self._parse_partition()
    2777        return self.expression(
    2778            exp.Describe,
    2779            this=this,
    2780            style=style,
    2781            kind=kind,
    2782            expressions=expressions,
    2783            partition=partition,
    2784            format=format,
    2785        )
    2786
    2787    def _parse_multitable_inserts(self, comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]]) -> exp.MultitableInserts:
    2788        kind = self._prev.text.upper()
    2789        expressions = []
    2790
    2791        def parse_conditional_insert() -> t.Optional[exp.ConditionalInsert]:
    2792            if self._match(TokenType.WHEN):
    2793                expression = self._parse_disjunction()
    2794                self._match(TokenType.THEN)
    2795            else:
    2796                expression = None
    2797
    2798            else_ = self._match(TokenType.ELSE)
    2799
    2800            if not self._match(TokenType.INTO):
    2801                return None
    2802
    2803            return self.expression(
    2804                exp.ConditionalInsert,
    2805                this=self.expression(
    2806                    exp.Insert,
    2807                    this=self._parse_table(schema=True),
    2808                    expression=self._parse_derived_table_values(),
    2809                ),
    2810                expression=expression,
    2811                else_=else_,
    2812            )
    2813
    2814        expression = parse_conditional_insert()
    2815        while expression is not None:
    2816            expressions.append(expression)
    2817            expression = parse_conditional_insert()
    2818
    2819        return self.expression(
    2820            exp.MultitableInserts,
    2821            kind=kind,
    2822            comments=comments,
    2823            expressions=expressions,
    2824            source=self._parse_table(),
    2825        )
    2826
    2827    def _parse_insert(self) -> t.Union[exp.Insert, exp.MultitableInserts]:
    2828        comments = []
    2829        hint = self._parse_hint()
    2830        overwrite = self._match(TokenType.OVERWRITE)
    2831        ignore = self._match(TokenType.IGNORE)
    2832        local = self._match_text_seq("LOCAL")
    2833        alternative = None
    2834        is_function = None
    2835
    2836        if self._match_text_seq("DIRECTORY"):
    2837            this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = self.expression(
    2838                exp.Directory,
    2839                this=self._parse_var_or_string(),
    2840                local=local,
    2841                row_format=self._parse_row_format(match_row=True),
    2842            )
    2843        else:
    2844            if self._match_set((TokenType.FIRST, TokenType.ALL)):
    2845                comments += ensure_list(self._prev_comments)
    2846                return self._parse_multitable_inserts(comments)
    2847
    2848            if self._match(TokenType.OR):
    2849                alternative = self._match_texts(self.INSERT_ALTERNATIVES) and self._prev.text
    2850
    2851            self._match(TokenType.INTO)
    2852            comments += ensure_list(self._prev_comments)
    2853            self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    2854            is_function = self._match(TokenType.FUNCTION)
    2855
    2856            this = (
    2857                self._parse_table(schema=True, parse_partition=True)
    2858                if not is_function
    2859                else self._parse_function()
    2860            )
    2861            if isinstance(this, exp.Table) and self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False):
    2862                this.set("alias", self._parse_table_alias())
    2863
    2864        returning = self._parse_returning()
    2865
    2866        return self.expression(
    2867            exp.Insert,
    2868            comments=comments,
    2869            hint=hint,
    2870            is_function=is_function,
    2871            this=this,
    2872            stored=self._match_text_seq("STORED") and self._parse_stored(),
    2873            by_name=self._match_text_seq("BY", "NAME"),
    2874            exists=self._parse_exists(),
    2875            where=self._match_pair(TokenType.REPLACE, TokenType.WHERE) and self._parse_assignment(),
    2876            partition=self._match(TokenType.PARTITION_BY) and self._parse_partitioned_by(),
    2877            settings=self._match_text_seq("SETTINGS") and self._parse_settings_property(),
    2878            expression=self._parse_derived_table_values() or self._parse_ddl_select(),
    2879            conflict=self._parse_on_conflict(),
    2880            returning=returning or self._parse_returning(),
    2881            overwrite=overwrite,
    2882            alternative=alternative,
    2883            ignore=ignore,
    2884            source=self._match(TokenType.TABLE) and self._parse_table(),
    2885        )
    2886
    2887    def _parse_kill(self) -> exp.Kill:
    2888        kind = exp.var(self._prev.text) if self._match_texts(("CONNECTION", "QUERY")) else None
    2889
    2890        return self.expression(
    2891            exp.Kill,
    2892            this=self._parse_primary(),
    2893            kind=kind,
    2894        )
    2895
    2896    def _parse_on_conflict(self) -> t.Optional[exp.OnConflict]:
    2897        conflict = self._match_text_seq("ON", "CONFLICT")
    2898        duplicate = self._match_text_seq("ON", "DUPLICATE", "KEY")
    2899
    2900        if not conflict and not duplicate:
    2901            return None
    2902
    2903        conflict_keys = None
    2904        constraint = None
    2905
    2906        if conflict:
    2907            if self._match_text_seq("ON", "CONSTRAINT"):
    2908                constraint = self._parse_id_var()
    2909            elif self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    2910                conflict_keys = self._parse_csv(self._parse_id_var)
    2911                self._match_r_paren()
    2912
    2913        action = self._parse_var_from_options(self.CONFLICT_ACTIONS)
    2914        if self._prev.token_type == TokenType.UPDATE:
    2915            self._match(TokenType.SET)
    2916            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_equality)
    2917        else:
    2918            expressions = None
    2919
    2920        return self.expression(
    2921            exp.OnConflict,
    2922            duplicate=duplicate,
    2923            expressions=expressions,
    2924            action=action,
    2925            conflict_keys=conflict_keys,
    2926            constraint=constraint,
    2927            where=self._parse_where(),
    2928        )
    2929
    2930    def _parse_returning(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Returning]:
    2931        if not self._match(TokenType.RETURNING):
    2932            return None
    2933        return self.expression(
    2934            exp.Returning,
    2935            expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_expression),
    2936            into=self._match(TokenType.INTO) and self._parse_table_part(),
    2937        )
    2938
    2939    def _parse_row(self) -> t.Optional[exp.RowFormatSerdeProperty | exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty]:
    2940        if not self._match(TokenType.FORMAT):
    2941            return None
    2942        return self._parse_row_format()
    2943
    2944    def _parse_serde_properties(self, with_: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.SerdeProperties]:
    2945        index = self._index
    2946        with_ = with_ or self._match_text_seq("WITH")
    2947
    2948        if not self._match(TokenType.SERDE_PROPERTIES):
    2949            self._retreat(index)
    2950            return None
    2951        return self.expression(
    2952            exp.SerdeProperties,
    2953            **{  # type: ignore
    2954                "expressions": self._parse_wrapped_properties(),
    2955                "with": with_,
    2956            },
    2957        )
    2958
    2959    def _parse_row_format(
    2960        self, match_row: bool = False
    2961    ) -> t.Optional[exp.RowFormatSerdeProperty | exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty]:
    2962        if match_row and not self._match_pair(TokenType.ROW, TokenType.FORMAT):
    2963            return None
    2964
    2965        if self._match_text_seq("SERDE"):
    2966            this = self._parse_string()
    2967
    2968            serde_properties = self._parse_serde_properties()
    2969
    2970            return self.expression(
    2971                exp.RowFormatSerdeProperty, this=this, serde_properties=serde_properties
    2972            )
    2973
    2974        self._match_text_seq("DELIMITED")
    2975
    2976        kwargs = {}
    2977
    2978        if self._match_text_seq("FIELDS", "TERMINATED", "BY"):
    2979            kwargs["fields"] = self._parse_string()
    2980            if self._match_text_seq("ESCAPED", "BY"):
    2981                kwargs["escaped"] = self._parse_string()
    2982        if self._match_text_seq("COLLECTION", "ITEMS", "TERMINATED", "BY"):
    2983            kwargs["collection_items"] = self._parse_string()
    2984        if self._match_text_seq("MAP", "KEYS", "TERMINATED", "BY"):
    2985            kwargs["map_keys"] = self._parse_string()
    2986        if self._match_text_seq("LINES", "TERMINATED", "BY"):
    2987            kwargs["lines"] = self._parse_string()
    2988        if self._match_text_seq("NULL", "DEFINED", "AS"):
    2989            kwargs["null"] = self._parse_string()
    2990
    2991        return self.expression(exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty, **kwargs)  # type: ignore
    2992
    2993    def _parse_load(self) -> exp.LoadData | exp.Command:
    2994        if self._match_text_seq("DATA"):
    2995            local = self._match_text_seq("LOCAL")
    2996            self._match_text_seq("INPATH")
    2997            inpath = self._parse_string()
    2998            overwrite = self._match(TokenType.OVERWRITE)
    2999            self._match_pair(TokenType.INTO, TokenType.TABLE)
    3000
    3001            return self.expression(
    3002                exp.LoadData,
    3003                this=self._parse_table(schema=True),
    3004                local=local,
    3005                overwrite=overwrite,
    3006                inpath=inpath,
    3007                partition=self._parse_partition(),
    3008                input_format=self._match_text_seq("INPUTFORMAT") and self._parse_string(),
    3009                serde=self._match_text_seq("SERDE") and self._parse_string(),
    3010            )
    3011        return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
    3012
    3013    def _parse_delete(self) -> exp.Delete:
    3014        # This handles MySQL's "Multiple-Table Syntax"
    3015        # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/delete.html
    3016        tables = None
    3017        if not self._match(TokenType.FROM, advance=False):
    3018            tables = self._parse_csv(self._parse_table) or None
    3019
    3020        returning = self._parse_returning()
    3021
    3022        return self.expression(
    3023            exp.Delete,
    3024            tables=tables,
    3025            this=self._match(TokenType.FROM) and self._parse_table(joins=True),
    3026            using=self._match(TokenType.USING) and self._parse_table(joins=True),
    3027            cluster=self._match(TokenType.ON) and self._parse_on_property(),
    3028            where=self._parse_where(),
    3029            returning=returning or self._parse_returning(),
    3030            limit=self._parse_limit(),
    3031        )
    3032
    3033    def _parse_update(self) -> exp.Update:
    3034        this = self._parse_table(joins=True, alias_tokens=self.UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS)
    3035        expressions = self._match(TokenType.SET) and self._parse_csv(self._parse_equality)
    3036        returning = self._parse_returning()
    3037        return self.expression(
    3038            exp.Update,
    3039            **{  # type: ignore
    3040                "this": this,
    3041                "expressions": expressions,
    3042                "from": self._parse_from(joins=True),
    3043                "where": self._parse_where(),
    3044                "returning": returning or self._parse_returning(),
    3045                "order": self._parse_order(),
    3046                "limit": self._parse_limit(),
    3047            },
    3048        )
    3049
    3050    def _parse_use(self) -> exp.Use:
    3051        return self.expression(
    3052            exp.Use,
    3053            kind=self._parse_var_from_options(self.USABLES, raise_unmatched=False),
    3054            this=self._parse_table(schema=False),
    3055        )
    3056
    3057    def _parse_uncache(self) -> exp.Uncache:
    3058        if not self._match(TokenType.TABLE):
    3059            self.raise_error("Expecting TABLE after UNCACHE")
    3060
    3061        return self.expression(
    3062            exp.Uncache, exists=self._parse_exists(), this=self._parse_table(schema=True)
    3063        )
    3064
    3065    def _parse_cache(self) -> exp.Cache:
    3066        lazy = self._match_text_seq("LAZY")
    3067        self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    3068        table = self._parse_table(schema=True)
    3069
    3070        options = []
    3071        if self._match_text_seq("OPTIONS"):
    3072            self._match_l_paren()
    3073            k = self._parse_string()
    3074            self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    3075            v = self._parse_string()
    3076            options = [k, v]
    3077            self._match_r_paren()
    3078
    3079        self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    3080        return self.expression(
    3081            exp.Cache,
    3082            this=table,
    3083            lazy=lazy,
    3084            options=options,
    3085            expression=self._parse_select(nested=True),
    3086        )
    3087
    3088    def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
    3089        if not self._match_texts(self.PARTITION_KEYWORDS):
    3090            return None
    3091
    3092        return self.expression(
    3093            exp.Partition,
    3094            subpartition=self._prev.text.upper() == "SUBPARTITION",
    3095            expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment),
    3096        )
    3097
    3098    def _parse_value(self, values: bool = True) -> t.Optional[exp.Tuple]:
    3099        def _parse_value_expression() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3100            if self.dialect.SUPPORTS_VALUES_DEFAULT and self._match(TokenType.DEFAULT):
    3101                return exp.var(self._prev.text.upper())
    3102            return self._parse_expression()
    3103
    3104        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    3105            expressions = self._parse_csv(_parse_value_expression)
    3106            self._match_r_paren()
    3107            return self.expression(exp.Tuple, expressions=expressions)
    3108
    3109        # In some dialects we can have VALUES 1, 2 which results in 1 column & 2 rows.
    3110        expression = self._parse_expression()
    3111        if expression:
    3112            return self.expression(exp.Tuple, expressions=[expression])
    3113        return None
    3114
    3115    def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    3116        return self._parse_expressions()
    3117
    3118    def _parse_wrapped_select(self, table: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3119        if self._match_set((TokenType.PIVOT, TokenType.UNPIVOT)):
    3120            this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = self._parse_simplified_pivot(
    3121                is_unpivot=self._prev.token_type == TokenType.UNPIVOT
    3122            )
    3123        elif self._match(TokenType.FROM):
    3124            from_ = self._parse_from(skip_from_token=True)
    3125            # Support parentheses for duckdb FROM-first syntax
    3126            select = self._parse_select()
    3127            if select:
    3128                select.set("from", from_)
    3129                this = select
    3130            else:
    3131                this = exp.select("*").from_(t.cast(exp.From, from_))
    3132        else:
    3133            this = (
    3134                self._parse_table()
    3135                if table
    3136                else self._parse_select(nested=True, parse_set_operation=False)
    3137            )
    3138
    3139            # Transform exp.Values into a exp.Table to pass through parse_query_modifiers
    3140            # in case a modifier (e.g. join) is following
    3141            if table and isinstance(this, exp.Values) and this.alias:
    3142                alias = this.args["alias"].pop()
    3143                this = exp.Table(this=this, alias=alias)
    3144
    3145            this = self._parse_query_modifiers(self._parse_set_operations(this))
    3146
    3147        return this
    3148
    3149    def _parse_select(
    3150        self,
    3151        nested: bool = False,
    3152        table: bool = False,
    3153        parse_subquery_alias: bool = True,
    3154        parse_set_operation: bool = True,
    3155    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3156        cte = self._parse_with()
    3157
    3158        if cte:
    3159            this = self._parse_statement()
    3160
    3161            if not this:
    3162                self.raise_error("Failed to parse any statement following CTE")
    3163                return cte
    3164
    3165            if "with" in this.arg_types:
    3166                this.set("with", cte)
    3167            else:
    3168                self.raise_error(f"{this.key} does not support CTE")
    3169                this = cte
    3170
    3171            return this
    3172
    3173        # duckdb supports leading with FROM x
    3174        from_ = self._parse_from() if self._match(TokenType.FROM, advance=False) else None
    3175
    3176        if self._match(TokenType.SELECT):
    3177            comments = self._prev_comments
    3178
    3179            hint = self._parse_hint()
    3180
    3181            if self._next and not self._next.token_type == TokenType.DOT:
    3182                all_ = self._match(TokenType.ALL)
    3183                distinct = self._match_set(self.DISTINCT_TOKENS)
    3184            else:
    3185                all_, distinct = None, None
    3186
    3187            kind = (
    3188                self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    3189                and self._match_texts(("STRUCT", "VALUE"))
    3190                and self._prev.text.upper()
    3191            )
    3192
    3193            if distinct:
    3194                distinct = self.expression(
    3195                    exp.Distinct,
    3196                    on=self._parse_value(values=False) if self._match(TokenType.ON) else None,
    3197                )
    3198
    3199            if all_ and distinct:
    3200                self.raise_error("Cannot specify both ALL and DISTINCT after SELECT")
    3201
    3202            operation_modifiers = []
    3203            while self._curr and self._match_texts(self.OPERATION_MODIFIERS):
    3204                operation_modifiers.append(exp.var(self._prev.text.upper()))
    3205
    3206            limit = self._parse_limit(top=True)
    3207            projections = self._parse_projections()
    3208
    3209            this = self.expression(
    3210                exp.Select,
    3211                kind=kind,
    3212                hint=hint,
    3213                distinct=distinct,
    3214                expressions=projections,
    3215                limit=limit,
    3216                operation_modifiers=operation_modifiers or None,
    3217            )
    3218            this.comments = comments
    3219
    3220            into = self._parse_into()
    3221            if into:
    3222                this.set("into", into)
    3223
    3224            if not from_:
    3225                from_ = self._parse_from()
    3226
    3227            if from_:
    3228                this.set("from", from_)
    3229
    3230            this = self._parse_query_modifiers(this)
    3231        elif (table or nested) and self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    3232            this = self._parse_wrapped_select(table=table)
    3233
    3234            # We return early here so that the UNION isn't attached to the subquery by the
    3235            # following call to _parse_set_operations, but instead becomes the parent node
    3236            self._match_r_paren()
    3237            return self._parse_subquery(this, parse_alias=parse_subquery_alias)
    3238        elif self._match(TokenType.VALUES, advance=False):
    3239            this = self._parse_derived_table_values()
    3240        elif from_:
    3241            this = exp.select("*").from_(from_.this, copy=False)
    3242        elif self._match(TokenType.SUMMARIZE):
    3243            table = self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    3244            this = self._parse_select() or self._parse_string() or self._parse_table()
    3245            return self.expression(exp.Summarize, this=this, table=table)
    3246        elif self._match(TokenType.DESCRIBE):
    3247            this = self._parse_describe()
    3248        elif self._match_text_seq("STREAM"):
    3249            this = self._parse_function()
    3250            if this:
    3251                this = self.expression(exp.Stream, this=this)
    3252            else:
    3253                self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    3254        else:
    3255            this = None
    3256
    3257        return self._parse_set_operations(this) if parse_set_operation else this
    3258
    3259    def _parse_recursive_with_search(self) -> t.Optional[exp.RecursiveWithSearch]:
    3260        self._match_text_seq("SEARCH")
    3261
    3262        kind = self._match_texts(self.RECURSIVE_CTE_SEARCH_KIND) and self._prev.text.upper()
    3263
    3264        if not kind:
    3265            return None
    3266
    3267        self._match_text_seq("FIRST", "BY")
    3268
    3269        return self.expression(
    3270            exp.RecursiveWithSearch,
    3271            kind=kind,
    3272            this=self._parse_id_var(),
    3273            expression=self._match_text_seq("SET") and self._parse_id_var(),
    3274            using=self._match_text_seq("USING") and self._parse_id_var(),
    3275        )
    3276
    3277    def _parse_with(self, skip_with_token: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.With]:
    3278        if not skip_with_token and not self._match(TokenType.WITH):
    3279            return None
    3280
    3281        comments = self._prev_comments
    3282        recursive = self._match(TokenType.RECURSIVE)
    3283
    3284        last_comments = None
    3285        expressions = []
    3286        while True:
    3287            cte = self._parse_cte()
    3288            if isinstance(cte, exp.CTE):
    3289                expressions.append(cte)
    3290                if last_comments:
    3291                    cte.add_comments(last_comments)
    3292
    3293            if not self._match(TokenType.COMMA) and not self._match(TokenType.WITH):
    3294                break
    3295            else:
    3296                self._match(TokenType.WITH)
    3297
    3298            last_comments = self._prev_comments
    3299
    3300        return self.expression(
    3301            exp.With,
    3302            comments=comments,
    3303            expressions=expressions,
    3304            recursive=recursive,
    3305            search=self._parse_recursive_with_search(),
    3306        )
    3307
    3308    def _parse_cte(self) -> t.Optional[exp.CTE]:
    3309        index = self._index
    3310
    3311        alias = self._parse_table_alias(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
    3312        if not alias or not alias.this:
    3313            self.raise_error("Expected CTE to have alias")
    3314
    3315        if not self._match(TokenType.ALIAS) and not self.OPTIONAL_ALIAS_TOKEN_CTE:
    3316            self._retreat(index)
    3317            return None
    3318
    3319        comments = self._prev_comments
    3320
    3321        if self._match_text_seq("NOT", "MATERIALIZED"):
    3322            materialized = False
    3323        elif self._match_text_seq("MATERIALIZED"):
    3324            materialized = True
    3325        else:
    3326            materialized = None
    3327
    3328        cte = self.expression(
    3329            exp.CTE,
    3330            this=self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_statement),
    3331            alias=alias,
    3332            materialized=materialized,
    3333            comments=comments,
    3334        )
    3335
    3336        if isinstance(cte.this, exp.Values):
    3337            cte.set("this", exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(cte.this, "_values", table=True)))
    3338
    3339        return cte
    3340
    3341    def _parse_table_alias(
    3342        self, alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None
    3343    ) -> t.Optional[exp.TableAlias]:
    3344        # In some dialects, LIMIT and OFFSET can act as both identifiers and keywords (clauses)
    3345        # so this section tries to parse the clause version and if it fails, it treats the token
    3346        # as an identifier (alias)
    3347        if self._can_parse_limit_or_offset():
    3348            return None
    3349
    3350        any_token = self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    3351        alias = (
    3352            self._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=alias_tokens or self.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS)
    3353            or self._parse_string_as_identifier()
    3354        )
    3355
    3356        index = self._index
    3357        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    3358            columns = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
    3359            self._match_r_paren() if columns else self._retreat(index)
    3360        else:
    3361            columns = None
    3362
    3363        if not alias and not columns:
    3364            return None
    3365
    3366        table_alias = self.expression(exp.TableAlias, this=alias, columns=columns)
    3367
    3368        # We bubble up comments from the Identifier to the TableAlias
    3369        if isinstance(alias, exp.Identifier):
    3370            table_alias.add_comments(alias.pop_comments())
    3371
    3372        return table_alias
    3373
    3374    def _parse_subquery(
    3375        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression], parse_alias: bool = True
    3376    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Subquery]:
    3377        if not this:
    3378            return None
    3379
    3380        return self.expression(
    3381            exp.Subquery,
    3382            this=this,
    3383            pivots=self._parse_pivots(),
    3384            alias=self._parse_table_alias() if parse_alias else None,
    3385            sample=self._parse_table_sample(),
    3386        )
    3387
    3388    def _implicit_unnests_to_explicit(self, this: E) -> E:
    3389        from sqlglot.optimizer.normalize_identifiers import normalize_identifiers as _norm
    3390
    3391        refs = {_norm(this.args["from"].this.copy(), dialect=self.dialect).alias_or_name}
    3392        for i, join in enumerate(this.args.get("joins") or []):
    3393            table = join.this
    3394            normalized_table = table.copy()
    3395            normalized_table.meta["maybe_column"] = True
    3396            normalized_table = _norm(normalized_table, dialect=self.dialect)
    3397
    3398            if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and not join.args.get("on"):
    3399                if normalized_table.parts[0].name in refs:
    3400                    table_as_column = table.to_column()
    3401                    unnest = exp.Unnest(expressions=[table_as_column])
    3402
    3403                    # Table.to_column creates a parent Alias node that we want to convert to
    3404                    # a TableAlias and attach to the Unnest, so it matches the parser's output
    3405                    if isinstance(table.args.get("alias"), exp.TableAlias):
    3406                        table_as_column.replace(table_as_column.this)
    3407                        exp.alias_(unnest, None, table=[table.args["alias"].this], copy=False)
    3408
    3409                    table.replace(unnest)
    3410
    3411            refs.add(normalized_table.alias_or_name)
    3412
    3413        return this
    3414
    3415    def _parse_query_modifiers(
    3416        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]
    3417    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3418        if isinstance(this, self.MODIFIABLES):
    3419            for join in self._parse_joins():
    3420                this.append("joins", join)
    3421            for lateral in iter(self._parse_lateral, None):
    3422                this.append("laterals", lateral)
    3423
    3424            while True:
    3425                if self._match_set(self.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS, advance=False):
    3426                    parser = self.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS[self._curr.token_type]
    3427                    key, expression = parser(self)
    3428
    3429                    if expression:
    3430                        this.set(key, expression)
    3431                        if key == "limit":
    3432                            offset = expression.args.pop("offset", None)
    3433
    3434                            if offset:
    3435                                offset = exp.Offset(expression=offset)
    3436                                this.set("offset", offset)
    3437
    3438                                limit_by_expressions = expression.expressions
    3439                                expression.set("expressions", None)
    3440                                offset.set("expressions", limit_by_expressions)
    3441                        continue
    3442                break
    3443
    3444        if self.SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST and this and this.args.get("from"):
    3445            this = self._implicit_unnests_to_explicit(this)
    3446
    3447        return this
    3448
    3449    def _parse_hint_fallback_to_string(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Hint]:
    3450        start = self._curr
    3451        while self._curr:
    3452            self._advance()
    3453
    3454        end = self._tokens[self._index - 1]
    3455        return exp.Hint(expressions=[self._find_sql(start, end)])
    3456
    3457    def _parse_hint_function_call(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3458        return self._parse_function_call()
    3459
    3460    def _parse_hint_body(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Hint]:
    3461        start_index = self._index
    3462        should_fallback_to_string = False
    3463
    3464        hints = []
    3465        try:
    3466            for hint in iter(
    3467                lambda: self._parse_csv(
    3468                    lambda: self._parse_hint_function_call() or self._parse_var(upper=True),
    3469                ),
    3470                [],
    3471            ):
    3472                hints.extend(hint)
    3473        except ParseError:
    3474            should_fallback_to_string = True
    3475
    3476        if should_fallback_to_string or self._curr:
    3477            self._retreat(start_index)
    3478            return self._parse_hint_fallback_to_string()
    3479
    3480        return self.expression(exp.Hint, expressions=hints)
    3481
    3482    def _parse_hint(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Hint]:
    3483        if self._match(TokenType.HINT) and self._prev_comments:
    3484            return exp.maybe_parse(self._prev_comments[0], into=exp.Hint, dialect=self.dialect)
    3485
    3486        return None
    3487
    3488    def _parse_into(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Into]:
    3489        if not self._match(TokenType.INTO):
    3490            return None
    3491
    3492        temp = self._match(TokenType.TEMPORARY)
    3493        unlogged = self._match_text_seq("UNLOGGED")
    3494        self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    3495
    3496        return self.expression(
    3497            exp.Into, this=self._parse_table(schema=True), temporary=temp, unlogged=unlogged
    3498        )
    3499
    3500    def _parse_from(
    3501        self, joins: bool = False, skip_from_token: bool = False
    3502    ) -> t.Optional[exp.From]:
    3503        if not skip_from_token and not self._match(TokenType.FROM):
    3504            return None
    3505
    3506        return self.expression(
    3507            exp.From, comments=self._prev_comments, this=self._parse_table(joins=joins)
    3508        )
    3509
    3510    def _parse_match_recognize_measure(self) -> exp.MatchRecognizeMeasure:
    3511        return self.expression(
    3512            exp.MatchRecognizeMeasure,
    3513            window_frame=self._match_texts(("FINAL", "RUNNING")) and self._prev.text.upper(),
    3514            this=self._parse_expression(),
    3515        )
    3516
    3517    def _parse_match_recognize(self) -> t.Optional[exp.MatchRecognize]:
    3518        if not self._match(TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE):
    3519            return None
    3520
    3521        self._match_l_paren()
    3522
    3523        partition = self._parse_partition_by()
    3524        order = self._parse_order()
    3525
    3526        measures = (
    3527            self._parse_csv(self._parse_match_recognize_measure)
    3528            if self._match_text_seq("MEASURES")
    3529            else None
    3530        )
    3531
    3532        if self._match_text_seq("ONE", "ROW", "PER", "MATCH"):
    3533            rows = exp.var("ONE ROW PER MATCH")
    3534        elif self._match_text_seq("ALL", "ROWS", "PER", "MATCH"):
    3535            text = "ALL ROWS PER MATCH"
    3536            if self._match_text_seq("SHOW", "EMPTY", "MATCHES"):
    3537                text += " SHOW EMPTY MATCHES"
    3538            elif self._match_text_seq("OMIT", "EMPTY", "MATCHES"):
    3539                text += " OMIT EMPTY MATCHES"
    3540            elif self._match_text_seq("WITH", "UNMATCHED", "ROWS"):
    3541                text += " WITH UNMATCHED ROWS"
    3542            rows = exp.var(text)
    3543        else:
    3544            rows = None
    3545
    3546        if self._match_text_seq("AFTER", "MATCH", "SKIP"):
    3547            text = "AFTER MATCH SKIP"
    3548            if self._match_text_seq("PAST", "LAST", "ROW"):
    3549                text += " PAST LAST ROW"
    3550            elif self._match_text_seq("TO", "NEXT", "ROW"):
    3551                text += " TO NEXT ROW"
    3552            elif self._match_text_seq("TO", "FIRST"):
    3553                text += f" TO FIRST {self._advance_any().text}"  # type: ignore
    3554            elif self._match_text_seq("TO", "LAST"):
    3555                text += f" TO LAST {self._advance_any().text}"  # type: ignore
    3556            after = exp.var(text)
    3557        else:
    3558            after = None
    3559
    3560        if self._match_text_seq("PATTERN"):
    3561            self._match_l_paren()
    3562
    3563            if not self._curr:
    3564                self.raise_error("Expecting )", self._curr)
    3565
    3566            paren = 1
    3567            start = self._curr
    3568
    3569            while self._curr and paren > 0:
    3570                if self._curr.token_type == TokenType.L_PAREN:
    3571                    paren += 1
    3572                if self._curr.token_type == TokenType.R_PAREN:
    3573                    paren -= 1
    3574
    3575                end = self._prev
    3576                self._advance()
    3577
    3578            if paren > 0:
    3579                self.raise_error("Expecting )", self._curr)
    3580
    3581            pattern = exp.var(self._find_sql(start, end))
    3582        else:
    3583            pattern = None
    3584
    3585        define = (
    3586            self._parse_csv(self._parse_name_as_expression)
    3587            if self._match_text_seq("DEFINE")
    3588            else None
    3589        )
    3590
    3591        self._match_r_paren()
    3592
    3593        return self.expression(
    3594            exp.MatchRecognize,
    3595            partition_by=partition,
    3596            order=order,
    3597            measures=measures,
    3598            rows=rows,
    3599            after=after,
    3600            pattern=pattern,
    3601            define=define,
    3602            alias=self._parse_table_alias(),
    3603        )
    3604
    3605    def _parse_lateral(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Lateral]:
    3606        cross_apply = self._match_pair(TokenType.CROSS, TokenType.APPLY)
    3607        if not cross_apply and self._match_pair(TokenType.OUTER, TokenType.APPLY):
    3608            cross_apply = False
    3609
    3610        if cross_apply is not None:
    3611            this = self._parse_select(table=True)
    3612            view = None
    3613            outer = None
    3614        elif self._match(TokenType.LATERAL):
    3615            this = self._parse_select(table=True)
    3616            view = self._match(TokenType.VIEW)
    3617            outer = self._match(TokenType.OUTER)
    3618        else:
    3619            return None
    3620
    3621        if not this:
    3622            this = (
    3623                self._parse_unnest()
    3624                or self._parse_function()
    3625                or self._parse_id_var(any_token=False)
    3626            )
    3627
    3628            while self._match(TokenType.DOT):
    3629                this = exp.Dot(
    3630                    this=this,
    3631                    expression=self._parse_function() or self._parse_id_var(any_token=False),
    3632                )
    3633
    3634        ordinality: t.Optional[bool] = None
    3635
    3636        if view:
    3637            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False)
    3638            columns = self._parse_csv(self._parse_id_var) if self._match(TokenType.ALIAS) else []
    3639            table_alias: t.Optional[exp.TableAlias] = self.expression(
    3640                exp.TableAlias, this=table, columns=columns
    3641            )
    3642        elif isinstance(this, (exp.Subquery, exp.Unnest)) and this.alias:
    3643            # We move the alias from the lateral's child node to the lateral itself
    3644            table_alias = this.args["alias"].pop()
    3645        else:
    3646            ordinality = self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.ORDINALITY)
    3647            table_alias = self._parse_table_alias()
    3648
    3649        return self.expression(
    3650            exp.Lateral,
    3651            this=this,
    3652            view=view,
    3653            outer=outer,
    3654            alias=table_alias,
    3655            cross_apply=cross_apply,
    3656            ordinality=ordinality,
    3657        )
    3658
    3659    def _parse_join_parts(
    3660        self,
    3661    ) -> t.Tuple[t.Optional[Token], t.Optional[Token], t.Optional[Token]]:
    3662        return (
    3663            self._match_set(self.JOIN_METHODS) and self._prev,
    3664            self._match_set(self.JOIN_SIDES) and self._prev,
    3665            self._match_set(self.JOIN_KINDS) and self._prev,
    3666        )
    3667
    3668    def _parse_using_identifiers(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    3669        def _parse_column_as_identifier() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3670            this = self._parse_column()
    3671            if isinstance(this, exp.Column):
    3672                return this.this
    3673            return this
    3674
    3675        return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_column_as_identifier, optional=True)
    3676
    3677    def _parse_join(
    3678        self, skip_join_token: bool = False, parse_bracket: bool = False
    3679    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Join]:
    3680        if self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    3681            table = self._try_parse(self._parse_table)
    3682            if table:
    3683                return self.expression(exp.Join, this=table)
    3684            return None
    3685
    3686        index = self._index
    3687        method, side, kind = self._parse_join_parts()
    3688        hint = self._prev.text if self._match_texts(self.JOIN_HINTS) else None
    3689        join = self._match(TokenType.JOIN) or (kind and kind.token_type == TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN)
    3690
    3691        if not skip_join_token and not join:
    3692            self._retreat(index)
    3693            kind = None
    3694            method = None
    3695            side = None
    3696
    3697        outer_apply = self._match_pair(TokenType.OUTER, TokenType.APPLY, False)
    3698        cross_apply = self._match_pair(TokenType.CROSS, TokenType.APPLY, False)
    3699
    3700        if not skip_join_token and not join and not outer_apply and not cross_apply:
    3701            return None
    3702
    3703        kwargs: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {"this": self._parse_table(parse_bracket=parse_bracket)}
    3704        if kind and kind.token_type == TokenType.ARRAY and self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    3705            kwargs["expressions"] = self._parse_csv(
    3706                lambda: self._parse_table(parse_bracket=parse_bracket)
    3707            )
    3708
    3709        if method:
    3710            kwargs["method"] = method.text
    3711        if side:
    3712            kwargs["side"] = side.text
    3713        if kind:
    3714            kwargs["kind"] = kind.text
    3715        if hint:
    3716            kwargs["hint"] = hint
    3717
    3718        if self._match(TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION):
    3719            kwargs["match_condition"] = self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_comparison)
    3720
    3721        if self._match(TokenType.ON):
    3722            kwargs["on"] = self._parse_assignment()
    3723        elif self._match(TokenType.USING):
    3724            kwargs["using"] = self._parse_using_identifiers()
    3725        elif (
    3726            not (outer_apply or cross_apply)
    3727            and not isinstance(kwargs["this"], exp.Unnest)
    3728            and not (kind and kind.token_type in (TokenType.CROSS, TokenType.ARRAY))
    3729        ):
    3730            index = self._index
    3731            joins: t.Optional[list] = list(self._parse_joins())
    3732
    3733            if joins and self._match(TokenType.ON):
    3734                kwargs["on"] = self._parse_assignment()
    3735            elif joins and self._match(TokenType.USING):
    3736                kwargs["using"] = self._parse_using_identifiers()
    3737            else:
    3738                joins = None
    3739                self._retreat(index)
    3740
    3741            kwargs["this"].set("joins", joins if joins else None)
    3742
    3743        kwargs["pivots"] = self._parse_pivots()
    3744
    3745        comments = [c for token in (method, side, kind) if token for c in token.comments]
    3746        return self.expression(exp.Join, comments=comments, **kwargs)
    3747
    3748    def _parse_opclass(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3749        this = self._parse_assignment()
    3750
    3751        if self._match_texts(self.OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS, advance=False):
    3752            return this
    3753
    3754        if not self._match_set(self.OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS, advance=False):
    3755            return self.expression(exp.Opclass, this=this, expression=self._parse_table_parts())
    3756
    3757        return this
    3758
    3759    def _parse_index_params(self) -> exp.IndexParameters:
    3760        using = self._parse_var(any_token=True) if self._match(TokenType.USING) else None
    3761
    3762        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    3763            columns = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_with_operator)
    3764        else:
    3765            columns = None
    3766
    3767        include = self._parse_wrapped_id_vars() if self._match_text_seq("INCLUDE") else None
    3768        partition_by = self._parse_partition_by()
    3769        with_storage = self._match(TokenType.WITH) and self._parse_wrapped_properties()
    3770        tablespace = (
    3771            self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    3772            if self._match_text_seq("USING", "INDEX", "TABLESPACE")
    3773            else None
    3774        )
    3775        where = self._parse_where()
    3776
    3777        on = self._parse_field() if self._match(TokenType.ON) else None
    3778
    3779        return self.expression(
    3780            exp.IndexParameters,
    3781            using=using,
    3782            columns=columns,
    3783            include=include,
    3784            partition_by=partition_by,
    3785            where=where,
    3786            with_storage=with_storage,
    3787            tablespace=tablespace,
    3788            on=on,
    3789        )
    3790
    3791    def _parse_index(
    3792        self, index: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, anonymous: bool = False
    3793    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Index]:
    3794        if index or anonymous:
    3795            unique = None
    3796            primary = None
    3797            amp = None
    3798
    3799            self._match(TokenType.ON)
    3800            self._match(TokenType.TABLE)  # hive
    3801            table = self._parse_table_parts(schema=True)
    3802        else:
    3803            unique = self._match(TokenType.UNIQUE)
    3804            primary = self._match_text_seq("PRIMARY")
    3805            amp = self._match_text_seq("AMP")
    3806
    3807            if not self._match(TokenType.INDEX):
    3808                return None
    3809
    3810            index = self._parse_id_var()
    3811            table = None
    3812
    3813        params = self._parse_index_params()
    3814
    3815        return self.expression(
    3816            exp.Index,
    3817            this=index,
    3818            table=table,
    3819            unique=unique,
    3820            primary=primary,
    3821            amp=amp,
    3822            params=params,
    3823        )
    3824
    3825    def _parse_table_hints(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
    3826        hints: t.List[exp.Expression] = []
    3827        if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
    3828            # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/hints-transact-sql-table?view=sql-server-ver16
    3829            hints.append(
    3830                self.expression(
    3831                    exp.WithTableHint,
    3832                    expressions=self._parse_csv(
    3833                        lambda: self._parse_function() or self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    3834                    ),
    3835                )
    3836            )
    3837            self._match_r_paren()
    3838        else:
    3839            # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/index-hints.html
    3840            while self._match_set(self.TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS):
    3841                hint = exp.IndexTableHint(this=self._prev.text.upper())
    3842
    3843                self._match_set((TokenType.INDEX, TokenType.KEY))
    3844                if self._match(TokenType.FOR):
    3845                    hint.set("target", self._advance_any() and self._prev.text.upper())
    3846
    3847                hint.set("expressions", self._parse_wrapped_id_vars())
    3848                hints.append(hint)
    3849
    3850        return hints or None
    3851
    3852    def _parse_table_part(self, schema: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3853        return (
    3854            (not schema and self._parse_function(optional_parens=False))
    3855            or self._parse_id_var(any_token=False)
    3856            or self._parse_string_as_identifier()
    3857            or self._parse_placeholder()
    3858        )
    3859
    3860    def _parse_table_parts(
    3861        self, schema: bool = False, is_db_reference: bool = False, wildcard: bool = False
    3862    ) -> exp.Table:
    3863        catalog = None
    3864        db = None
    3865        table: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str] = self._parse_table_part(schema=schema)
    3866
    3867        while self._match(TokenType.DOT):
    3868            if catalog:
    3869                # This allows nesting the table in arbitrarily many dot expressions if needed
    3870                table = self.expression(
    3871                    exp.Dot, this=table, expression=self._parse_table_part(schema=schema)
    3872                )
    3873            else:
    3874                catalog = db
    3875                db = table
    3876                # "" used for tsql FROM a..b case
    3877                table = self._parse_table_part(schema=schema) or ""
    3878
    3879        if (
    3880            wildcard
    3881            and self._is_connected()
    3882            and (isinstance(table, exp.Identifier) or not table)
    3883            and self._match(TokenType.STAR)
    3884        ):
    3885            if isinstance(table, exp.Identifier):
    3886                table.args["this"] += "*"
    3887            else:
    3888                table = exp.Identifier(this="*")
    3889
    3890        # We bubble up comments from the Identifier to the Table
    3891        comments = table.pop_comments() if isinstance(table, exp.Expression) else None
    3892
    3893        if is_db_reference:
    3894            catalog = db
    3895            db = table
    3896            table = None
    3897
    3898        if not table and not is_db_reference:
    3899            self.raise_error(f"Expected table name but got {self._curr}")
    3900        if not db and is_db_reference:
    3901            self.raise_error(f"Expected database name but got {self._curr}")
    3902
    3903        table = self.expression(
    3904            exp.Table,
    3905            comments=comments,
    3906            this=table,
    3907            db=db,
    3908            catalog=catalog,
    3909        )
    3910
    3911        changes = self._parse_changes()
    3912        if changes:
    3913            table.set("changes", changes)
    3914
    3915        at_before = self._parse_historical_data()
    3916        if at_before:
    3917            table.set("when", at_before)
    3918
    3919        pivots = self._parse_pivots()
    3920        if pivots:
    3921            table.set("pivots", pivots)
    3922
    3923        return table
    3924
    3925    def _parse_table(
    3926        self,
    3927        schema: bool = False,
    3928        joins: bool = False,
    3929        alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
    3930        parse_bracket: bool = False,
    3931        is_db_reference: bool = False,
    3932        parse_partition: bool = False,
    3933    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3934        lateral = self._parse_lateral()
    3935        if lateral:
    3936            return lateral
    3937
    3938        unnest = self._parse_unnest()
    3939        if unnest:
    3940            return unnest
    3941
    3942        values = self._parse_derived_table_values()
    3943        if values:
    3944            return values
    3945
    3946        subquery = self._parse_select(table=True)
    3947        if subquery:
    3948            if not subquery.args.get("pivots"):
    3949                subquery.set("pivots", self._parse_pivots())
    3950            return subquery
    3951
    3952        bracket = parse_bracket and self._parse_bracket(None)
    3953        bracket = self.expression(exp.Table, this=bracket) if bracket else None
    3954
    3955        rows_from = self._match_text_seq("ROWS", "FROM") and self._parse_wrapped_csv(
    3956            self._parse_table
    3957        )
    3958        rows_from = self.expression(exp.Table, rows_from=rows_from) if rows_from else None
    3959
    3960        only = self._match(TokenType.ONLY)
    3961
    3962        this = t.cast(
    3963            exp.Expression,
    3964            bracket
    3965            or rows_from
    3966            or self._parse_bracket(
    3967                self._parse_table_parts(schema=schema, is_db_reference=is_db_reference)
    3968            ),
    3969        )
    3970
    3971        if only:
    3972            this.set("only", only)
    3973
    3974        # Postgres supports a wildcard (table) suffix operator, which is a no-op in this context
    3975        self._match_text_seq("*")
    3976
    3977        parse_partition = parse_partition or self.SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
    3978        if parse_partition and self._match(TokenType.PARTITION, advance=False):
    3979            this.set("partition", self._parse_partition())
    3980
    3981        if schema:
    3982            return self._parse_schema(this=this)
    3983
    3984        version = self._parse_version()
    3985
    3986        if version:
    3987            this.set("version", version)
    3988
    3989        if self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE:
    3990            this.set("sample", self._parse_table_sample())
    3991
    3992        alias = self._parse_table_alias(alias_tokens=alias_tokens or self.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS)
    3993        if alias:
    3994            this.set("alias", alias)
    3995
    3996        if isinstance(this, exp.Table) and self._match_text_seq("AT"):
    3997            return self.expression(
    3998                exp.AtIndex, this=this.to_column(copy=False), expression=self._parse_id_var()
    3999            )
    4000
    4001        this.set("hints", self._parse_table_hints())
    4002
    4003        if not this.args.get("pivots"):
    4004            this.set("pivots", self._parse_pivots())
    4005
    4006        if not self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE:
    4007            this.set("sample", self._parse_table_sample())
    4008
    4009        if joins:
    4010            for join in self._parse_joins():
    4011                this.append("joins", join)
    4012
    4013        if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.ORDINALITY):
    4014            this.set("ordinality", True)
    4015            this.set("alias", self._parse_table_alias())
    4016
    4017        return this
    4018
    4019    def _parse_version(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Version]:
    4020        if self._match(TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT):
    4021            this = "TIMESTAMP"
    4022        elif self._match(TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT):
    4023            this = "VERSION"
    4024        else:
    4025            return None
    4026
    4027        if self._match_set((TokenType.FROM, TokenType.BETWEEN)):
    4028            kind = self._prev.text.upper()
    4029            start = self._parse_bitwise()
    4030            self._match_texts(("TO", "AND"))
    4031            end = self._parse_bitwise()
    4032            expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = self.expression(
    4033                exp.Tuple, expressions=[start, end]
    4034            )
    4035        elif self._match_text_seq("CONTAINED", "IN"):
    4036            kind = "CONTAINED IN"
    4037            expression = self.expression(
    4038                exp.Tuple, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_bitwise)
    4039            )
    4040        elif self._match(TokenType.ALL):
    4041            kind = "ALL"
    4042            expression = None
    4043        else:
    4044            self._match_text_seq("AS", "OF")
    4045            kind = "AS OF"
    4046            expression = self._parse_type()
    4047
    4048        return self.expression(exp.Version, this=this, expression=expression, kind=kind)
    4049
    4050    def _parse_historical_data(self) -> t.Optional[exp.HistoricalData]:
    4051        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/constructs/at-before
    4052        index = self._index
    4053        historical_data = None
    4054        if self._match_texts(self.HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX):
    4055            this = self._prev.text.upper()
    4056            kind = (
    4057                self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
    4058                and self._match_texts(self.HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND)
    4059                and self._prev.text.upper()
    4060            )
    4061            expression = self._match(TokenType.FARROW) and self._parse_bitwise()
    4062
    4063            if expression:
    4064                self._match_r_paren()
    4065                historical_data = self.expression(
    4066                    exp.HistoricalData, this=this, kind=kind, expression=expression
    4067                )
    4068            else:
    4069                self._retreat(index)
    4070
    4071        return historical_data
    4072
    4073    def _parse_changes(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Changes]:
    4074        if not self._match_text_seq("CHANGES", "(", "INFORMATION", "=>"):
    4075            return None
    4076
    4077        information = self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    4078        self._match_r_paren()
    4079
    4080        return self.expression(
    4081            exp.Changes,
    4082            information=information,
    4083            at_before=self._parse_historical_data(),
    4084            end=self._parse_historical_data(),
    4085        )
    4086
    4087    def _parse_unnest(self, with_alias: bool = True) -> t.Optional[exp.Unnest]:
    4088        if not self._match(TokenType.UNNEST):
    4089            return None
    4090
    4091        expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_equality)
    4092        offset = self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.ORDINALITY)
    4093
    4094        alias = self._parse_table_alias() if with_alias else None
    4095
    4096        if alias:
    4097            if self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY:
    4098                if alias.args.get("columns"):
    4099                    self.raise_error("Unexpected extra column alias in unnest.")
    4100
    4101                alias.set("columns", [alias.this])
    4102                alias.set("this", None)
    4103
    4104            columns = alias.args.get("columns") or []
    4105            if offset and len(expressions) < len(columns):
    4106                offset = columns.pop()
    4107
    4108        if not offset and self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.OFFSET):
    4109            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    4110            offset = self._parse_id_var(
    4111                any_token=False, tokens=self.UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
    4112            ) or exp.to_identifier("offset")
    4113
    4114        return self.expression(exp.Unnest, expressions=expressions, alias=alias, offset=offset)
    4115
    4116    def _parse_derived_table_values(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Values]:
    4117        is_derived = self._match_pair(TokenType.L_PAREN, TokenType.VALUES)
    4118        if not is_derived and not (
    4119            # ClickHouse's `FORMAT Values` is equivalent to `VALUES`
    4120            self._match_text_seq("VALUES") or self._match_text_seq("FORMAT", "VALUES")
    4121        ):
    4122            return None
    4123
    4124        expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_value)
    4125        alias = self._parse_table_alias()
    4126
    4127        if is_derived:
    4128            self._match_r_paren()
    4129
    4130        return self.expression(
    4131            exp.Values, expressions=expressions, alias=alias or self._parse_table_alias()
    4132        )
    4133
    4134    def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
    4135        if not self._match(TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE) and not (
    4136            as_modifier and self._match_text_seq("USING", "SAMPLE")
    4137        ):
    4138            return None
    4139
    4140        bucket_numerator = None
    4141        bucket_denominator = None
    4142        bucket_field = None
    4143        percent = None
    4144        size = None
    4145        seed = None
    4146
    4147        method = self._parse_var(tokens=(TokenType.ROW,), upper=True)
    4148        matched_l_paren = self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
    4149
    4150        if self.TABLESAMPLE_CSV:
    4151            num = None
    4152            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_primary)
    4153        else:
    4154            expressions = None
    4155            num = (
    4156                self._parse_factor()
    4157                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER, advance=False)
    4158                else self._parse_primary() or self._parse_placeholder()
    4159            )
    4160
    4161        if self._match_text_seq("BUCKET"):
    4162            bucket_numerator = self._parse_number()
    4163            self._match_text_seq("OUT", "OF")
    4164            bucket_denominator = bucket_denominator = self._parse_number()
    4165            self._match(TokenType.ON)
    4166            bucket_field = self._parse_field()
    4167        elif self._match_set((TokenType.PERCENT, TokenType.MOD)):
    4168            percent = num
    4169        elif self._match(TokenType.ROWS) or not self.dialect.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT:
    4170            size = num
    4171        else:
    4172            percent = num
    4173
    4174        if matched_l_paren:
    4175            self._match_r_paren()
    4176
    4177        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    4178            method = self._parse_var(upper=True)
    4179            seed = self._match(TokenType.COMMA) and self._parse_number()
    4180            self._match_r_paren()
    4181        elif self._match_texts(("SEED", "REPEATABLE")):
    4182            seed = self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_number)
    4183
    4184        if not method and self.DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD:
    4185            method = exp.var(self.DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD)
    4186
    4187        return self.expression(
    4188            exp.TableSample,
    4189            expressions=expressions,
    4190            method=method,
    4191            bucket_numerator=bucket_numerator,
    4192            bucket_denominator=bucket_denominator,
    4193            bucket_field=bucket_field,
    4194            percent=percent,
    4195            size=size,
    4196            seed=seed,
    4197        )
    4198
    4199    def _parse_pivots(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Pivot]]:
    4200        return list(iter(self._parse_pivot, None)) or None
    4201
    4202    def _parse_joins(self) -> t.Iterator[exp.Join]:
    4203        return iter(self._parse_join, None)
    4204
    4205    def _parse_unpivot_columns(self) -> t.Optional[exp.UnpivotColumns]:
    4206        if not self._match(TokenType.INTO):
    4207            return None
    4208
    4209        return self.expression(
    4210            exp.UnpivotColumns,
    4211            this=self._match_text_seq("NAME") and self._parse_column(),
    4212            expressions=self._match_text_seq("VALUE") and self._parse_csv(self._parse_column),
    4213        )
    4214
    4215    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/pivot
    4216    def _parse_simplified_pivot(self, is_unpivot: t.Optional[bool] = None) -> exp.Pivot:
    4217        def _parse_on() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4218            this = self._parse_bitwise()
    4219
    4220            if self._match(TokenType.IN):
    4221                # PIVOT ... ON col IN (row_val1, row_val2)
    4222                return self._parse_in(this)
    4223            if self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False):
    4224                # UNPIVOT ... ON (col1, col2, col3) AS row_val
    4225                return self._parse_alias(this)
    4226
    4227            return this
    4228
    4229        this = self._parse_table()
    4230        expressions = self._match(TokenType.ON) and self._parse_csv(_parse_on)
    4231        into = self._parse_unpivot_columns()
    4232        using = self._match(TokenType.USING) and self._parse_csv(
    4233            lambda: self._parse_alias(self._parse_function())
    4234        )
    4235        group = self._parse_group()
    4236
    4237        return self.expression(
    4238            exp.Pivot,
    4239            this=this,
    4240            expressions=expressions,
    4241            using=using,
    4242            group=group,
    4243            unpivot=is_unpivot,
    4244            into=into,
    4245        )
    4246
    4247    def _parse_pivot_in(self) -> exp.In:
    4248        def _parse_aliased_expression() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4249            this = self._parse_select_or_expression()
    4250
    4251            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    4252            alias = self._parse_bitwise()
    4253            if alias:
    4254                if isinstance(alias, exp.Column) and not alias.db:
    4255                    alias = alias.this
    4256                return self.expression(exp.PivotAlias, this=this, alias=alias)
    4257
    4258            return this
    4259
    4260        value = self._parse_column()
    4261
    4262        if not self._match_pair(TokenType.IN, TokenType.L_PAREN):
    4263            self.raise_error("Expecting IN (")
    4264
    4265        if self._match(TokenType.ANY):
    4266            exprs: t.List[exp.Expression] = ensure_list(exp.PivotAny(this=self._parse_order()))
    4267        else:
    4268            exprs = self._parse_csv(_parse_aliased_expression)
    4269
    4270        self._match_r_paren()
    4271        return self.expression(exp.In, this=value, expressions=exprs)
    4272
    4273    def _parse_pivot(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Pivot]:
    4274        index = self._index
    4275        include_nulls = None
    4276
    4277        if self._match(TokenType.PIVOT):
    4278            unpivot = False
    4279        elif self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT):
    4280            unpivot = True
    4281
    4282            # https://docs.databricks.com/en/sql/language-manual/sql-ref-syntax-qry-select-unpivot.html#syntax
    4283            if self._match_text_seq("INCLUDE", "NULLS"):
    4284                include_nulls = True
    4285            elif self._match_text_seq("EXCLUDE", "NULLS"):
    4286                include_nulls = False
    4287        else:
    4288            return None
    4289
    4290        expressions = []
    4291
    4292        if not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    4293            self._retreat(index)
    4294            return None
    4295
    4296        if unpivot:
    4297            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_column)
    4298        else:
    4299            expressions = self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_alias(self._parse_function()))
    4300
    4301        if not expressions:
    4302            self.raise_error("Failed to parse PIVOT's aggregation list")
    4303
    4304        if not self._match(TokenType.FOR):
    4305            self.raise_error("Expecting FOR")
    4306
    4307        fields = []
    4308        while True:
    4309            field = self._try_parse(self._parse_pivot_in)
    4310            if not field:
    4311                break
    4312            fields.append(field)
    4313
    4314        default_on_null = self._match_text_seq("DEFAULT", "ON", "NULL") and self._parse_wrapped(
    4315            self._parse_bitwise
    4316        )
    4317
    4318        group = self._parse_group()
    4319
    4320        self._match_r_paren()
    4321
    4322        pivot = self.expression(
    4323            exp.Pivot,
    4324            expressions=expressions,
    4325            fields=fields,
    4326            unpivot=unpivot,
    4327            include_nulls=include_nulls,
    4328            default_on_null=default_on_null,
    4329            group=group,
    4330        )
    4331
    4332        if not self._match_set((TokenType.PIVOT, TokenType.UNPIVOT), advance=False):
    4333            pivot.set("alias", self._parse_table_alias())
    4334
    4335        if not unpivot:
    4336            names = self._pivot_column_names(t.cast(t.List[exp.Expression], expressions))
    4337
    4338            columns: t.List[exp.Expression] = []
    4339            all_fields = []
    4340            for pivot_field in pivot.fields:
    4341                pivot_field_expressions = pivot_field.expressions
    4342
    4343                # The `PivotAny` expression corresponds to `ANY ORDER BY <column>`; we can't infer in this case.
    4344                if isinstance(seq_get(pivot_field_expressions, 0), exp.PivotAny):
    4345                    continue
    4346
    4347                all_fields.append(
    4348                    [
    4349                        fld.sql() if self.IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS else fld.alias_or_name
    4350                        for fld in pivot_field_expressions
    4351                    ]
    4352                )
    4353
    4354            if all_fields:
    4355                if names:
    4356                    all_fields.append(names)
    4357
    4358                # Generate all possible combinations of the pivot columns
    4359                # e.g PIVOT(sum(...) as total FOR year IN (2000, 2010) FOR country IN ('NL', 'US'))
    4360                # generates the product between [[2000, 2010], ['NL', 'US'], ['total']]
    4361                for fld_parts_tuple in itertools.product(*all_fields):
    4362                    fld_parts = list(fld_parts_tuple)
    4363
    4364                    if names and self.PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS:
    4365                        # Move the "name" to the front of the list
    4366                        fld_parts.insert(0, fld_parts.pop(-1))
    4367
    4368                    columns.append(exp.to_identifier("_".join(fld_parts)))
    4369
    4370            pivot.set("columns", columns)
    4371
    4372        return pivot
    4373
    4374    def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
    4375        return [agg.alias for agg in aggregations if agg.alias]
    4376
    4377    def _parse_prewhere(self, skip_where_token: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.PreWhere]:
    4378        if not skip_where_token and not self._match(TokenType.PREWHERE):
    4379            return None
    4380
    4381        return self.expression(
    4382            exp.PreWhere, comments=self._prev_comments, this=self._parse_assignment()
    4383        )
    4384
    4385    def _parse_where(self, skip_where_token: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Where]:
    4386        if not skip_where_token and not self._match(TokenType.WHERE):
    4387            return None
    4388
    4389        return self.expression(
    4390            exp.Where, comments=self._prev_comments, this=self._parse_assignment()
    4391        )
    4392
    4393    def _parse_group(self, skip_group_by_token: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Group]:
    4394        if not skip_group_by_token and not self._match(TokenType.GROUP_BY):
    4395            return None
    4396
    4397        elements: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = defaultdict(list)
    4398
    4399        if self._match(TokenType.ALL):
    4400            elements["all"] = True
    4401        elif self._match(TokenType.DISTINCT):
    4402            elements["all"] = False
    4403
    4404        while True:
    4405            index = self._index
    4406
    4407            elements["expressions"].extend(
    4408                self._parse_csv(
    4409                    lambda: None
    4410                    if self._match_set((TokenType.CUBE, TokenType.ROLLUP), advance=False)
    4411                    else self._parse_assignment()
    4412                )
    4413            )
    4414
    4415            before_with_index = self._index
    4416            with_prefix = self._match(TokenType.WITH)
    4417
    4418            if self._match(TokenType.ROLLUP):
    4419                elements["rollup"].append(
    4420                    self._parse_cube_or_rollup(exp.Rollup, with_prefix=with_prefix)
    4421                )
    4422            elif self._match(TokenType.CUBE):
    4423                elements["cube"].append(
    4424                    self._parse_cube_or_rollup(exp.Cube, with_prefix=with_prefix)
    4425                )
    4426            elif self._match(TokenType.GROUPING_SETS):
    4427                elements["grouping_sets"].append(
    4428                    self.expression(
    4429                        exp.GroupingSets,
    4430                        expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_grouping_set),
    4431                    )
    4432                )
    4433            elif self._match_text_seq("TOTALS"):
    4434                elements["totals"] = True  # type: ignore
    4435
    4436            if before_with_index <= self._index <= before_with_index + 1:
    4437                self._retreat(before_with_index)
    4438                break
    4439
    4440            if index == self._index:
    4441                break
    4442
    4443        return self.expression(exp.Group, **elements)  # type: ignore
    4444
    4445    def _parse_cube_or_rollup(self, kind: t.Type[E], with_prefix: bool = False) -> E:
    4446        return self.expression(
    4447            kind, expressions=[] if with_prefix else self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_column)
    4448        )
    4449
    4450    def _parse_grouping_set(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4451        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    4452            grouping_set = self._parse_csv(self._parse_column)
    4453            self._match_r_paren()
    4454            return self.expression(exp.Tuple, expressions=grouping_set)
    4455
    4456        return self._parse_column()
    4457
    4458    def _parse_having(self, skip_having_token: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Having]:
    4459        if not skip_having_token and not self._match(TokenType.HAVING):
    4460            return None
    4461        return self.expression(exp.Having, this=self._parse_assignment())
    4462
    4463    def _parse_qualify(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Qualify]:
    4464        if not self._match(TokenType.QUALIFY):
    4465            return None
    4466        return self.expression(exp.Qualify, this=self._parse_assignment())
    4467
    4468    def _parse_connect_with_prior(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4469        self.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS["PRIOR"] = lambda self: self.expression(
    4470            exp.Prior, this=self._parse_bitwise()
    4471        )
    4472        connect = self._parse_assignment()
    4473        self.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("PRIOR")
    4474        return connect
    4475
    4476    def _parse_connect(self, skip_start_token: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Connect]:
    4477        if skip_start_token:
    4478            start = None
    4479        elif self._match(TokenType.START_WITH):
    4480            start = self._parse_assignment()
    4481        else:
    4482            return None
    4483
    4484        self._match(TokenType.CONNECT_BY)
    4485        nocycle = self._match_text_seq("NOCYCLE")
    4486        connect = self._parse_connect_with_prior()
    4487
    4488        if not start and self._match(TokenType.START_WITH):
    4489            start = self._parse_assignment()
    4490
    4491        return self.expression(exp.Connect, start=start, connect=connect, nocycle=nocycle)
    4492
    4493    def _parse_name_as_expression(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4494        this = self._parse_id_var(any_token=True)
    4495        if self._match(TokenType.ALIAS):
    4496            this = self.expression(exp.Alias, alias=this, this=self._parse_assignment())
    4497        return this
    4498
    4499    def _parse_interpolate(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
    4500        if self._match_text_seq("INTERPOLATE"):
    4501            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_name_as_expression)
    4502        return None
    4503
    4504    def _parse_order(
    4505        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, skip_order_token: bool = False
    4506    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4507        siblings = None
    4508        if not skip_order_token and not self._match(TokenType.ORDER_BY):
    4509            if not self._match(TokenType.ORDER_SIBLINGS_BY):
    4510                return this
    4511
    4512            siblings = True
    4513
    4514        return self.expression(
    4515            exp.Order,
    4516            this=this,
    4517            expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_ordered),
    4518            siblings=siblings,
    4519        )
    4520
    4521    def _parse_sort(self, exp_class: t.Type[E], token: TokenType) -> t.Optional[E]:
    4522        if not self._match(token):
    4523            return None
    4524        return self.expression(exp_class, expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_ordered))
    4525
    4526    def _parse_ordered(
    4527        self, parse_method: t.Optional[t.Callable] = None
    4528    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Ordered]:
    4529        this = parse_method() if parse_method else self._parse_assignment()
    4530        if not this:
    4531            return None
    4532
    4533        if this.name.upper() == "ALL" and self.dialect.SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL:
    4534            this = exp.var("ALL")
    4535
    4536        asc = self._match(TokenType.ASC)
    4537        desc = self._match(TokenType.DESC) or (asc and False)
    4538
    4539        is_nulls_first = self._match_text_seq("NULLS", "FIRST")
    4540        is_nulls_last = self._match_text_seq("NULLS", "LAST")
    4541
    4542        nulls_first = is_nulls_first or False
    4543        explicitly_null_ordered = is_nulls_first or is_nulls_last
    4544
    4545        if (
    4546            not explicitly_null_ordered
    4547            and (
    4548                (not desc and self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_small")
    4549                or (desc and self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING != "nulls_are_small")
    4550            )
    4551            and self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING != "nulls_are_last"
    4552        ):
    4553            nulls_first = True
    4554
    4555        if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "FILL"):
    4556            with_fill = self.expression(
    4557                exp.WithFill,
    4558                **{  # type: ignore
    4559                    "from": self._match(TokenType.FROM) and self._parse_bitwise(),
    4560                    "to": self._match_text_seq("TO") and self._parse_bitwise(),
    4561                    "step": self._match_text_seq("STEP") and self._parse_bitwise(),
    4562                    "interpolate": self._parse_interpolate(),
    4563                },
    4564            )
    4565        else:
    4566            with_fill = None
    4567
    4568        return self.expression(
    4569            exp.Ordered, this=this, desc=desc, nulls_first=nulls_first, with_fill=with_fill
    4570        )
    4571
    4572    def _parse_limit_options(self) -> exp.LimitOptions:
    4573        percent = self._match(TokenType.PERCENT)
    4574        rows = self._match_set((TokenType.ROW, TokenType.ROWS))
    4575        self._match_text_seq("ONLY")
    4576        with_ties = self._match_text_seq("WITH", "TIES")
    4577        return self.expression(exp.LimitOptions, percent=percent, rows=rows, with_ties=with_ties)
    4578
    4579    def _parse_limit(
    4580        self,
    4581        this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None,
    4582        top: bool = False,
    4583        skip_limit_token: bool = False,
    4584    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4585        if skip_limit_token or self._match(TokenType.TOP if top else TokenType.LIMIT):
    4586            comments = self._prev_comments
    4587            if top:
    4588                limit_paren = self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
    4589                expression = self._parse_term() if limit_paren else self._parse_number()
    4590
    4591                if limit_paren:
    4592                    self._match_r_paren()
    4593
    4594                limit_options = self._parse_limit_options()
    4595            else:
    4596                limit_options = None
    4597                expression = self._parse_term()
    4598
    4599            if self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    4600                offset = expression
    4601                expression = self._parse_term()
    4602            else:
    4603                offset = None
    4604
    4605            limit_exp = self.expression(
    4606                exp.Limit,
    4607                this=this,
    4608                expression=expression,
    4609                offset=offset,
    4610                comments=comments,
    4611                limit_options=limit_options,
    4612                expressions=self._parse_limit_by(),
    4613            )
    4614
    4615            return limit_exp
    4616
    4617        if self._match(TokenType.FETCH):
    4618            direction = self._match_set((TokenType.FIRST, TokenType.NEXT))
    4619            direction = self._prev.text.upper() if direction else "FIRST"
    4620
    4621            count = self._parse_field(tokens=self.FETCH_TOKENS)
    4622
    4623            return self.expression(
    4624                exp.Fetch,
    4625                direction=direction,
    4626                count=count,
    4627                limit_options=self._parse_limit_options(),
    4628            )
    4629
    4630        return this
    4631
    4632    def _parse_offset(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4633        if not self._match(TokenType.OFFSET):
    4634            return this
    4635
    4636        count = self._parse_term()
    4637        self._match_set((TokenType.ROW, TokenType.ROWS))
    4638
    4639        return self.expression(
    4640            exp.Offset, this=this, expression=count, expressions=self._parse_limit_by()
    4641        )
    4642
    4643    def _can_parse_limit_or_offset(self) -> bool:
    4644        if not self._match_set(self.AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_TOKENS, advance=False):
    4645            return False
    4646
    4647        index = self._index
    4648        result = bool(
    4649            self._try_parse(self._parse_limit, retreat=True)
    4650            or self._try_parse(self._parse_offset, retreat=True)
    4651        )
    4652        self._retreat(index)
    4653        return result
    4654
    4655    def _parse_limit_by(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
    4656        return self._match_text_seq("BY") and self._parse_csv(self._parse_bitwise)
    4657
    4658    def _parse_locks(self) -> t.List[exp.Lock]:
    4659        locks = []
    4660        while True:
    4661            if self._match_text_seq("FOR", "UPDATE"):
    4662                update = True
    4663            elif self._match_text_seq("FOR", "SHARE") or self._match_text_seq(
    4664                "LOCK", "IN", "SHARE", "MODE"
    4665            ):
    4666                update = False
    4667            else:
    4668                break
    4669
    4670            expressions = None
    4671            if self._match_text_seq("OF"):
    4672                expressions = self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_table(schema=True))
    4673
    4674            wait: t.Optional[bool | exp.Expression] = None
    4675            if self._match_text_seq("NOWAIT"):
    4676                wait = True
    4677            elif self._match_text_seq("WAIT"):
    4678                wait = self._parse_primary()
    4679            elif self._match_text_seq("SKIP", "LOCKED"):
    4680                wait = False
    4681
    4682            locks.append(
    4683                self.expression(exp.Lock, update=update, expressions=expressions, wait=wait)
    4684            )
    4685
    4686        return locks
    4687
    4688    def parse_set_operation(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4689        start = self._index
    4690        _, side_token, kind_token = self._parse_join_parts()
    4691
    4692        side = side_token.text if side_token else None
    4693        kind = kind_token.text if kind_token else None
    4694
    4695        if not self._match_set(self.SET_OPERATIONS):
    4696            self._retreat(start)
    4697            return None
    4698
    4699        token_type = self._prev.token_type
    4700
    4701        if token_type == TokenType.UNION:
    4702            operation: t.Type[exp.SetOperation] = exp.Union
    4703        elif token_type == TokenType.EXCEPT:
    4704            operation = exp.Except
    4705        else:
    4706            operation = exp.Intersect
    4707
    4708        comments = self._prev.comments
    4709
    4710        if self._match(TokenType.DISTINCT):
    4711            distinct: t.Optional[bool] = True
    4712        elif self._match(TokenType.ALL):
    4713            distinct = False
    4714        else:
    4715            distinct = self.dialect.SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT[operation]
    4716            if distinct is None:
    4717                self.raise_error(f"Expected DISTINCT or ALL for {operation.__name__}")
    4718
    4719        by_name = self._match_text_seq("BY", "NAME") or self._match_text_seq(
    4720            "STRICT", "CORRESPONDING"
    4721        )
    4722        if self._match_text_seq("CORRESPONDING"):
    4723            by_name = True
    4724            if not side and not kind:
    4725                kind = "INNER"
    4726
    4727        on_column_list = None
    4728        if by_name and self._match_texts(("ON", "BY")):
    4729            on_column_list = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_column)
    4730
    4731        expression = self._parse_select(nested=True, parse_set_operation=False)
    4732
    4733        return self.expression(
    4734            operation,
    4735            comments=comments,
    4736            this=this,
    4737            distinct=distinct,
    4738            by_name=by_name,
    4739            expression=expression,
    4740            side=side,
    4741            kind=kind,
    4742            on=on_column_list,
    4743        )
    4744
    4745    def _parse_set_operations(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4746        while this:
    4747            setop = self.parse_set_operation(this)
    4748            if not setop:
    4749                break
    4750            this = setop
    4751
    4752        if isinstance(this, exp.SetOperation) and self.MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP:
    4753            expression = this.expression
    4754
    4755            if expression:
    4756                for arg in self.SET_OP_MODIFIERS:
    4757                    expr = expression.args.get(arg)
    4758                    if expr:
    4759                        this.set(arg, expr.pop())
    4760
    4761        return this
    4762
    4763    def _parse_expression(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4764        return self._parse_alias(self._parse_assignment())
    4765
    4766    def _parse_assignment(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4767        this = self._parse_disjunction()
    4768        if not this and self._next and self._next.token_type in self.ASSIGNMENT:
    4769            # This allows us to parse <non-identifier token> := <expr>
    4770            this = exp.column(
    4771                t.cast(str, self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True) and self._prev.text)
    4772            )
    4773
    4774        while self._match_set(self.ASSIGNMENT):
    4775            if isinstance(this, exp.Column) and len(this.parts) == 1:
    4776                this = this.this
    4777
    4778            this = self.expression(
    4779                self.ASSIGNMENT[self._prev.token_type],
    4780                this=this,
    4781                comments=self._prev_comments,
    4782                expression=self._parse_assignment(),
    4783            )
    4784
    4785        return this
    4786
    4787    def _parse_disjunction(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4788        return self._parse_tokens(self._parse_conjunction, self.DISJUNCTION)
    4789
    4790    def _parse_conjunction(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4791        return self._parse_tokens(self._parse_equality, self.CONJUNCTION)
    4792
    4793    def _parse_equality(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4794        return self._parse_tokens(self._parse_comparison, self.EQUALITY)
    4795
    4796    def _parse_comparison(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4797        return self._parse_tokens(self._parse_range, self.COMPARISON)
    4798
    4799    def _parse_range(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4800        this = this or self._parse_bitwise()
    4801        negate = self._match(TokenType.NOT)
    4802
    4803        if self._match_set(self.RANGE_PARSERS):
    4804            expression = self.RANGE_PARSERS[self._prev.token_type](self, this)
    4805            if not expression:
    4806                return this
    4807
    4808            this = expression
    4809        elif self._match(TokenType.ISNULL):
    4810            this = self.expression(exp.Is, this=this, expression=exp.Null())
    4811
    4812        # Postgres supports ISNULL and NOTNULL for conditions.
    4813        # https://blog.andreiavram.ro/postgresql-null-composite-type/
    4814        if self._match(TokenType.NOTNULL):
    4815            this = self.expression(exp.Is, this=this, expression=exp.Null())
    4816            this = self.expression(exp.Not, this=this)
    4817
    4818        if negate:
    4819            this = self._negate_range(this)
    4820
    4821        if self._match(TokenType.IS):
    4822            this = self._parse_is(this)
    4823
    4824        return this
    4825
    4826    def _negate_range(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4827        if not this:
    4828            return this
    4829
    4830        return self.expression(exp.Not, this=this)
    4831
    4832    def _parse_is(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4833        index = self._index - 1
    4834        negate = self._match(TokenType.NOT)
    4835
    4836        if self._match_text_seq("DISTINCT", "FROM"):
    4837            klass = exp.NullSafeEQ if negate else exp.NullSafeNEQ
    4838            return self.expression(klass, this=this, expression=self._parse_bitwise())
    4839
    4840        if self._match(TokenType.JSON):
    4841            kind = self._match_texts(self.IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND) and self._prev.text.upper()
    4842
    4843            if self._match_text_seq("WITH"):
    4844                _with = True
    4845            elif self._match_text_seq("WITHOUT"):
    4846                _with = False
    4847            else:
    4848                _with = None
    4849
    4850            unique = self._match(TokenType.UNIQUE)
    4851            self._match_text_seq("KEYS")
    4852            expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = self.expression(
    4853                exp.JSON, **{"this": kind, "with": _with, "unique": unique}
    4854            )
    4855        else:
    4856            expression = self._parse_primary() or self._parse_null()
    4857            if not expression:
    4858                self._retreat(index)
    4859                return None
    4860
    4861        this = self.expression(exp.Is, this=this, expression=expression)
    4862        return self.expression(exp.Not, this=this) if negate else this
    4863
    4864    def _parse_in(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression], alias: bool = False) -> exp.In:
    4865        unnest = self._parse_unnest(with_alias=False)
    4866        if unnest:
    4867            this = self.expression(exp.In, this=this, unnest=unnest)
    4868        elif self._match_set((TokenType.L_PAREN, TokenType.L_BRACKET)):
    4869            matched_l_paren = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.L_PAREN
    4870            expressions = self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_select_or_expression(alias=alias))
    4871
    4872            if len(expressions) == 1 and isinstance(expressions[0], exp.Query):
    4873                this = self.expression(exp.In, this=this, query=expressions[0].subquery(copy=False))
    4874            else:
    4875                this = self.expression(exp.In, this=this, expressions=expressions)
    4876
    4877            if matched_l_paren:
    4878                self._match_r_paren(this)
    4879            elif not self._match(TokenType.R_BRACKET, expression=this):
    4880                self.raise_error("Expecting ]")
    4881        else:
    4882            this = self.expression(exp.In, this=this, field=self._parse_column())
    4883
    4884        return this
    4885
    4886    def _parse_between(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> exp.Between:
    4887        low = self._parse_bitwise()
    4888        self._match(TokenType.AND)
    4889        high = self._parse_bitwise()
    4890        return self.expression(exp.Between, this=this, low=low, high=high)
    4891
    4892    def _parse_escape(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4893        if not self._match(TokenType.ESCAPE):
    4894            return this
    4895        return self.expression(exp.Escape, this=this, expression=self._parse_string())
    4896
    4897    def _parse_interval(self, match_interval: bool = True) -> t.Optional[exp.Add | exp.Interval]:
    4898        index = self._index
    4899
    4900        if not self._match(TokenType.INTERVAL) and match_interval:
    4901            return None
    4902
    4903        if self._match(TokenType.STRING, advance=False):
    4904            this = self._parse_primary()
    4905        else:
    4906            this = self._parse_term()
    4907
    4908        if not this or (
    4909            isinstance(this, exp.Column)
    4910            and not this.table
    4911            and not this.this.quoted
    4912            and this.name.upper() == "IS"
    4913        ):
    4914            self._retreat(index)
    4915            return None
    4916
    4917        unit = self._parse_function() or (
    4918            not self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
    4919            and self._parse_var(any_token=True, upper=True)
    4920        )
    4921
    4922        # Most dialects support, e.g., the form INTERVAL '5' day, thus we try to parse
    4923        # each INTERVAL expression into this canonical form so it's easy to transpile
    4924        if this and this.is_number:
    4925            this = exp.Literal.string(this.to_py())
    4926        elif this and this.is_string:
    4927            parts = exp.INTERVAL_STRING_RE.findall(this.name)
    4928            if parts and unit:
    4929                # Unconsume the eagerly-parsed unit, since the real unit was part of the string
    4930                unit = None
    4931                self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    4932
    4933            if len(parts) == 1:
    4934                this = exp.Literal.string(parts[0][0])
    4935                unit = self.expression(exp.Var, this=parts[0][1].upper())
    4936        if self.INTERVAL_SPANS and self._match_text_seq("TO"):
    4937            unit = self.expression(
    4938                exp.IntervalSpan, this=unit, expression=self._parse_var(any_token=True, upper=True)
    4939            )
    4940
    4941        interval = self.expression(exp.Interval, this=this, unit=unit)
    4942
    4943        index = self._index
    4944        self._match(TokenType.PLUS)
    4945
    4946        # Convert INTERVAL 'val_1' unit_1 [+] ... [+] 'val_n' unit_n into a sum of intervals
    4947        if self._match_set((TokenType.STRING, TokenType.NUMBER), advance=False):
    4948            return self.expression(
    4949                exp.Add, this=interval, expression=self._parse_interval(match_interval=False)
    4950            )
    4951
    4952        self._retreat(index)
    4953        return interval
    4954
    4955    def _parse_bitwise(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4956        this = self._parse_term()
    4957
    4958        while True:
    4959            if self._match_set(self.BITWISE):
    4960                this = self.expression(
    4961                    self.BITWISE[self._prev.token_type],
    4962                    this=this,
    4963                    expression=self._parse_term(),
    4964                )
    4965            elif self.dialect.DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT and self._match(TokenType.DPIPE):
    4966                this = self.expression(
    4967                    exp.DPipe,
    4968                    this=this,
    4969                    expression=self._parse_term(),
    4970                    safe=not self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT,
    4971                )
    4972            elif self._match(TokenType.DQMARK):
    4973                this = self.expression(
    4974                    exp.Coalesce, this=this, expressions=ensure_list(self._parse_term())
    4975                )
    4976            elif self._match_pair(TokenType.LT, TokenType.LT):
    4977                this = self.expression(
    4978                    exp.BitwiseLeftShift, this=this, expression=self._parse_term()
    4979                )
    4980            elif self._match_pair(TokenType.GT, TokenType.GT):
    4981                this = self.expression(
    4982                    exp.BitwiseRightShift, this=this, expression=self._parse_term()
    4983                )
    4984            else:
    4985                break
    4986
    4987        return this
    4988
    4989    def _parse_term(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4990        this = self._parse_factor()
    4991
    4992        while self._match_set(self.TERM):
    4993            klass = self.TERM[self._prev.token_type]
    4994            comments = self._prev_comments
    4995            expression = self._parse_factor()
    4996
    4997            this = self.expression(klass, this=this, comments=comments, expression=expression)
    4998
    4999            if isinstance(this, exp.Collate):
    5000                expr = this.expression
    5001
    5002                # Preserve collations such as pg_catalog."default" (Postgres) as columns, otherwise
    5003                # fallback to Identifier / Var
    5004                if isinstance(expr, exp.Column) and len(expr.parts) == 1:
    5005                    ident = expr.this
    5006                    if isinstance(ident, exp.Identifier):
    5007                        this.set("expression", ident if ident.quoted else exp.var(ident.name))
    5008
    5009        return this
    5010
    5011    def _parse_factor(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5012        parse_method = self._parse_exponent if self.EXPONENT else self._parse_unary
    5013        this = parse_method()
    5014
    5015        while self._match_set(self.FACTOR):
    5016            klass = self.FACTOR[self._prev.token_type]
    5017            comments = self._prev_comments
    5018            expression = parse_method()
    5019
    5020            if not expression and klass is exp.IntDiv and self._prev.text.isalpha():
    5021                self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    5022                return this
    5023
    5024            this = self.expression(klass, this=this, comments=comments, expression=expression)
    5025
    5026            if isinstance(this, exp.Div):
    5027                this.args["typed"] = self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION
    5028                this.args["safe"] = self.dialect.SAFE_DIVISION
    5029
    5030        return this
    5031
    5032    def _parse_exponent(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5033        return self._parse_tokens(self._parse_unary, self.EXPONENT)
    5034
    5035    def _parse_unary(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5036        if self._match_set(self.UNARY_PARSERS):
    5037            return self.UNARY_PARSERS[self._prev.token_type](self)
    5038        return self._parse_at_time_zone(self._parse_type())
    5039
    5040    def _parse_type(
    5041        self, parse_interval: bool = True, fallback_to_identifier: bool = False
    5042    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5043        interval = parse_interval and self._parse_interval()
    5044        if interval:
    5045            return interval
    5046
    5047        index = self._index
    5048        data_type = self._parse_types(check_func=True, allow_identifiers=False)
    5049
    5050        # parse_types() returns a Cast if we parsed BQ's inline constructor <type>(<values>) e.g.
    5051        # STRUCT<a INT, b STRING>(1, 'foo'), which is canonicalized to CAST(<values> AS <type>)
    5052        if isinstance(data_type, exp.Cast):
    5053            # This constructor can contain ops directly after it, for instance struct unnesting:
    5054            # STRUCT<a INT, b STRING>(1, 'foo').* --> CAST(STRUCT(1, 'foo') AS STRUCT<a iNT, b STRING).*
    5055            return self._parse_column_ops(data_type)
    5056
    5057        if data_type:
    5058            index2 = self._index
    5059            this = self._parse_primary()
    5060
    5061            if isinstance(this, exp.Literal):
    5062                this = self._parse_column_ops(this)
    5063
    5064                parser = self.TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS.get(data_type.this)
    5065                if parser:
    5066                    return parser(self, this, data_type)
    5067
    5068                return self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=data_type)
    5069
    5070            # The expressions arg gets set by the parser when we have something like DECIMAL(38, 0)
    5071            # in the input SQL. In that case, we'll produce these tokens: DECIMAL ( 38 , 0 )
    5072            #
    5073            # If the index difference here is greater than 1, that means the parser itself must have
    5074            # consumed additional tokens such as the DECIMAL scale and precision in the above example.
    5075            #
    5076            # If it's not greater than 1, then it must be 1, because we've consumed at least the type
    5077            # keyword, meaning that the expressions arg of the DataType must have gotten set by a
    5078            # callable in the TYPE_CONVERTERS mapping. For example, Snowflake converts DECIMAL to
    5079            # DECIMAL(38, 0)) in order to facilitate the data type's transpilation.
    5080            #
    5081            # In these cases, we don't really want to return the converted type, but instead retreat
    5082            # and try to parse a Column or Identifier in the section below.
    5083            if data_type.expressions and index2 - index > 1:
    5084                self._retreat(index2)
    5085                return self._parse_column_ops(data_type)
    5086
    5087            self._retreat(index)
    5088
    5089        if fallback_to_identifier:
    5090            return self._parse_id_var()
    5091
    5092        this = self._parse_column()
    5093        return this and self._parse_column_ops(this)
    5094
    5095    def _parse_type_size(self) -> t.Optional[exp.DataTypeParam]:
    5096        this = self._parse_type()
    5097        if not this:
    5098            return None
    5099
    5100        if isinstance(this, exp.Column) and not this.table:
    5101            this = exp.var(this.name.upper())
    5102
    5103        return self.expression(
    5104            exp.DataTypeParam, this=this, expression=self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    5105        )
    5106
    5107    def _parse_types(
    5108        self, check_func: bool = False, schema: bool = False, allow_identifiers: bool = True
    5109    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5110        index = self._index
    5111
    5112        this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    5113        prefix = self._match_text_seq("SYSUDTLIB", ".")
    5114
    5115        if not self._match_set(self.TYPE_TOKENS):
    5116            identifier = allow_identifiers and self._parse_id_var(
    5117                any_token=False, tokens=(TokenType.VAR,)
    5118            )
    5119            if isinstance(identifier, exp.Identifier):
    5120                tokens = self.dialect.tokenize(identifier.sql(dialect=self.dialect))
    5121
    5122                if len(tokens) != 1:
    5123                    self.raise_error("Unexpected identifier", self._prev)
    5124
    5125                if tokens[0].token_type in self.TYPE_TOKENS:
    5126                    self._prev = tokens[0]
    5127                elif self.dialect.SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES:
    5128                    type_name = identifier.name
    5129
    5130                    while self._match(TokenType.DOT):
    5131                        type_name = f"{type_name}.{self._advance_any() and self._prev.text}"
    5132
    5133                    this = exp.DataType.build(type_name, udt=True)
    5134                else:
    5135                    self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    5136                    return None
    5137            else:
    5138                return None
    5139
    5140        type_token = self._prev.token_type
    5141
    5142        if type_token == TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE:
    5143            return self.expression(exp.PseudoType, this=self._prev.text.upper())
    5144
    5145        if type_token == TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER:
    5146            return self.expression(exp.ObjectIdentifier, this=self._prev.text.upper())
    5147
    5148        # https://materialize.com/docs/sql/types/map/
    5149        if type_token == TokenType.MAP and self._match(TokenType.L_BRACKET):
    5150            key_type = self._parse_types(
    5151                check_func=check_func, schema=schema, allow_identifiers=allow_identifiers
    5152            )
    5153            if not self._match(TokenType.FARROW):
    5154                self._retreat(index)
    5155                return None
    5156
    5157            value_type = self._parse_types(
    5158                check_func=check_func, schema=schema, allow_identifiers=allow_identifiers
    5159            )
    5160            if not self._match(TokenType.R_BRACKET):
    5161                self._retreat(index)
    5162                return None
    5163
    5164            return exp.DataType(
    5165                this=exp.DataType.Type.MAP,
    5166                expressions=[key_type, value_type],
    5167                nested=True,
    5168                prefix=prefix,
    5169            )
    5170
    5171        nested = type_token in self.NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
    5172        is_struct = type_token in self.STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
    5173        is_aggregate = type_token in self.AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
    5174        expressions = None
    5175        maybe_func = False
    5176
    5177        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    5178            if is_struct:
    5179                expressions = self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_struct_types(type_required=True))
    5180            elif nested:
    5181                expressions = self._parse_csv(
    5182                    lambda: self._parse_types(
    5183                        check_func=check_func, schema=schema, allow_identifiers=allow_identifiers
    5184                    )
    5185                )
    5186                if type_token == TokenType.NULLABLE and len(expressions) == 1:
    5187                    this = expressions[0]
    5188                    this.set("nullable", True)
    5189                    self._match_r_paren()
    5190                    return this
    5191            elif type_token in self.ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS:
    5192                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_equality)
    5193            elif is_aggregate:
    5194                func_or_ident = self._parse_function(anonymous=True) or self._parse_id_var(
    5195                    any_token=False, tokens=(TokenType.VAR, TokenType.ANY)
    5196                )
    5197                if not func_or_ident:
    5198                    return None
    5199                expressions = [func_or_ident]
    5200                if self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    5201                    expressions.extend(
    5202                        self._parse_csv(
    5203                            lambda: self._parse_types(
    5204                                check_func=check_func,
    5205                                schema=schema,
    5206                                allow_identifiers=allow_identifiers,
    5207                            )
    5208                        )
    5209                    )
    5210            else:
    5211                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_type_size)
    5212
    5213                # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-vector
    5214                if type_token == TokenType.VECTOR and len(expressions) == 2:
    5215                    expressions[0] = exp.DataType.build(expressions[0].name, dialect=self.dialect)
    5216
    5217            if not expressions or not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    5218                self._retreat(index)
    5219                return None
    5220
    5221            maybe_func = True
    5222
    5223        values: t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]] = None
    5224
    5225        if nested and self._match(TokenType.LT):
    5226            if is_struct:
    5227                expressions = self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_struct_types(type_required=True))
    5228            else:
    5229                expressions = self._parse_csv(
    5230                    lambda: self._parse_types(
    5231                        check_func=check_func, schema=schema, allow_identifiers=allow_identifiers
    5232                    )
    5233                )
    5234
    5235            if not self._match(TokenType.GT):
    5236                self.raise_error("Expecting >")
    5237
    5238            if self._match_set((TokenType.L_BRACKET, TokenType.L_PAREN)):
    5239                values = self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)
    5240                if not values and is_struct:
    5241                    values = None
    5242                    self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    5243                else:
    5244                    self._match_set((TokenType.R_BRACKET, TokenType.R_PAREN))
    5245
    5246        if type_token in self.TIMESTAMPS:
    5247            if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "TIME", "ZONE"):
    5248                maybe_func = False
    5249                tz_type = (
    5250                    exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ
    5251                    if type_token in self.TIMES
    5252                    else exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ
    5253                )
    5254                this = exp.DataType(this=tz_type, expressions=expressions)
    5255            elif self._match_text_seq("WITH", "LOCAL", "TIME", "ZONE"):
    5256                maybe_func = False
    5257                this = exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ, expressions=expressions)
    5258            elif self._match_text_seq("WITHOUT", "TIME", "ZONE"):
    5259                maybe_func = False
    5260        elif type_token == TokenType.INTERVAL:
    5261            unit = self._parse_var(upper=True)
    5262            if unit:
    5263                if self._match_text_seq("TO"):
    5264                    unit = exp.IntervalSpan(this=unit, expression=self._parse_var(upper=True))
    5265
    5266                this = self.expression(exp.DataType, this=self.expression(exp.Interval, unit=unit))
    5267            else:
    5268                this = self.expression(exp.DataType, this=exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL)
    5269        elif type_token == TokenType.VOID:
    5270            this = exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.NULL)
    5271
    5272        if maybe_func and check_func:
    5273            index2 = self._index
    5274            peek = self._parse_string()
    5275
    5276            if not peek:
    5277                self._retreat(index)
    5278                return None
    5279
    5280            self._retreat(index2)
    5281
    5282        if not this:
    5283            if self._match_text_seq("UNSIGNED"):
    5284                unsigned_type_token = self.SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN.get(type_token)
    5285                if not unsigned_type_token:
    5286                    self.raise_error(f"Cannot convert {type_token.value} to unsigned.")
    5287
    5288                type_token = unsigned_type_token or type_token
    5289
    5290            this = exp.DataType(
    5291                this=exp.DataType.Type[type_token.value],
    5292                expressions=expressions,
    5293                nested=nested,
    5294                prefix=prefix,
    5295            )
    5296
    5297            # Empty arrays/structs are allowed
    5298            if values is not None:
    5299                cls = exp.Struct if is_struct else exp.Array
    5300                this = exp.cast(cls(expressions=values), this, copy=False)
    5301
    5302        elif expressions:
    5303            this.set("expressions", expressions)
    5304
    5305        # https://materialize.com/docs/sql/types/list/#type-name
    5306        while self._match(TokenType.LIST):
    5307            this = exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.LIST, expressions=[this], nested=True)
    5308
    5309        index = self._index
    5310
    5311        # Postgres supports the INT ARRAY[3] syntax as a synonym for INT[3]
    5312        matched_array = self._match(TokenType.ARRAY)
    5313
    5314        while self._curr:
    5315            datatype_token = self._prev.token_type
    5316            matched_l_bracket = self._match(TokenType.L_BRACKET)
    5317
    5318            if (not matched_l_bracket and not matched_array) or (
    5319                datatype_token == TokenType.ARRAY and self._match(TokenType.R_BRACKET)
    5320            ):
    5321                # Postgres allows casting empty arrays such as ARRAY[]::INT[],
    5322                # not to be confused with the fixed size array parsing
    5323                break
    5324
    5325            matched_array = False
    5326            values = self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment) or None
    5327            if (
    5328                values
    5329                and not schema
    5330                and (
    5331                    not self.dialect.SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS or datatype_token == TokenType.ARRAY
    5332                )
    5333            ):
    5334                # Retreating here means that we should not parse the following values as part of the data type, e.g. in DuckDB
    5335                # ARRAY[1] should retreat and instead be parsed into exp.Array in contrast to INT[x][y] which denotes a fixed-size array data type
    5336                self._retreat(index)
    5337                break
    5338
    5339            this = exp.DataType(
    5340                this=exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY, expressions=[this], values=values, nested=True
    5341            )
    5342            self._match(TokenType.R_BRACKET)
    5343
    5344        if self.TYPE_CONVERTERS and isinstance(this.this, exp.DataType.Type):
    5345            converter = self.TYPE_CONVERTERS.get(this.this)
    5346            if converter:
    5347                this = converter(t.cast(exp.DataType, this))
    5348
    5349        return this
    5350
    5351    def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5352        index = self._index
    5353
    5354        if (
    5355            self._curr
    5356            and self._next
    5357            and self._curr.token_type in self.TYPE_TOKENS
    5358            and self._next.token_type in self.TYPE_TOKENS
    5359        ):
    5360            # Takes care of special cases like `STRUCT<list ARRAY<...>>` where the identifier is also a
    5361            # type token. Without this, the list will be parsed as a type and we'll eventually crash
    5362            this = self._parse_id_var()
    5363        else:
    5364            this = (
    5365                self._parse_type(parse_interval=False, fallback_to_identifier=True)
    5366                or self._parse_id_var()
    5367            )
    5368
    5369        self._match(TokenType.COLON)
    5370
    5371        if (
    5372            type_required
    5373            and not isinstance(this, exp.DataType)
    5374            and not self._match_set(self.TYPE_TOKENS, advance=False)
    5375        ):
    5376            self._retreat(index)
    5377            return self._parse_types()
    5378
    5379        return self._parse_column_def(this)
    5380
    5381    def _parse_at_time_zone(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5382        if not self._match_text_seq("AT", "TIME", "ZONE"):
    5383            return this
    5384        return self.expression(exp.AtTimeZone, this=this, zone=self._parse_unary())
    5385
    5386    def _parse_column(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5387        this = self._parse_column_reference()
    5388        column = self._parse_column_ops(this) if this else self._parse_bracket(this)
    5389
    5390        if self.dialect.SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS and column:
    5391            column.set("join_mark", self._match(TokenType.JOIN_MARKER))
    5392
    5393        return column
    5394
    5395    def _parse_column_reference(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5396        this = self._parse_field()
    5397        if (
    5398            not this
    5399            and self._match(TokenType.VALUES, advance=False)
    5400            and self.VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
    5401            and (not self._next or self._next.token_type != TokenType.L_PAREN)
    5402        ):
    5403            this = self._parse_id_var()
    5404
    5405        if isinstance(this, exp.Identifier):
    5406            # We bubble up comments from the Identifier to the Column
    5407            this = self.expression(exp.Column, comments=this.pop_comments(), this=this)
    5408
    5409        return this
    5410
    5411    def _parse_colon_as_variant_extract(
    5412        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]
    5413    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5414        casts = []
    5415        json_path = []
    5416        escape = None
    5417
    5418        while self._match(TokenType.COLON):
    5419            start_index = self._index
    5420
    5421            # Snowflake allows reserved keywords as json keys but advance_any() excludes TokenType.SELECT from any_tokens=True
    5422            path = self._parse_column_ops(
    5423                self._parse_field(any_token=True, tokens=(TokenType.SELECT,))
    5424            )
    5425
    5426            # The cast :: operator has a lower precedence than the extraction operator :, so
    5427            # we rearrange the AST appropriately to avoid casting the JSON path
    5428            while isinstance(path, exp.Cast):
    5429                casts.append(path.to)
    5430                path = path.this
    5431
    5432            if casts:
    5433                dcolon_offset = next(
    5434                    i
    5435                    for i, t in enumerate(self._tokens[start_index:])
    5436                    if t.token_type == TokenType.DCOLON
    5437                )
    5438                end_token = self._tokens[start_index + dcolon_offset - 1]
    5439            else:
    5440                end_token = self._prev
    5441
    5442            if path:
    5443                # Escape single quotes from Snowflake's colon extraction (e.g. col:"a'b") as
    5444                # it'll roundtrip to a string literal in GET_PATH
    5445                if isinstance(path, exp.Identifier) and path.quoted:
    5446                    escape = True
    5447
    5448                json_path.append(self._find_sql(self._tokens[start_index], end_token))
    5449
    5450        # The VARIANT extract in Snowflake/Databricks is parsed as a JSONExtract; Snowflake uses the json_path in GET_PATH() while
    5451        # Databricks transforms it back to the colon/dot notation
    5452        if json_path:
    5453            json_path_expr = self.dialect.to_json_path(exp.Literal.string(".".join(json_path)))
    5454
    5455            if json_path_expr:
    5456                json_path_expr.set("escape", escape)
    5457
    5458            this = self.expression(
    5459                exp.JSONExtract,
    5460                this=this,
    5461                expression=json_path_expr,
    5462                variant_extract=True,
    5463            )
    5464
    5465            while casts:
    5466                this = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=casts.pop())
    5467
    5468        return this
    5469
    5470    def _parse_dcolon(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5471        return self._parse_types()
    5472
    5473    def _parse_column_ops(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5474        this = self._parse_bracket(this)
    5475
    5476        while self._match_set(self.COLUMN_OPERATORS):
    5477            op_token = self._prev.token_type
    5478            op = self.COLUMN_OPERATORS.get(op_token)
    5479
    5480            if op_token in (TokenType.DCOLON, TokenType.DOTCOLON):
    5481                field = self._parse_dcolon()
    5482                if not field:
    5483                    self.raise_error("Expected type")
    5484            elif op and self._curr:
    5485                field = self._parse_column_reference() or self._parse_bracket()
    5486                if isinstance(field, exp.Column) and self._match(TokenType.DOT, advance=False):
    5487                    field = self._parse_column_ops(field)
    5488            else:
    5489                field = self._parse_field(any_token=True, anonymous_func=True)
    5490
    5491            if isinstance(field, (exp.Func, exp.Window)) and this:
    5492                # BQ & snowflake allow function calls like x.y.count(...), SAFE.SUBSTR(...) etc
    5493                # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/functions-reference#function_call_rules
    5494                this = exp.replace_tree(
    5495                    this,
    5496                    lambda n: (
    5497                        self.expression(exp.Dot, this=n.args.get("table"), expression=n.this)
    5498                        if n.table
    5499                        else n.this
    5500                    )
    5501                    if isinstance(n, exp.Column)
    5502                    else n,
    5503                )
    5504
    5505            if op:
    5506                this = op(self, this, field)
    5507            elif isinstance(this, exp.Column) and not this.args.get("catalog"):
    5508                this = self.expression(
    5509                    exp.Column,
    5510                    comments=this.comments,
    5511                    this=field,
    5512                    table=this.this,
    5513                    db=this.args.get("table"),
    5514                    catalog=this.args.get("db"),
    5515                )
    5516            elif isinstance(field, exp.Window):
    5517                # Move the exp.Dot's to the window's function
    5518                window_func = self.expression(exp.Dot, this=this, expression=field.this)
    5519                field.set("this", window_func)
    5520                this = field
    5521            else:
    5522                this = self.expression(exp.Dot, this=this, expression=field)
    5523
    5524            if field and field.comments:
    5525                t.cast(exp.Expression, this).add_comments(field.pop_comments())
    5526
    5527            this = self._parse_bracket(this)
    5528
    5529        return self._parse_colon_as_variant_extract(this) if self.COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT else this
    5530
    5531    def _parse_primary(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5532        if self._match_set(self.PRIMARY_PARSERS):
    5533            token_type = self._prev.token_type
    5534            primary = self.PRIMARY_PARSERS[token_type](self, self._prev)
    5535
    5536            if token_type == TokenType.STRING:
    5537                expressions = [primary]
    5538                while self._match(TokenType.STRING):
    5539                    expressions.append(exp.Literal.string(self._prev.text))
    5540
    5541                if len(expressions) > 1:
    5542                    return self.expression(exp.Concat, expressions=expressions)
    5543
    5544            return primary
    5545
    5546        if self._match_pair(TokenType.DOT, TokenType.NUMBER):
    5547            return exp.Literal.number(f"0.{self._prev.text}")
    5548
    5549        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    5550            comments = self._prev_comments
    5551            query = self._parse_select()
    5552
    5553            if query:
    5554                expressions = [query]
    5555            else:
    5556                expressions = self._parse_expressions()
    5557
    5558            this = self._parse_query_modifiers(seq_get(expressions, 0))
    5559
    5560            if not this and self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN, advance=False):
    5561                this = self.expression(exp.Tuple)
    5562            elif isinstance(this, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
    5563                this = self._parse_subquery(this=this, parse_alias=False)
    5564            elif isinstance(this, exp.Subquery):
    5565                this = self._parse_subquery(
    5566                    this=self._parse_set_operations(this), parse_alias=False
    5567                )
    5568            elif len(expressions) > 1 or self._prev.token_type == TokenType.COMMA:
    5569                this = self.expression(exp.Tuple, expressions=expressions)
    5570            else:
    5571                this = self.expression(exp.Paren, this=this)
    5572
    5573            if this:
    5574                this.add_comments(comments)
    5575
    5576            self._match_r_paren(expression=this)
    5577            return this
    5578
    5579        return None
    5580
    5581    def _parse_field(
    5582        self,
    5583        any_token: bool = False,
    5584        tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
    5585        anonymous_func: bool = False,
    5586    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5587        if anonymous_func:
    5588            field = (
    5589                self._parse_function(anonymous=anonymous_func, any_token=any_token)
    5590                or self._parse_primary()
    5591            )
    5592        else:
    5593            field = self._parse_primary() or self._parse_function(
    5594                anonymous=anonymous_func, any_token=any_token
    5595            )
    5596        return field or self._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
    5597
    5598    def _parse_function(
    5599        self,
    5600        functions: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, t.Callable]] = None,
    5601        anonymous: bool = False,
    5602        optional_parens: bool = True,
    5603        any_token: bool = False,
    5604    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5605        # This allows us to also parse {fn <function>} syntax (Snowflake, MySQL support this)
    5606        # See: https://community.snowflake.com/s/article/SQL-Escape-Sequences
    5607        fn_syntax = False
    5608        if (
    5609            self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False)
    5610            and self._next
    5611            and self._next.text.upper() == "FN"
    5612        ):
    5613            self._advance(2)
    5614            fn_syntax = True
    5615
    5616        func = self._parse_function_call(
    5617            functions=functions,
    5618            anonymous=anonymous,
    5619            optional_parens=optional_parens,
    5620            any_token=any_token,
    5621        )
    5622
    5623        if fn_syntax:
    5624            self._match(TokenType.R_BRACE)
    5625
    5626        return func
    5627
    5628    def _parse_function_call(
    5629        self,
    5630        functions: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, t.Callable]] = None,
    5631        anonymous: bool = False,
    5632        optional_parens: bool = True,
    5633        any_token: bool = False,
    5634    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5635        if not self._curr:
    5636            return None
    5637
    5638        comments = self._curr.comments
    5639        token = self._curr
    5640        token_type = self._curr.token_type
    5641        this = self._curr.text
    5642        upper = this.upper()
    5643
    5644        parser = self.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS.get(upper)
    5645        if optional_parens and parser and token_type not in self.INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS:
    5646            self._advance()
    5647            return self._parse_window(parser(self))
    5648
    5649        if not self._next or self._next.token_type != TokenType.L_PAREN:
    5650            if optional_parens and token_type in self.NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS:
    5651                self._advance()
    5652                return self.expression(self.NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS[token_type])
    5653
    5654            return None
    5655
    5656        if any_token:
    5657            if token_type in self.RESERVED_TOKENS:
    5658                return None
    5659        elif token_type not in self.FUNC_TOKENS:
    5660            return None
    5661
    5662        self._advance(2)
    5663
    5664        parser = self.FUNCTION_PARSERS.get(upper)
    5665        if parser and not anonymous:
    5666            this = parser(self)
    5667        else:
    5668            subquery_predicate = self.SUBQUERY_PREDICATES.get(token_type)
    5669
    5670            if subquery_predicate and self._curr.token_type in (TokenType.SELECT, TokenType.WITH):
    5671                this = self.expression(
    5672                    subquery_predicate, comments=comments, this=self._parse_select()
    5673                )
    5674                self._match_r_paren()
    5675                return this
    5676
    5677            if functions is None:
    5678                functions = self.FUNCTIONS
    5679
    5680            function = functions.get(upper)
    5681            known_function = function and not anonymous
    5682
    5683            alias = not known_function or upper in self.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
    5684            args = self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_lambda(alias=alias))
    5685
    5686            post_func_comments = self._curr and self._curr.comments
    5687            if known_function and post_func_comments:
    5688                # If the user-inputted comment "/* sqlglot.anonymous */" is following the function
    5689                # call we'll construct it as exp.Anonymous, even if it's "known"
    5690                if any(
    5691                    comment.lstrip().startswith(exp.SQLGLOT_ANONYMOUS)
    5692                    for comment in post_func_comments
    5693                ):
    5694                    known_function = False
    5695
    5696            if alias and known_function:
    5697                args = self._kv_to_prop_eq(args)
    5698
    5699            if known_function:
    5700                func_builder = t.cast(t.Callable, function)
    5701
    5702                if "dialect" in func_builder.__code__.co_varnames:
    5703                    func = func_builder(args, dialect=self.dialect)
    5704                else:
    5705                    func = func_builder(args)
    5706
    5707                func = self.validate_expression(func, args)
    5708                if self.dialect.PRESERVE_ORIGINAL_NAMES:
    5709                    func.meta["name"] = this
    5710
    5711                this = func
    5712            else:
    5713                if token_type == TokenType.IDENTIFIER:
    5714                    this = exp.Identifier(this=this, quoted=True).update_positions(token)
    5715
    5716                this = self.expression(exp.Anonymous, this=this, expressions=args)
    5717                this = this.update_positions(token)
    5718
    5719        if isinstance(this, exp.Expression):
    5720            this.add_comments(comments)
    5721
    5722        self._match_r_paren(this)
    5723        return self._parse_window(this)
    5724
    5725    def _to_prop_eq(self, expression: exp.Expression, index: int) -> exp.Expression:
    5726        return expression
    5727
    5728    def _kv_to_prop_eq(self, expressions: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    5729        transformed = []
    5730
    5731        for index, e in enumerate(expressions):
    5732            if isinstance(e, self.KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS):
    5733                if isinstance(e, exp.Alias):
    5734                    e = self.expression(exp.PropertyEQ, this=e.args.get("alias"), expression=e.this)
    5735
    5736                if not isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
    5737                    e = self.expression(
    5738                        exp.PropertyEQ, this=exp.to_identifier(e.this.name), expression=e.expression
    5739                    )
    5740
    5741                if isinstance(e.this, exp.Column):
    5742                    e.this.replace(e.this.this)
    5743            else:
    5744                e = self._to_prop_eq(e, index)
    5745
    5746            transformed.append(e)
    5747
    5748        return transformed
    5749
    5750    def _parse_user_defined_function_expression(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5751        return self._parse_statement()
    5752
    5753    def _parse_function_parameter(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5754        return self._parse_column_def(this=self._parse_id_var(), computed_column=False)
    5755
    5756    def _parse_user_defined_function(
    5757        self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
    5758    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5759        this = self._parse_table_parts(schema=True)
    5760
    5761        if not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    5762            return this
    5763
    5764        expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
    5765        self._match_r_paren()
    5766        return self.expression(
    5767            exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions, wrapped=True
    5768        )
    5769
    5770    def _parse_introducer(self, token: Token) -> exp.Introducer | exp.Identifier:
    5771        literal = self._parse_primary()
    5772        if literal:
    5773            return self.expression(exp.Introducer, this=token.text, expression=literal)
    5774
    5775        return self._identifier_expression(token)
    5776
    5777    def _parse_session_parameter(self) -> exp.SessionParameter:
    5778        kind = None
    5779        this = self._parse_id_var() or self._parse_primary()
    5780
    5781        if this and self._match(TokenType.DOT):
    5782            kind = this.name
    5783            this = self._parse_var() or self._parse_primary()
    5784
    5785        return self.expression(exp.SessionParameter, this=this, kind=kind)
    5786
    5787    def _parse_lambda_arg(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5788        return self._parse_id_var()
    5789
    5790    def _parse_lambda(self, alias: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5791        index = self._index
    5792
    5793        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    5794            expressions = t.cast(
    5795                t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]], self._parse_csv(self._parse_lambda_arg)
    5796            )
    5797
    5798            if not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    5799                self._retreat(index)
    5800        else:
    5801            expressions = [self._parse_lambda_arg()]
    5802
    5803        if self._match_set(self.LAMBDAS):
    5804            return self.LAMBDAS[self._prev.token_type](self, expressions)
    5805
    5806        self._retreat(index)
    5807
    5808        this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]
    5809
    5810        if self._match(TokenType.DISTINCT):
    5811            this = self.expression(
    5812                exp.Distinct, expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)
    5813            )
    5814        else:
    5815            this = self._parse_select_or_expression(alias=alias)
    5816
    5817        return self._parse_limit(
    5818            self._parse_order(self._parse_having_max(self._parse_respect_or_ignore_nulls(this)))
    5819        )
    5820
    5821    def _parse_schema(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5822        index = self._index
    5823        if not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    5824            return this
    5825
    5826        # Disambiguate between schema and subquery/CTE, e.g. in INSERT INTO table (<expr>),
    5827        # expr can be of both types
    5828        if self._match_set(self.SELECT_START_TOKENS):
    5829            self._retreat(index)
    5830            return this
    5831        args = self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_constraint() or self._parse_field_def())
    5832        self._match_r_paren()
    5833        return self.expression(exp.Schema, this=this, expressions=args)
    5834
    5835    def _parse_field_def(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5836        return self._parse_column_def(self._parse_field(any_token=True))
    5837
    5838    def _parse_column_def(
    5839        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression], computed_column: bool = True
    5840    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5841        # column defs are not really columns, they're identifiers
    5842        if isinstance(this, exp.Column):
    5843            this = this.this
    5844
    5845        if not computed_column:
    5846            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    5847
    5848        kind = self._parse_types(schema=True)
    5849
    5850        if self._match_text_seq("FOR", "ORDINALITY"):
    5851            return self.expression(exp.ColumnDef, this=this, ordinality=True)
    5852
    5853        constraints: t.List[exp.Expression] = []
    5854
    5855        if (not kind and self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)) or self._match_texts(
    5856            ("ALIAS", "MATERIALIZED")
    5857        ):
    5858            persisted = self._prev.text.upper() == "MATERIALIZED"
    5859            constraint_kind = exp.ComputedColumnConstraint(
    5860                this=self._parse_assignment(),
    5861                persisted=persisted or self._match_text_seq("PERSISTED"),
    5862                not_null=self._match_pair(TokenType.NOT, TokenType.NULL),
    5863            )
    5864            constraints.append(self.expression(exp.ColumnConstraint, kind=constraint_kind))
    5865        elif (
    5866            kind
    5867            and self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
    5868            and (
    5869                not self.WRAPPED_TRANSFORM_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT
    5870                or (self._next and self._next.token_type == TokenType.L_PAREN)
    5871            )
    5872        ):
    5873            self._advance()
    5874            constraints.append(
    5875                self.expression(
    5876                    exp.ColumnConstraint,
    5877                    kind=exp.TransformColumnConstraint(this=self._parse_disjunction()),
    5878                )
    5879            )
    5880
    5881        while True:
    5882            constraint = self._parse_column_constraint()
    5883            if not constraint:
    5884                break
    5885            constraints.append(constraint)
    5886
    5887        if not kind and not constraints:
    5888            return this
    5889
    5890        return self.expression(exp.ColumnDef, this=this, kind=kind, constraints=constraints)
    5891
    5892    def _parse_auto_increment(
    5893        self,
    5894    ) -> exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint | exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint:
    5895        start = None
    5896        increment = None
    5897
    5898        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    5899            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_bitwise)
    5900            start = seq_get(args, 0)
    5901            increment = seq_get(args, 1)
    5902        elif self._match_text_seq("START"):
    5903            start = self._parse_bitwise()
    5904            self._match_text_seq("INCREMENT")
    5905            increment = self._parse_bitwise()
    5906
    5907        if start and increment:
    5908            return exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint(
    5909                start=start, increment=increment, this=False
    5910            )
    5911
    5912        return exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint()
    5913
    5914    def _parse_auto_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.AutoRefreshProperty]:
    5915        if not self._match_text_seq("REFRESH"):
    5916            self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    5917            return None
    5918        return self.expression(exp.AutoRefreshProperty, this=self._parse_var(upper=True))
    5919
    5920    def _parse_compress(self) -> exp.CompressColumnConstraint:
    5921        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    5922            return self.expression(
    5923                exp.CompressColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_bitwise)
    5924            )
    5925
    5926        return self.expression(exp.CompressColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_bitwise())
    5927
    5928    def _parse_generated_as_identity(
    5929        self,
    5930    ) -> (
    5931        exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    5932        | exp.ComputedColumnConstraint
    5933        | exp.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint
    5934    ):
    5935        if self._match_text_seq("BY", "DEFAULT"):
    5936            on_null = self._match_pair(TokenType.ON, TokenType.NULL)
    5937            this = self.expression(
    5938                exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint, this=False, on_null=on_null
    5939            )
    5940        else:
    5941            self._match_text_seq("ALWAYS")
    5942            this = self.expression(exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint, this=True)
    5943
    5944        self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    5945
    5946        if self._match_text_seq("ROW"):
    5947            start = self._match_text_seq("START")
    5948            if not start:
    5949                self._match(TokenType.END)
    5950            hidden = self._match_text_seq("HIDDEN")
    5951            return self.expression(exp.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint, start=start, hidden=hidden)
    5952
    5953        identity = self._match_text_seq("IDENTITY")
    5954
    5955        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    5956            if self._match(TokenType.START_WITH):
    5957                this.set("start", self._parse_bitwise())
    5958            if self._match_text_seq("INCREMENT", "BY"):
    5959                this.set("increment", self._parse_bitwise())
    5960            if self._match_text_seq("MINVALUE"):
    5961                this.set("minvalue", self._parse_bitwise())
    5962            if self._match_text_seq("MAXVALUE"):
    5963                this.set("maxvalue", self._parse_bitwise())
    5964
    5965            if self._match_text_seq("CYCLE"):
    5966                this.set("cycle", True)
    5967            elif self._match_text_seq("NO", "CYCLE"):
    5968                this.set("cycle", False)
    5969
    5970            if not identity:
    5971                this.set("expression", self._parse_range())
    5972            elif not this.args.get("start") and self._match(TokenType.NUMBER, advance=False):
    5973                args = self._parse_csv(self._parse_bitwise)
    5974                this.set("start", seq_get(args, 0))
    5975                this.set("increment", seq_get(args, 1))
    5976
    5977            self._match_r_paren()
    5978
    5979        return this
    5980
    5981    def _parse_inline(self) -> exp.InlineLengthColumnConstraint:
    5982        self._match_text_seq("LENGTH")
    5983        return self.expression(exp.InlineLengthColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_bitwise())
    5984
    5985    def _parse_not_constraint(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5986        if self._match_text_seq("NULL"):
    5987            return self.expression(exp.NotNullColumnConstraint)
    5988        if self._match_text_seq("CASESPECIFIC"):
    5989            return self.expression(exp.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint, not_=True)
    5990        if self._match_text_seq("FOR", "REPLICATION"):
    5991            return self.expression(exp.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint)
    5992
    5993        # Unconsume the `NOT` token
    5994        self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    5995        return None
    5996
    5997    def _parse_column_constraint(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5998        this = self._match(TokenType.CONSTRAINT) and self._parse_id_var()
    5999
    6000        procedure_option_follows = (
    6001            self._match(TokenType.WITH, advance=False)
    6002            and self._next
    6003            and self._next.text.upper() in self.PROCEDURE_OPTIONS
    6004        )
    6005
    6006        if not procedure_option_follows and self._match_texts(self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS):
    6007            return self.expression(
    6008                exp.ColumnConstraint,
    6009                this=this,
    6010                kind=self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self),
    6011            )
    6012
    6013        return this
    6014
    6015    def _parse_constraint(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6016        if not self._match(TokenType.CONSTRAINT):
    6017            return self._parse_unnamed_constraint(constraints=self.SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS)
    6018
    6019        return self.expression(
    6020            exp.Constraint,
    6021            this=self._parse_id_var(),
    6022            expressions=self._parse_unnamed_constraints(),
    6023        )
    6024
    6025    def _parse_unnamed_constraints(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    6026        constraints = []
    6027        while True:
    6028            constraint = self._parse_unnamed_constraint() or self._parse_function()
    6029            if not constraint:
    6030                break
    6031            constraints.append(constraint)
    6032
    6033        return constraints
    6034
    6035    def _parse_unnamed_constraint(
    6036        self, constraints: t.Optional[t.Collection[str]] = None
    6037    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6038        if self._match(TokenType.IDENTIFIER, advance=False) or not self._match_texts(
    6039            constraints or self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
    6040        ):
    6041            return None
    6042
    6043        constraint = self._prev.text.upper()
    6044        if constraint not in self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS:
    6045            self.raise_error(f"No parser found for schema constraint {constraint}.")
    6046
    6047        return self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[constraint](self)
    6048
    6049    def _parse_unique_key(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6050        return self._parse_id_var(any_token=False)
    6051
    6052    def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
    6053        self._match_text_seq("KEY")
    6054        return self.expression(
    6055            exp.UniqueColumnConstraint,
    6056            nulls=self._match_text_seq("NULLS", "NOT", "DISTINCT"),
    6057            this=self._parse_schema(self._parse_unique_key()),
    6058            index_type=self._match(TokenType.USING) and self._advance_any() and self._prev.text,
    6059            on_conflict=self._parse_on_conflict(),
    6060            options=self._parse_key_constraint_options(),
    6061        )
    6062
    6063    def _parse_key_constraint_options(self) -> t.List[str]:
    6064        options = []
    6065        while True:
    6066            if not self._curr:
    6067                break
    6068
    6069            if self._match(TokenType.ON):
    6070                action = None
    6071                on = self._advance_any() and self._prev.text
    6072
    6073                if self._match_text_seq("NO", "ACTION"):
    6074                    action = "NO ACTION"
    6075                elif self._match_text_seq("CASCADE"):
    6076                    action = "CASCADE"
    6077                elif self._match_text_seq("RESTRICT"):
    6078                    action = "RESTRICT"
    6079                elif self._match_pair(TokenType.SET, TokenType.NULL):
    6080                    action = "SET NULL"
    6081                elif self._match_pair(TokenType.SET, TokenType.DEFAULT):
    6082                    action = "SET DEFAULT"
    6083                else:
    6084                    self.raise_error("Invalid key constraint")
    6085
    6086                options.append(f"ON {on} {action}")
    6087            else:
    6088                var = self._parse_var_from_options(
    6089                    self.KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS, raise_unmatched=False
    6090                )
    6091                if not var:
    6092                    break
    6093                options.append(var.name)
    6094
    6095        return options
    6096
    6097    def _parse_references(self, match: bool = True) -> t.Optional[exp.Reference]:
    6098        if match and not self._match(TokenType.REFERENCES):
    6099            return None
    6100
    6101        expressions = None
    6102        this = self._parse_table(schema=True)
    6103        options = self._parse_key_constraint_options()
    6104        return self.expression(exp.Reference, this=this, expressions=expressions, options=options)
    6105
    6106    def _parse_foreign_key(self) -> exp.ForeignKey:
    6107        expressions = (
    6108            self._parse_wrapped_id_vars()
    6109            if not self._match(TokenType.REFERENCES, advance=False)
    6110            else None
    6111        )
    6112        reference = self._parse_references()
    6113        on_options = {}
    6114
    6115        while self._match(TokenType.ON):
    6116            if not self._match_set((TokenType.DELETE, TokenType.UPDATE)):
    6117                self.raise_error("Expected DELETE or UPDATE")
    6118
    6119            kind = self._prev.text.lower()
    6120
    6121            if self._match_text_seq("NO", "ACTION"):
    6122                action = "NO ACTION"
    6123            elif self._match(TokenType.SET):
    6124                self._match_set((TokenType.NULL, TokenType.DEFAULT))
    6125                action = "SET " + self._prev.text.upper()
    6126            else:
    6127                self._advance()
    6128                action = self._prev.text.upper()
    6129
    6130            on_options[kind] = action
    6131
    6132        return self.expression(
    6133            exp.ForeignKey,
    6134            expressions=expressions,
    6135            reference=reference,
    6136            options=self._parse_key_constraint_options(),
    6137            **on_options,  # type: ignore
    6138        )
    6139
    6140    def _parse_primary_key_part(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6141        return self._parse_ordered() or self._parse_field()
    6142
    6143    def _parse_period_for_system_time(self) -> t.Optional[exp.PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint]:
    6144        if not self._match(TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT):
    6145            self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    6146            return None
    6147
    6148        id_vars = self._parse_wrapped_id_vars()
    6149        return self.expression(
    6150            exp.PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint,
    6151            this=seq_get(id_vars, 0),
    6152            expression=seq_get(id_vars, 1),
    6153        )
    6154
    6155    def _parse_primary_key(
    6156        self, wrapped_optional: bool = False, in_props: bool = False
    6157    ) -> exp.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint | exp.PrimaryKey:
    6158        desc = (
    6159            self._match_set((TokenType.ASC, TokenType.DESC))
    6160            and self._prev.token_type == TokenType.DESC
    6161        )
    6162
    6163        if not in_props and not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    6164            return self.expression(
    6165                exp.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint,
    6166                desc=desc,
    6167                options=self._parse_key_constraint_options(),
    6168            )
    6169
    6170        expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(
    6171            self._parse_primary_key_part, optional=wrapped_optional
    6172        )
    6173        options = self._parse_key_constraint_options()
    6174        return self.expression(exp.PrimaryKey, expressions=expressions, options=options)
    6175
    6176    def _parse_bracket_key_value(self, is_map: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6177        return self._parse_slice(self._parse_alias(self._parse_assignment(), explicit=True))
    6178
    6179    def _parse_odbc_datetime_literal(self) -> exp.Expression:
    6180        """
    6181        Parses a datetime column in ODBC format. We parse the column into the corresponding
    6182        types, for example `{d'yyyy-mm-dd'}` will be parsed as a `Date` column, exactly the
    6183        same as we did for `DATE('yyyy-mm-dd')`.
    6184
    6185        Reference:
    6186        https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/odbc/reference/develop-app/date-time-and-timestamp-literals
    6187        """
    6188        self._match(TokenType.VAR)
    6189        exp_class = self.ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS[self._prev.text.lower()]
    6190        expression = self.expression(exp_class=exp_class, this=self._parse_string())
    6191        if not self._match(TokenType.R_BRACE):
    6192            self.raise_error("Expected }")
    6193        return expression
    6194
    6195    def _parse_bracket(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6196        if not self._match_set((TokenType.L_BRACKET, TokenType.L_BRACE)):
    6197            return this
    6198
    6199        bracket_kind = self._prev.token_type
    6200        if (
    6201            bracket_kind == TokenType.L_BRACE
    6202            and self._curr
    6203            and self._curr.token_type == TokenType.VAR
    6204            and self._curr.text.lower() in self.ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS
    6205        ):
    6206            return self._parse_odbc_datetime_literal()
    6207
    6208        expressions = self._parse_csv(
    6209            lambda: self._parse_bracket_key_value(is_map=bracket_kind == TokenType.L_BRACE)
    6210        )
    6211
    6212        if bracket_kind == TokenType.L_BRACKET and not self._match(TokenType.R_BRACKET):
    6213            self.raise_error("Expected ]")
    6214        elif bracket_kind == TokenType.L_BRACE and not self._match(TokenType.R_BRACE):
    6215            self.raise_error("Expected }")
    6216
    6217        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/struct.html#creating-structs
    6218        if bracket_kind == TokenType.L_BRACE:
    6219            this = self.expression(exp.Struct, expressions=self._kv_to_prop_eq(expressions))
    6220        elif not this:
    6221            this = build_array_constructor(
    6222                exp.Array, args=expressions, bracket_kind=bracket_kind, dialect=self.dialect
    6223            )
    6224        else:
    6225            constructor_type = self.ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS.get(this.name.upper())
    6226            if constructor_type:
    6227                return build_array_constructor(
    6228                    constructor_type,
    6229                    args=expressions,
    6230                    bracket_kind=bracket_kind,
    6231                    dialect=self.dialect,
    6232                )
    6233
    6234            expressions = apply_index_offset(
    6235                this, expressions, -self.dialect.INDEX_OFFSET, dialect=self.dialect
    6236            )
    6237            this = self.expression(exp.Bracket, this=this, expressions=expressions)
    6238
    6239        self._add_comments(this)
    6240        return self._parse_bracket(this)
    6241
    6242    def _parse_slice(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6243        if self._match(TokenType.COLON):
    6244            return self.expression(exp.Slice, this=this, expression=self._parse_assignment())
    6245        return this
    6246
    6247    def _parse_case(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6248        ifs = []
    6249        default = None
    6250
    6251        comments = self._prev_comments
    6252        expression = self._parse_assignment()
    6253
    6254        while self._match(TokenType.WHEN):
    6255            this = self._parse_assignment()
    6256            self._match(TokenType.THEN)
    6257            then = self._parse_assignment()
    6258            ifs.append(self.expression(exp.If, this=this, true=then))
    6259
    6260        if self._match(TokenType.ELSE):
    6261            default = self._parse_assignment()
    6262
    6263        if not self._match(TokenType.END):
    6264            if isinstance(default, exp.Interval) and default.this.sql().upper() == "END":
    6265                default = exp.column("interval")
    6266            else:
    6267                self.raise_error("Expected END after CASE", self._prev)
    6268
    6269        return self.expression(
    6270            exp.Case, comments=comments, this=expression, ifs=ifs, default=default
    6271        )
    6272
    6273    def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6274        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    6275            args = self._parse_csv(
    6276                lambda: self._parse_alias(self._parse_assignment(), explicit=True)
    6277            )
    6278            this = self.validate_expression(exp.If.from_arg_list(args), args)
    6279            self._match_r_paren()
    6280        else:
    6281            index = self._index - 1
    6282
    6283            if self.NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS and index == 0:
    6284                return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
    6285
    6286            condition = self._parse_assignment()
    6287
    6288            if not condition:
    6289                self._retreat(index)
    6290                return None
    6291
    6292            self._match(TokenType.THEN)
    6293            true = self._parse_assignment()
    6294            false = self._parse_assignment() if self._match(TokenType.ELSE) else None
    6295            self._match(TokenType.END)
    6296            this = self.expression(exp.If, this=condition, true=true, false=false)
    6297
    6298        return this
    6299
    6300    def _parse_next_value_for(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6301        if not self._match_text_seq("VALUE", "FOR"):
    6302            self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    6303            return None
    6304
    6305        return self.expression(
    6306            exp.NextValueFor,
    6307            this=self._parse_column(),
    6308            order=self._match(TokenType.OVER) and self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_order),
    6309        )
    6310
    6311    def _parse_extract(self) -> exp.Extract | exp.Anonymous:
    6312        this = self._parse_function() or self._parse_var_or_string(upper=True)
    6313
    6314        if self._match(TokenType.FROM):
    6315            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=self._parse_bitwise())
    6316
    6317        if not self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    6318            self.raise_error("Expected FROM or comma after EXTRACT", self._prev)
    6319
    6320        return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=self._parse_bitwise())
    6321
    6322    def _parse_gap_fill(self) -> exp.GapFill:
    6323        self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    6324        this = self._parse_table()
    6325
    6326        self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    6327        args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_lambda)]
    6328
    6329        gap_fill = exp.GapFill.from_arg_list(args)
    6330        return self.validate_expression(gap_fill, args)
    6331
    6332    def _parse_cast(self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None) -> exp.Expression:
    6333        this = self._parse_assignment()
    6334
    6335        if not self._match(TokenType.ALIAS):
    6336            if self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    6337                return self.expression(exp.CastToStrType, this=this, to=self._parse_string())
    6338
    6339            self.raise_error("Expected AS after CAST")
    6340
    6341        fmt = None
    6342        to = self._parse_types()
    6343
    6344        default = self._match(TokenType.DEFAULT)
    6345        if default:
    6346            default = self._parse_bitwise()
    6347            self._match_text_seq("ON", "CONVERSION", "ERROR")
    6348
    6349        if self._match_set((TokenType.FORMAT, TokenType.COMMA)):
    6350            fmt_string = self._parse_string()
    6351            fmt = self._parse_at_time_zone(fmt_string)
    6352
    6353            if not to:
    6354                to = exp.DataType.build(exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN)
    6355            if to.this in exp.DataType.TEMPORAL_TYPES:
    6356                this = self.expression(
    6357                    exp.StrToDate if to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATE else exp.StrToTime,
    6358                    this=this,
    6359                    format=exp.Literal.string(
    6360                        format_time(
    6361                            fmt_string.this if fmt_string else "",
    6362                            self.dialect.FORMAT_MAPPING or self.dialect.TIME_MAPPING,
    6363                            self.dialect.FORMAT_TRIE or self.dialect.TIME_TRIE,
    6364                        )
    6365                    ),
    6366                    safe=safe,
    6367                )
    6368
    6369                if isinstance(fmt, exp.AtTimeZone) and isinstance(this, exp.StrToTime):
    6370                    this.set("zone", fmt.args["zone"])
    6371                return this
    6372        elif not to:
    6373            self.raise_error("Expected TYPE after CAST")
    6374        elif isinstance(to, exp.Identifier):
    6375            to = exp.DataType.build(to.name, udt=True)
    6376        elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.CHAR:
    6377            if self._match(TokenType.CHARACTER_SET):
    6378                to = self.expression(exp.CharacterSet, this=self._parse_var_or_string())
    6379
    6380        return self.expression(
    6381            exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast,
    6382            this=this,
    6383            to=to,
    6384            format=fmt,
    6385            safe=safe,
    6386            action=self._parse_var_from_options(self.CAST_ACTIONS, raise_unmatched=False),
    6387            default=default,
    6388        )
    6389
    6390    def _parse_string_agg(self) -> exp.GroupConcat:
    6391        if self._match(TokenType.DISTINCT):
    6392            args: t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]] = [
    6393                self.expression(exp.Distinct, expressions=[self._parse_assignment()])
    6394            ]
    6395            if self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    6396                args.extend(self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment))
    6397        else:
    6398            args = self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)  # type: ignore
    6399
    6400        if self._match_text_seq("ON", "OVERFLOW"):
    6401            # trino: LISTAGG(expression [, separator] [ON OVERFLOW overflow_behavior])
    6402            if self._match_text_seq("ERROR"):
    6403                on_overflow: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = exp.var("ERROR")
    6404            else:
    6405                self._match_text_seq("TRUNCATE")
    6406                on_overflow = self.expression(
    6407                    exp.OverflowTruncateBehavior,
    6408                    this=self._parse_string(),
    6409                    with_count=(
    6410                        self._match_text_seq("WITH", "COUNT")
    6411                        or not self._match_text_seq("WITHOUT", "COUNT")
    6412                    ),
    6413                )
    6414        else:
    6415            on_overflow = None
    6416
    6417        index = self._index
    6418        if not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN) and args:
    6419            # postgres: STRING_AGG([DISTINCT] expression, separator [ORDER BY expression1 {ASC | DESC} [, ...]])
    6420            # bigquery: STRING_AGG([DISTINCT] expression [, separator] [ORDER BY key [{ASC | DESC}] [, ... ]] [LIMIT n])
    6421            # The order is parsed through `this` as a canonicalization for WITHIN GROUPs
    6422            args[0] = self._parse_limit(this=self._parse_order(this=args[0]))
    6423            return self.expression(exp.GroupConcat, this=args[0], separator=seq_get(args, 1))
    6424
    6425        # Checks if we can parse an order clause: WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY <order_by_expression_list> [ASC | DESC]).
    6426        # This is done "manually", instead of letting _parse_window parse it into an exp.WithinGroup node, so that
    6427        # the STRING_AGG call is parsed like in MySQL / SQLite and can thus be transpiled more easily to them.
    6428        if not self._match_text_seq("WITHIN", "GROUP"):
    6429            self._retreat(index)
    6430            return self.validate_expression(exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list(args), args)
    6431
    6432        # The corresponding match_r_paren will be called in parse_function (caller)
    6433        self._match_l_paren()
    6434
    6435        return self.expression(
    6436            exp.GroupConcat,
    6437            this=self._parse_order(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
    6438            separator=seq_get(args, 1),
    6439            on_overflow=on_overflow,
    6440        )
    6441
    6442    def _parse_convert(
    6443        self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
    6444    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6445        this = self._parse_bitwise()
    6446
    6447        if self._match(TokenType.USING):
    6448            to: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = self.expression(
    6449                exp.CharacterSet, this=self._parse_var()
    6450            )
    6451        elif self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    6452            to = self._parse_types()
    6453        else:
    6454            to = None
    6455
    6456        return self.expression(exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
    6457
    6458    def _parse_xml_table(self) -> exp.XMLTable:
    6459        namespaces = None
    6460        passing = None
    6461        columns = None
    6462
    6463        if self._match_text_seq("XMLNAMESPACES", "("):
    6464            namespaces = self._parse_xml_namespace()
    6465            self._match_text_seq(")", ",")
    6466
    6467        this = self._parse_string()
    6468
    6469        if self._match_text_seq("PASSING"):
    6470            # The BY VALUE keywords are optional and are provided for semantic clarity
    6471            self._match_text_seq("BY", "VALUE")
    6472            passing = self._parse_csv(self._parse_column)
    6473
    6474        by_ref = self._match_text_seq("RETURNING", "SEQUENCE", "BY", "REF")
    6475
    6476        if self._match_text_seq("COLUMNS"):
    6477            columns = self._parse_csv(self._parse_field_def)
    6478
    6479        return self.expression(
    6480            exp.XMLTable,
    6481            this=this,
    6482            namespaces=namespaces,
    6483            passing=passing,
    6484            columns=columns,
    6485            by_ref=by_ref,
    6486        )
    6487
    6488    def _parse_xml_namespace(self) -> t.List[exp.XMLNamespace]:
    6489        namespaces = []
    6490
    6491        while True:
    6492            if self._match(TokenType.DEFAULT):
    6493                uri = self._parse_string()
    6494            else:
    6495                uri = self._parse_alias(self._parse_string())
    6496            namespaces.append(self.expression(exp.XMLNamespace, this=uri))
    6497            if not self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    6498                break
    6499
    6500        return namespaces
    6501
    6502    def _parse_decode(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Decode | exp.Case]:
    6503        """
    6504        There are generally two variants of the DECODE function:
    6505
    6506        - DECODE(bin, charset)
    6507        - DECODE(expression, search, result [, search, result] ... [, default])
    6508
    6509        The second variant will always be parsed into a CASE expression. Note that NULL
    6510        needs special treatment, since we need to explicitly check for it with `IS NULL`,
    6511        instead of relying on pattern matching.
    6512        """
    6513        args = self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)
    6514
    6515        if len(args) < 3:
    6516            return self.expression(exp.Decode, this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=seq_get(args, 1))
    6517
    6518        expression, *expressions = args
    6519        if not expression:
    6520            return None
    6521
    6522        ifs = []
    6523        for search, result in zip(expressions[::2], expressions[1::2]):
    6524            if not search or not result:
    6525                return None
    6526
    6527            if isinstance(search, exp.Literal):
    6528                ifs.append(
    6529                    exp.If(this=exp.EQ(this=expression.copy(), expression=search), true=result)
    6530                )
    6531            elif isinstance(search, exp.Null):
    6532                ifs.append(
    6533                    exp.If(this=exp.Is(this=expression.copy(), expression=exp.Null()), true=result)
    6534                )
    6535            else:
    6536                cond = exp.or_(
    6537                    exp.EQ(this=expression.copy(), expression=search),
    6538                    exp.and_(
    6539                        exp.Is(this=expression.copy(), expression=exp.Null()),
    6540                        exp.Is(this=search.copy(), expression=exp.Null()),
    6541                        copy=False,
    6542                    ),
    6543                    copy=False,
    6544                )
    6545                ifs.append(exp.If(this=cond, true=result))
    6546
    6547        return exp.Case(ifs=ifs, default=expressions[-1] if len(expressions) % 2 == 1 else None)
    6548
    6549    def _parse_json_key_value(self) -> t.Optional[exp.JSONKeyValue]:
    6550        self._match_text_seq("KEY")
    6551        key = self._parse_column()
    6552        self._match_set(self.JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS)
    6553        self._match_text_seq("VALUE")
    6554        value = self._parse_bitwise()
    6555
    6556        if not key and not value:
    6557            return None
    6558        return self.expression(exp.JSONKeyValue, this=key, expression=value)
    6559
    6560    def _parse_format_json(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6561        if not this or not self._match_text_seq("FORMAT", "JSON"):
    6562            return this
    6563
    6564        return self.expression(exp.FormatJson, this=this)
    6565
    6566    def _parse_on_condition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.OnCondition]:
    6567        # MySQL uses "X ON EMPTY Y ON ERROR" (e.g. JSON_VALUE) while Oracle uses the opposite (e.g. JSON_EXISTS)
    6568        if self.dialect.ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR:
    6569            empty = self._parse_on_handling("EMPTY", *self.ON_CONDITION_TOKENS)
    6570            error = self._parse_on_handling("ERROR", *self.ON_CONDITION_TOKENS)
    6571        else:
    6572            error = self._parse_on_handling("ERROR", *self.ON_CONDITION_TOKENS)
    6573            empty = self._parse_on_handling("EMPTY", *self.ON_CONDITION_TOKENS)
    6574
    6575        null = self._parse_on_handling("NULL", *self.ON_CONDITION_TOKENS)
    6576
    6577        if not empty and not error and not null:
    6578            return None
    6579
    6580        return self.expression(
    6581            exp.OnCondition,
    6582            empty=empty,
    6583            error=error,
    6584            null=null,
    6585        )
    6586
    6587    def _parse_on_handling(
    6588        self, on: str, *values: str
    6589    ) -> t.Optional[str] | t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6590        # Parses the "X ON Y" or "DEFAULT <expr> ON Y syntax, e.g. NULL ON NULL (Oracle, T-SQL, MySQL)
    6591        for value in values:
    6592            if self._match_text_seq(value, "ON", on):
    6593                return f"{value} ON {on}"
    6594
    6595        index = self._index
    6596        if self._match(TokenType.DEFAULT):
    6597            default_value = self._parse_bitwise()
    6598            if self._match_text_seq("ON", on):
    6599                return default_value
    6600
    6601            self._retreat(index)
    6602
    6603        return None
    6604
    6605    @t.overload
    6606    def _parse_json_object(self, agg: Lit[False]) -> exp.JSONObject: ...
    6607
    6608    @t.overload
    6609    def _parse_json_object(self, agg: Lit[True]) -> exp.JSONObjectAgg: ...
    6610
    6611    def _parse_json_object(self, agg=False):
    6612        star = self._parse_star()
    6613        expressions = (
    6614            [star]
    6615            if star
    6616            else self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_format_json(self._parse_json_key_value()))
    6617        )
    6618        null_handling = self._parse_on_handling("NULL", "NULL", "ABSENT")
    6619
    6620        unique_keys = None
    6621        if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "UNIQUE"):
    6622            unique_keys = True
    6623        elif self._match_text_seq("WITHOUT", "UNIQUE"):
    6624            unique_keys = False
    6625
    6626        self._match_text_seq("KEYS")
    6627
    6628        return_type = self._match_text_seq("RETURNING") and self._parse_format_json(
    6629            self._parse_type()
    6630        )
    6631        encoding = self._match_text_seq("ENCODING") and self._parse_var()
    6632
    6633        return self.expression(
    6634            exp.JSONObjectAgg if agg else exp.JSONObject,
    6635            expressions=expressions,
    6636            null_handling=null_handling,
    6637            unique_keys=unique_keys,
    6638            return_type=return_type,
    6639            encoding=encoding,
    6640        )
    6641
    6642    # Note: this is currently incomplete; it only implements the "JSON_value_column" part
    6643    def _parse_json_column_def(self) -> exp.JSONColumnDef:
    6644        if not self._match_text_seq("NESTED"):
    6645            this = self._parse_id_var()
    6646            kind = self._parse_types(allow_identifiers=False)
    6647            nested = None
    6648        else:
    6649            this = None
    6650            kind = None
    6651            nested = True
    6652
    6653        path = self._match_text_seq("PATH") and self._parse_string()
    6654        nested_schema = nested and self._parse_json_schema()
    6655
    6656        return self.expression(
    6657            exp.JSONColumnDef,
    6658            this=this,
    6659            kind=kind,
    6660            path=path,
    6661            nested_schema=nested_schema,
    6662        )
    6663
    6664    def _parse_json_schema(self) -> exp.JSONSchema:
    6665        self._match_text_seq("COLUMNS")
    6666        return self.expression(
    6667            exp.JSONSchema,
    6668            expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_json_column_def, optional=True),
    6669        )
    6670
    6671    def _parse_json_table(self) -> exp.JSONTable:
    6672        this = self._parse_format_json(self._parse_bitwise())
    6673        path = self._match(TokenType.COMMA) and self._parse_string()
    6674        error_handling = self._parse_on_handling("ERROR", "ERROR", "NULL")
    6675        empty_handling = self._parse_on_handling("EMPTY", "ERROR", "NULL")
    6676        schema = self._parse_json_schema()
    6677
    6678        return exp.JSONTable(
    6679            this=this,
    6680            schema=schema,
    6681            path=path,
    6682            error_handling=error_handling,
    6683            empty_handling=empty_handling,
    6684        )
    6685
    6686    def _parse_match_against(self) -> exp.MatchAgainst:
    6687        expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_column)
    6688
    6689        self._match_text_seq(")", "AGAINST", "(")
    6690
    6691        this = self._parse_string()
    6692
    6693        if self._match_text_seq("IN", "NATURAL", "LANGUAGE", "MODE"):
    6694            modifier = "IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE"
    6695            if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "QUERY", "EXPANSION"):
    6696                modifier = f"{modifier} WITH QUERY EXPANSION"
    6697        elif self._match_text_seq("IN", "BOOLEAN", "MODE"):
    6698            modifier = "IN BOOLEAN MODE"
    6699        elif self._match_text_seq("WITH", "QUERY", "EXPANSION"):
    6700            modifier = "WITH QUERY EXPANSION"
    6701        else:
    6702            modifier = None
    6703
    6704        return self.expression(
    6705            exp.MatchAgainst, this=this, expressions=expressions, modifier=modifier
    6706        )
    6707
    6708    # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/openjson-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16
    6709    def _parse_open_json(self) -> exp.OpenJSON:
    6710        this = self._parse_bitwise()
    6711        path = self._match(TokenType.COMMA) and self._parse_string()
    6712
    6713        def _parse_open_json_column_def() -> exp.OpenJSONColumnDef:
    6714            this = self._parse_field(any_token=True)
    6715            kind = self._parse_types()
    6716            path = self._parse_string()
    6717            as_json = self._match_pair(TokenType.ALIAS, TokenType.JSON)
    6718
    6719            return self.expression(
    6720                exp.OpenJSONColumnDef, this=this, kind=kind, path=path, as_json=as_json
    6721            )
    6722
    6723        expressions = None
    6724        if self._match_pair(TokenType.R_PAREN, TokenType.WITH):
    6725            self._match_l_paren()
    6726            expressions = self._parse_csv(_parse_open_json_column_def)
    6727
    6728        return self.expression(exp.OpenJSON, this=this, path=path, expressions=expressions)
    6729
    6730    def _parse_position(self, haystack_first: bool = False) -> exp.StrPosition:
    6731        args = self._parse_csv(self._parse_bitwise)
    6732
    6733        if self._match(TokenType.IN):
    6734            return self.expression(
    6735                exp.StrPosition, this=self._parse_bitwise(), substr=seq_get(args, 0)
    6736            )
    6737
    6738        if haystack_first:
    6739            haystack = seq_get(args, 0)
    6740            needle = seq_get(args, 1)
    6741        else:
    6742            haystack = seq_get(args, 1)
    6743            needle = seq_get(args, 0)
    6744
    6745        return self.expression(
    6746            exp.StrPosition, this=haystack, substr=needle, position=seq_get(args, 2)
    6747        )
    6748
    6749    def _parse_predict(self) -> exp.Predict:
    6750        self._match_text_seq("MODEL")
    6751        this = self._parse_table()
    6752
    6753        self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    6754        self._match_text_seq("TABLE")
    6755
    6756        return self.expression(
    6757            exp.Predict,
    6758            this=this,
    6759            expression=self._parse_table(),
    6760            params_struct=self._match(TokenType.COMMA) and self._parse_bitwise(),
    6761        )
    6762
    6763    def _parse_join_hint(self, func_name: str) -> exp.JoinHint:
    6764        args = self._parse_csv(self._parse_table)
    6765        return exp.JoinHint(this=func_name.upper(), expressions=args)
    6766
    6767    def _parse_substring(self) -> exp.Substring:
    6768        # Postgres supports the form: substring(string [from int] [for int])
    6769        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/functions-string.html @ Table 9-6
    6770
    6771        args = t.cast(t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]], self._parse_csv(self._parse_bitwise))
    6772
    6773        if self._match(TokenType.FROM):
    6774            args.append(self._parse_bitwise())
    6775        if self._match(TokenType.FOR):
    6776            if len(args) == 1:
    6777                args.append(exp.Literal.number(1))
    6778            args.append(self._parse_bitwise())
    6779
    6780        return self.validate_expression(exp.Substring.from_arg_list(args), args)
    6781
    6782    def _parse_trim(self) -> exp.Trim:
    6783        # https://www.w3resource.com/sql/character-functions/trim.php
    6784        # https://docs.oracle.com/javadb/10.8.3.0/ref/rreftrimfunc.html
    6785
    6786        position = None
    6787        collation = None
    6788        expression = None
    6789
    6790        if self._match_texts(self.TRIM_TYPES):
    6791            position = self._prev.text.upper()
    6792
    6793        this = self._parse_bitwise()
    6794        if self._match_set((TokenType.FROM, TokenType.COMMA)):
    6795            invert_order = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.FROM or self.TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
    6796            expression = self._parse_bitwise()
    6797
    6798            if invert_order:
    6799                this, expression = expression, this
    6800
    6801        if self._match(TokenType.COLLATE):
    6802            collation = self._parse_bitwise()
    6803
    6804        return self.expression(
    6805            exp.Trim, this=this, position=position, expression=expression, collation=collation
    6806        )
    6807
    6808    def _parse_window_clause(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
    6809        return self._match(TokenType.WINDOW) and self._parse_csv(self._parse_named_window)
    6810
    6811    def _parse_named_window(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6812        return self._parse_window(self._parse_id_var(), alias=True)
    6813
    6814    def _parse_respect_or_ignore_nulls(
    6815        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]
    6816    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6817        if self._match_text_seq("IGNORE", "NULLS"):
    6818            return self.expression(exp.IgnoreNulls, this=this)
    6819        if self._match_text_seq("RESPECT", "NULLS"):
    6820            return self.expression(exp.RespectNulls, this=this)
    6821        return this
    6822
    6823    def _parse_having_max(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6824        if self._match(TokenType.HAVING):
    6825            self._match_texts(("MAX", "MIN"))
    6826            max = self._prev.text.upper() != "MIN"
    6827            return self.expression(
    6828                exp.HavingMax, this=this, expression=self._parse_column(), max=max
    6829            )
    6830
    6831        return this
    6832
    6833    def _parse_window(
    6834        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression], alias: bool = False
    6835    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6836        func = this
    6837        comments = func.comments if isinstance(func, exp.Expression) else None
    6838
    6839        # T-SQL allows the OVER (...) syntax after WITHIN GROUP.
    6840        # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/percentile-disc-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16
    6841        if self._match_text_seq("WITHIN", "GROUP"):
    6842            order = self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_order)
    6843            this = self.expression(exp.WithinGroup, this=this, expression=order)
    6844
    6845        if self._match_pair(TokenType.FILTER, TokenType.L_PAREN):
    6846            self._match(TokenType.WHERE)
    6847            this = self.expression(
    6848                exp.Filter, this=this, expression=self._parse_where(skip_where_token=True)
    6849            )
    6850            self._match_r_paren()
    6851
    6852        # SQL spec defines an optional [ { IGNORE | RESPECT } NULLS ] OVER
    6853        # Some dialects choose to implement and some do not.
    6854        # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/window-function-descriptions.html
    6855
    6856        # There is some code above in _parse_lambda that handles
    6857        #   SELECT FIRST_VALUE(TABLE.COLUMN IGNORE|RESPECT NULLS) OVER ...
    6858
    6859        # The below changes handle
    6860        #   SELECT FIRST_VALUE(TABLE.COLUMN) IGNORE|RESPECT NULLS OVER ...
    6861
    6862        # Oracle allows both formats
    6863        #   (https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/sqlrf/img_text/first_value.html)
    6864        #   and Snowflake chose to do the same for familiarity
    6865        #   https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/first_value.html#usage-notes
    6866        if isinstance(this, exp.AggFunc):
    6867            ignore_respect = this.find(exp.IgnoreNulls, exp.RespectNulls)
    6868
    6869            if ignore_respect and ignore_respect is not this:
    6870                ignore_respect.replace(ignore_respect.this)
    6871                this = self.expression(ignore_respect.__class__, this=this)
    6872
    6873        this = self._parse_respect_or_ignore_nulls(this)
    6874
    6875        # bigquery select from window x AS (partition by ...)
    6876        if alias:
    6877            over = None
    6878            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    6879        elif not self._match_set(self.WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS):
    6880            return this
    6881        else:
    6882            over = self._prev.text.upper()
    6883
    6884        if comments and isinstance(func, exp.Expression):
    6885            func.pop_comments()
    6886
    6887        if not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    6888            return self.expression(
    6889                exp.Window,
    6890                comments=comments,
    6891                this=this,
    6892                alias=self._parse_id_var(False),
    6893                over=over,
    6894            )
    6895
    6896        window_alias = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS)
    6897
    6898        first = self._match(TokenType.FIRST)
    6899        if self._match_text_seq("LAST"):
    6900            first = False
    6901
    6902        partition, order = self._parse_partition_and_order()
    6903        kind = self._match_set((TokenType.ROWS, TokenType.RANGE)) and self._prev.text
    6904
    6905        if kind:
    6906            self._match(TokenType.BETWEEN)
    6907            start = self._parse_window_spec()
    6908            self._match(TokenType.AND)
    6909            end = self._parse_window_spec()
    6910            exclude = (
    6911                self._parse_var_from_options(self.WINDOW_EXCLUDE_OPTIONS)
    6912                if self._match_text_seq("EXCLUDE")
    6913                else None
    6914            )
    6915
    6916            spec = self.expression(
    6917                exp.WindowSpec,
    6918                kind=kind,
    6919                start=start["value"],
    6920                start_side=start["side"],
    6921                end=end["value"],
    6922                end_side=end["side"],
    6923                exclude=exclude,
    6924            )
    6925        else:
    6926            spec = None
    6927
    6928        self._match_r_paren()
    6929
    6930        window = self.expression(
    6931            exp.Window,
    6932            comments=comments,
    6933            this=this,
    6934            partition_by=partition,
    6935            order=order,
    6936            spec=spec,
    6937            alias=window_alias,
    6938            over=over,
    6939            first=first,
    6940        )
    6941
    6942        # This covers Oracle's FIRST/LAST syntax: aggregate KEEP (...) OVER (...)
    6943        if self._match_set(self.WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS, advance=False):
    6944            return self._parse_window(window, alias=alias)
    6945
    6946        return window
    6947
    6948    def _parse_partition_and_order(
    6949        self,
    6950    ) -> t.Tuple[t.List[exp.Expression], t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    6951        return self._parse_partition_by(), self._parse_order()
    6952
    6953    def _parse_window_spec(self) -> t.Dict[str, t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]]:
    6954        self._match(TokenType.BETWEEN)
    6955
    6956        return {
    6957            "value": (
    6958                (self._match_text_seq("UNBOUNDED") and "UNBOUNDED")
    6959                or (self._match_text_seq("CURRENT", "ROW") and "CURRENT ROW")
    6960                or self._parse_bitwise()
    6961            ),
    6962            "side": self._match_texts(self.WINDOW_SIDES) and self._prev.text,
    6963        }
    6964
    6965    def _parse_alias(
    6966        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression], explicit: bool = False
    6967    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6968        # In some dialects, LIMIT and OFFSET can act as both identifiers and keywords (clauses)
    6969        # so this section tries to parse the clause version and if it fails, it treats the token
    6970        # as an identifier (alias)
    6971        if self._can_parse_limit_or_offset():
    6972            return this
    6973
    6974        any_token = self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    6975        comments = self._prev_comments or []
    6976
    6977        if explicit and not any_token:
    6978            return this
    6979
    6980        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    6981            aliases = self.expression(
    6982                exp.Aliases,
    6983                comments=comments,
    6984                this=this,
    6985                expressions=self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_id_var(any_token)),
    6986            )
    6987            self._match_r_paren(aliases)
    6988            return aliases
    6989
    6990        alias = self._parse_id_var(any_token, tokens=self.ALIAS_TOKENS) or (
    6991            self.STRING_ALIASES and self._parse_string_as_identifier()
    6992        )
    6993
    6994        if alias:
    6995            comments.extend(alias.pop_comments())
    6996            this = self.expression(exp.Alias, comments=comments, this=this, alias=alias)
    6997            column = this.this
    6998
    6999            # Moves the comment next to the alias in `expr /* comment */ AS alias`
    7000            if not this.comments and column and column.comments:
    7001                this.comments = column.pop_comments()
    7002
    7003        return this
    7004
    7005    def _parse_id_var(
    7006        self,
    7007        any_token: bool = True,
    7008        tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
    7009    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7010        expression = self._parse_identifier()
    7011        if not expression and (
    7012            (any_token and self._advance_any()) or self._match_set(tokens or self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
    7013        ):
    7014            quoted = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.STRING
    7015            expression = self._identifier_expression(quoted=quoted)
    7016
    7017        return expression
    7018
    7019    def _parse_string(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7020        if self._match_set(self.STRING_PARSERS):
    7021            return self.STRING_PARSERS[self._prev.token_type](self, self._prev)
    7022        return self._parse_placeholder()
    7023
    7024    def _parse_string_as_identifier(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Identifier]:
    7025        output = exp.to_identifier(self._match(TokenType.STRING) and self._prev.text, quoted=True)
    7026        if output:
    7027            output.update_positions(self._prev)
    7028        return output
    7029
    7030    def _parse_number(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7031        if self._match_set(self.NUMERIC_PARSERS):
    7032            return self.NUMERIC_PARSERS[self._prev.token_type](self, self._prev)
    7033        return self._parse_placeholder()
    7034
    7035    def _parse_identifier(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7036        if self._match(TokenType.IDENTIFIER):
    7037            return self._identifier_expression(quoted=True)
    7038        return self._parse_placeholder()
    7039
    7040    def _parse_var(
    7041        self,
    7042        any_token: bool = False,
    7043        tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
    7044        upper: bool = False,
    7045    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7046        if (
    7047            (any_token and self._advance_any())
    7048            or self._match(TokenType.VAR)
    7049            or (self._match_set(tokens) if tokens else False)
    7050        ):
    7051            return self.expression(
    7052                exp.Var, this=self._prev.text.upper() if upper else self._prev.text
    7053            )
    7054        return self._parse_placeholder()
    7055
    7056    def _advance_any(self, ignore_reserved: bool = False) -> t.Optional[Token]:
    7057        if self._curr and (ignore_reserved or self._curr.token_type not in self.RESERVED_TOKENS):
    7058            self._advance()
    7059            return self._prev
    7060        return None
    7061
    7062    def _parse_var_or_string(self, upper: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7063        return self._parse_string() or self._parse_var(any_token=True, upper=upper)
    7064
    7065    def _parse_primary_or_var(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7066        return self._parse_primary() or self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    7067
    7068    def _parse_null(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7069        if self._match_set(self.NULL_TOKENS):
    7070            return self.PRIMARY_PARSERS[TokenType.NULL](self, self._prev)
    7071        return self._parse_placeholder()
    7072
    7073    def _parse_boolean(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7074        if self._match(TokenType.TRUE):
    7075            return self.PRIMARY_PARSERS[TokenType.TRUE](self, self._prev)
    7076        if self._match(TokenType.FALSE):
    7077            return self.PRIMARY_PARSERS[TokenType.FALSE](self, self._prev)
    7078        return self._parse_placeholder()
    7079
    7080    def _parse_star(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7081        if self._match(TokenType.STAR):
    7082            return self.PRIMARY_PARSERS[TokenType.STAR](self, self._prev)
    7083        return self._parse_placeholder()
    7084
    7085    def _parse_parameter(self) -> exp.Parameter:
    7086        this = self._parse_identifier() or self._parse_primary_or_var()
    7087        return self.expression(exp.Parameter, this=this)
    7088
    7089    def _parse_placeholder(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7090        if self._match_set(self.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS):
    7091            placeholder = self.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS[self._prev.token_type](self)
    7092            if placeholder:
    7093                return placeholder
    7094            self._advance(-1)
    7095        return None
    7096
    7097    def _parse_star_op(self, *keywords: str) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
    7098        if not self._match_texts(keywords):
    7099            return None
    7100        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    7101            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_expression)
    7102
    7103        expression = self._parse_expression()
    7104        return [expression] if expression else None
    7105
    7106    def _parse_csv(
    7107        self, parse_method: t.Callable, sep: TokenType = TokenType.COMMA
    7108    ) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    7109        parse_result = parse_method()
    7110        items = [parse_result] if parse_result is not None else []
    7111
    7112        while self._match(sep):
    7113            self._add_comments(parse_result)
    7114            parse_result = parse_method()
    7115            if parse_result is not None:
    7116                items.append(parse_result)
    7117
    7118        return items
    7119
    7120    def _parse_tokens(
    7121        self, parse_method: t.Callable, expressions: t.Dict
    7122    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7123        this = parse_method()
    7124
    7125        while self._match_set(expressions):
    7126            this = self.expression(
    7127                expressions[self._prev.token_type],
    7128                this=this,
    7129                comments=self._prev_comments,
    7130                expression=parse_method(),
    7131            )
    7132
    7133        return this
    7134
    7135    def _parse_wrapped_id_vars(self, optional: bool = False) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    7136        return self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_id_var, optional=optional)
    7137
    7138    def _parse_wrapped_csv(
    7139        self, parse_method: t.Callable, sep: TokenType = TokenType.COMMA, optional: bool = False
    7140    ) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    7141        return self._parse_wrapped(
    7142            lambda: self._parse_csv(parse_method, sep=sep), optional=optional
    7143        )
    7144
    7145    def _parse_wrapped(self, parse_method: t.Callable, optional: bool = False) -> t.Any:
    7146        wrapped = self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
    7147        if not wrapped and not optional:
    7148            self.raise_error("Expecting (")
    7149        parse_result = parse_method()
    7150        if wrapped:
    7151            self._match_r_paren()
    7152        return parse_result
    7153
    7154    def _parse_expressions(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    7155        return self._parse_csv(self._parse_expression)
    7156
    7157    def _parse_select_or_expression(self, alias: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7158        return self._parse_select() or self._parse_set_operations(
    7159            self._parse_alias(self._parse_assignment(), explicit=True)
    7160            if alias
    7161            else self._parse_assignment()
    7162        )
    7163
    7164    def _parse_ddl_select(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7165        return self._parse_query_modifiers(
    7166            self._parse_set_operations(self._parse_select(nested=True, parse_subquery_alias=False))
    7167        )
    7168
    7169    def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
    7170        this = None
    7171        if self._match_texts(self.TRANSACTION_KIND):
    7172            this = self._prev.text
    7173
    7174        self._match_texts(("TRANSACTION", "WORK"))
    7175
    7176        modes = []
    7177        while True:
    7178            mode = []
    7179            while self._match(TokenType.VAR):
    7180                mode.append(self._prev.text)
    7181
    7182            if mode:
    7183                modes.append(" ".join(mode))
    7184            if not self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    7185                break
    7186
    7187        return self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=this, modes=modes)
    7188
    7189    def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
    7190        chain = None
    7191        savepoint = None
    7192        is_rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
    7193
    7194        self._match_texts(("TRANSACTION", "WORK"))
    7195
    7196        if self._match_text_seq("TO"):
    7197            self._match_text_seq("SAVEPOINT")
    7198            savepoint = self._parse_id_var()
    7199
    7200        if self._match(TokenType.AND):
    7201            chain = not self._match_text_seq("NO")
    7202            self._match_text_seq("CHAIN")
    7203
    7204        if is_rollback:
    7205            return self.expression(exp.Rollback, savepoint=savepoint)
    7206
    7207        return self.expression(exp.Commit, chain=chain)
    7208
    7209    def _parse_refresh(self) -> exp.Refresh:
    7210        self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    7211        return self.expression(exp.Refresh, this=self._parse_string() or self._parse_table())
    7212
    7213    def _parse_add_column(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7214        if not self._match_text_seq("ADD"):
    7215            return None
    7216
    7217        self._match(TokenType.COLUMN)
    7218        exists_column = self._parse_exists(not_=True)
    7219        expression = self._parse_field_def()
    7220
    7221        if expression:
    7222            expression.set("exists", exists_column)
    7223
    7224            # https://docs.databricks.com/delta/update-schema.html#explicitly-update-schema-to-add-columns
    7225            if self._match_texts(("FIRST", "AFTER")):
    7226                position = self._prev.text
    7227                column_position = self.expression(
    7228                    exp.ColumnPosition, this=self._parse_column(), position=position
    7229                )
    7230                expression.set("position", column_position)
    7231
    7232        return expression
    7233
    7234    def _parse_drop_column(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Drop | exp.Command]:
    7235        drop = self._match(TokenType.DROP) and self._parse_drop()
    7236        if drop and not isinstance(drop, exp.Command):
    7237            drop.set("kind", drop.args.get("kind", "COLUMN"))
    7238        return drop
    7239
    7240    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/athena/latest/ug/alter-table-drop-partition.html
    7241    def _parse_drop_partition(self, exists: t.Optional[bool] = None) -> exp.DropPartition:
    7242        return self.expression(
    7243            exp.DropPartition, expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_partition), exists=exists
    7244        )
    7245
    7246    def _parse_alter_table_add(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    7247        index = self._index - 1
    7248
    7249        if self._match_set(self.ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS, advance=False):
    7250            return self._parse_csv(
    7251                lambda: self.expression(
    7252                    exp.AddConstraint, expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_constraint)
    7253                )
    7254            )
    7255
    7256        self._retreat(index)
    7257        if not self.ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN and self._match_text_seq("ADD"):
    7258            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_field_def, optional=True)
    7259
    7260        if self._match_text_seq("ADD", "COLUMNS"):
    7261            schema = self._parse_schema()
    7262            if schema:
    7263                return [schema]
    7264            return []
    7265
    7266        return self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_add_column, optional=True)
    7267
    7268    def _parse_alter_table_alter(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7269        if self._match_texts(self.ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS):
    7270            return self.ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
    7271
    7272        # Many dialects support the ALTER [COLUMN] syntax, so if there is no
    7273        # keyword after ALTER we default to parsing this statement
    7274        self._match(TokenType.COLUMN)
    7275        column = self._parse_field(any_token=True)
    7276
    7277        if self._match_pair(TokenType.DROP, TokenType.DEFAULT):
    7278            return self.expression(exp.AlterColumn, this=column, drop=True)
    7279        if self._match_pair(TokenType.SET, TokenType.DEFAULT):
    7280            return self.expression(exp.AlterColumn, this=column, default=self._parse_assignment())
    7281        if self._match(TokenType.COMMENT):
    7282            return self.expression(exp.AlterColumn, this=column, comment=self._parse_string())
    7283        if self._match_text_seq("DROP", "NOT", "NULL"):
    7284            return self.expression(
    7285                exp.AlterColumn,
    7286                this=column,
    7287                drop=True,
    7288                allow_null=True,
    7289            )
    7290        if self._match_text_seq("SET", "NOT", "NULL"):
    7291            return self.expression(
    7292                exp.AlterColumn,
    7293                this=column,
    7294                allow_null=False,
    7295            )
    7296
    7297        if self._match_text_seq("SET", "VISIBLE"):
    7298            return self.expression(exp.AlterColumn, this=column, visible="VISIBLE")
    7299        if self._match_text_seq("SET", "INVISIBLE"):
    7300            return self.expression(exp.AlterColumn, this=column, visible="INVISIBLE")
    7301
    7302        self._match_text_seq("SET", "DATA")
    7303        self._match_text_seq("TYPE")
    7304        return self.expression(
    7305            exp.AlterColumn,
    7306            this=column,
    7307            dtype=self._parse_types(),
    7308            collate=self._match(TokenType.COLLATE) and self._parse_term(),
    7309            using=self._match(TokenType.USING) and self._parse_assignment(),
    7310        )
    7311
    7312    def _parse_alter_diststyle(self) -> exp.AlterDistStyle:
    7313        if self._match_texts(("ALL", "EVEN", "AUTO")):
    7314            return self.expression(exp.AlterDistStyle, this=exp.var(self._prev.text.upper()))
    7315
    7316        self._match_text_seq("KEY", "DISTKEY")
    7317        return self.expression(exp.AlterDistStyle, this=self._parse_column())
    7318
    7319    def _parse_alter_sortkey(self, compound: t.Optional[bool] = None) -> exp.AlterSortKey:
    7320        if compound:
    7321            self._match_text_seq("SORTKEY")
    7322
    7323        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    7324            return self.expression(
    7325                exp.AlterSortKey, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_id_vars(), compound=compound
    7326            )
    7327
    7328        self._match_texts(("AUTO", "NONE"))
    7329        return self.expression(
    7330            exp.AlterSortKey, this=exp.var(self._prev.text.upper()), compound=compound
    7331        )
    7332
    7333    def _parse_alter_table_drop(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    7334        index = self._index - 1
    7335
    7336        partition_exists = self._parse_exists()
    7337        if self._match(TokenType.PARTITION, advance=False):
    7338            return self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_drop_partition(exists=partition_exists))
    7339
    7340        self._retreat(index)
    7341        return self._parse_csv(self._parse_drop_column)
    7342
    7343    def _parse_alter_table_rename(self) -> t.Optional[exp.AlterRename | exp.RenameColumn]:
    7344        if self._match(TokenType.COLUMN):
    7345            exists = self._parse_exists()
    7346            old_column = self._parse_column()
    7347            to = self._match_text_seq("TO")
    7348            new_column = self._parse_column()
    7349
    7350            if old_column is None or to is None or new_column is None:
    7351                return None
    7352
    7353            return self.expression(exp.RenameColumn, this=old_column, to=new_column, exists=exists)
    7354
    7355        self._match_text_seq("TO")
    7356        return self.expression(exp.AlterRename, this=self._parse_table(schema=True))
    7357
    7358    def _parse_alter_table_set(self) -> exp.AlterSet:
    7359        alter_set = self.expression(exp.AlterSet)
    7360
    7361        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False) or self._match_text_seq(
    7362            "TABLE", "PROPERTIES"
    7363        ):
    7364            alter_set.set("expressions", self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment))
    7365        elif self._match_text_seq("FILESTREAM_ON", advance=False):
    7366            alter_set.set("expressions", [self._parse_assignment()])
    7367        elif self._match_texts(("LOGGED", "UNLOGGED")):
    7368            alter_set.set("option", exp.var(self._prev.text.upper()))
    7369        elif self._match_text_seq("WITHOUT") and self._match_texts(("CLUSTER", "OIDS")):
    7370            alter_set.set("option", exp.var(f"WITHOUT {self._prev.text.upper()}"))
    7371        elif self._match_text_seq("LOCATION"):
    7372            alter_set.set("location", self._parse_field())
    7373        elif self._match_text_seq("ACCESS", "METHOD"):
    7374            alter_set.set("access_method", self._parse_field())
    7375        elif self._match_text_seq("TABLESPACE"):
    7376            alter_set.set("tablespace", self._parse_field())
    7377        elif self._match_text_seq("FILE", "FORMAT") or self._match_text_seq("FILEFORMAT"):
    7378            alter_set.set("file_format", [self._parse_field()])
    7379        elif self._match_text_seq("STAGE_FILE_FORMAT"):
    7380            alter_set.set("file_format", self._parse_wrapped_options())
    7381        elif self._match_text_seq("STAGE_COPY_OPTIONS"):
    7382            alter_set.set("copy_options", self._parse_wrapped_options())
    7383        elif self._match_text_seq("TAG") or self._match_text_seq("TAGS"):
    7384            alter_set.set("tag", self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment))
    7385        else:
    7386            if self._match_text_seq("SERDE"):
    7387                alter_set.set("serde", self._parse_field())
    7388
    7389            alter_set.set("expressions", [self._parse_properties()])
    7390
    7391        return alter_set
    7392
    7393    def _parse_alter(self) -> exp.Alter | exp.Command:
    7394        start = self._prev
    7395
    7396        alter_token = self._match_set(self.ALTERABLES) and self._prev
    7397        if not alter_token:
    7398            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    7399
    7400        exists = self._parse_exists()
    7401        only = self._match_text_seq("ONLY")
    7402        this = self._parse_table(schema=True)
    7403        cluster = self._parse_on_property() if self._match(TokenType.ON) else None
    7404
    7405        if self._next:
    7406            self._advance()
    7407
    7408        parser = self.ALTER_PARSERS.get(self._prev.text.upper()) if self._prev else None
    7409        if parser:
    7410            actions = ensure_list(parser(self))
    7411            not_valid = self._match_text_seq("NOT", "VALID")
    7412            options = self._parse_csv(self._parse_property)
    7413
    7414            if not self._curr and actions:
    7415                return self.expression(
    7416                    exp.Alter,
    7417                    this=this,
    7418                    kind=alter_token.text.upper(),
    7419                    exists=exists,
    7420                    actions=actions,
    7421                    only=only,
    7422                    options=options,
    7423                    cluster=cluster,
    7424                    not_valid=not_valid,
    7425                )
    7426
    7427        return self._parse_as_command(start)
    7428
    7429    def _parse_analyze(self) -> exp.Analyze | exp.Command:
    7430        start = self._prev
    7431        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/analyze
    7432        if not self._curr:
    7433            return self.expression(exp.Analyze)
    7434
    7435        options = []
    7436        while self._match_texts(self.ANALYZE_STYLES):
    7437            if self._prev.text.upper() == "BUFFER_USAGE_LIMIT":
    7438                options.append(f"BUFFER_USAGE_LIMIT {self._parse_number()}")
    7439            else:
    7440                options.append(self._prev.text.upper())
    7441
    7442        this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    7443        inner_expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    7444
    7445        kind = self._curr and self._curr.text.upper()
    7446
    7447        if self._match(TokenType.TABLE) or self._match(TokenType.INDEX):
    7448            this = self._parse_table_parts()
    7449        elif self._match_text_seq("TABLES"):
    7450            if self._match_set((TokenType.FROM, TokenType.IN)):
    7451                kind = f"{kind} {self._prev.text.upper()}"
    7452                this = self._parse_table(schema=True, is_db_reference=True)
    7453        elif self._match_text_seq("DATABASE"):
    7454            this = self._parse_table(schema=True, is_db_reference=True)
    7455        elif self._match_text_seq("CLUSTER"):
    7456            this = self._parse_table()
    7457        # Try matching inner expr keywords before fallback to parse table.
    7458        elif self._match_texts(self.ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS):
    7459            kind = None
    7460            inner_expression = self.ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
    7461        else:
    7462            # Empty kind  https://prestodb.io/docs/current/sql/analyze.html
    7463            kind = None
    7464            this = self._parse_table_parts()
    7465
    7466        partition = self._try_parse(self._parse_partition)
    7467        if not partition and self._match_texts(self.PARTITION_KEYWORDS):
    7468            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    7469
    7470        # https://docs.starrocks.io/docs/sql-reference/sql-statements/cbo_stats/ANALYZE_TABLE/
    7471        if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "SYNC", "MODE") or self._match_text_seq(
    7472            "WITH", "ASYNC", "MODE"
    7473        ):
    7474            mode = f"WITH {self._tokens[self._index - 2].text.upper()} MODE"
    7475        else:
    7476            mode = None
    7477
    7478        if self._match_texts(self.ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS):
    7479            inner_expression = self.ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
    7480
    7481        properties = self._parse_properties()
    7482        return self.expression(
    7483            exp.Analyze,
    7484            kind=kind,
    7485            this=this,
    7486            mode=mode,
    7487            partition=partition,
    7488            properties=properties,
    7489            expression=inner_expression,
    7490            options=options,
    7491        )
    7492
    7493    # https://spark.apache.org/docs/3.5.1/sql-ref-syntax-aux-analyze-table.html
    7494    def _parse_analyze_statistics(self) -> exp.AnalyzeStatistics:
    7495        this = None
    7496        kind = self._prev.text.upper()
    7497        option = self._prev.text.upper() if self._match_text_seq("DELTA") else None
    7498        expressions = []
    7499
    7500        if not self._match_text_seq("STATISTICS"):
    7501            self.raise_error("Expecting token STATISTICS")
    7502
    7503        if self._match_text_seq("NOSCAN"):
    7504            this = "NOSCAN"
    7505        elif self._match(TokenType.FOR):
    7506            if self._match_text_seq("ALL", "COLUMNS"):
    7507                this = "FOR ALL COLUMNS"
    7508            if self._match_texts("COLUMNS"):
    7509                this = "FOR COLUMNS"
    7510                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_column_reference)
    7511        elif self._match_text_seq("SAMPLE"):
    7512            sample = self._parse_number()
    7513            expressions = [
    7514                self.expression(
    7515                    exp.AnalyzeSample,
    7516                    sample=sample,
    7517                    kind=self._prev.text.upper() if self._match(TokenType.PERCENT) else None,
    7518                )
    7519            ]
    7520
    7521        return self.expression(
    7522            exp.AnalyzeStatistics, kind=kind, option=option, this=this, expressions=expressions
    7523        )
    7524
    7525    # https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/21/sqlrf/ANALYZE.html
    7526    def _parse_analyze_validate(self) -> exp.AnalyzeValidate:
    7527        kind = None
    7528        this = None
    7529        expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    7530        if self._match_text_seq("REF", "UPDATE"):
    7531            kind = "REF"
    7532            this = "UPDATE"
    7533            if self._match_text_seq("SET", "DANGLING", "TO", "NULL"):
    7534                this = "UPDATE SET DANGLING TO NULL"
    7535        elif self._match_text_seq("STRUCTURE"):
    7536            kind = "STRUCTURE"
    7537            if self._match_text_seq("CASCADE", "FAST"):
    7538                this = "CASCADE FAST"
    7539            elif self._match_text_seq("CASCADE", "COMPLETE") and self._match_texts(
    7540                ("ONLINE", "OFFLINE")
    7541            ):
    7542                this = f"CASCADE COMPLETE {self._prev.text.upper()}"
    7543                expression = self._parse_into()
    7544
    7545        return self.expression(exp.AnalyzeValidate, kind=kind, this=this, expression=expression)
    7546
    7547    def _parse_analyze_columns(self) -> t.Optional[exp.AnalyzeColumns]:
    7548        this = self._prev.text.upper()
    7549        if self._match_text_seq("COLUMNS"):
    7550            return self.expression(exp.AnalyzeColumns, this=f"{this} {self._prev.text.upper()}")
    7551        return None
    7552
    7553    def _parse_analyze_delete(self) -> t.Optional[exp.AnalyzeDelete]:
    7554        kind = self._prev.text.upper() if self._match_text_seq("SYSTEM") else None
    7555        if self._match_text_seq("STATISTICS"):
    7556            return self.expression(exp.AnalyzeDelete, kind=kind)
    7557        return None
    7558
    7559    def _parse_analyze_list(self) -> t.Optional[exp.AnalyzeListChainedRows]:
    7560        if self._match_text_seq("CHAINED", "ROWS"):
    7561            return self.expression(exp.AnalyzeListChainedRows, expression=self._parse_into())
    7562        return None
    7563
    7564    # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/analyze-table.html
    7565    def _parse_analyze_histogram(self) -> exp.AnalyzeHistogram:
    7566        this = self._prev.text.upper()
    7567        expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    7568        expressions = []
    7569        update_options = None
    7570
    7571        if self._match_text_seq("HISTOGRAM", "ON"):
    7572            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_column_reference)
    7573            with_expressions = []
    7574            while self._match(TokenType.WITH):
    7575                # https://docs.starrocks.io/docs/sql-reference/sql-statements/cbo_stats/ANALYZE_TABLE/
    7576                if self._match_texts(("SYNC", "ASYNC")):
    7577                    if self._match_text_seq("MODE", advance=False):
    7578                        with_expressions.append(f"{self._prev.text.upper()} MODE")
    7579                        self._advance()
    7580                else:
    7581                    buckets = self._parse_number()
    7582                    if self._match_text_seq("BUCKETS"):
    7583                        with_expressions.append(f"{buckets} BUCKETS")
    7584            if with_expressions:
    7585                expression = self.expression(exp.AnalyzeWith, expressions=with_expressions)
    7586
    7587            if self._match_texts(("MANUAL", "AUTO")) and self._match(
    7588                TokenType.UPDATE, advance=False
    7589            ):
    7590                update_options = self._prev.text.upper()
    7591                self._advance()
    7592            elif self._match_text_seq("USING", "DATA"):
    7593                expression = self.expression(exp.UsingData, this=self._parse_string())
    7594
    7595        return self.expression(
    7596            exp.AnalyzeHistogram,
    7597            this=this,
    7598            expressions=expressions,
    7599            expression=expression,
    7600            update_options=update_options,
    7601        )
    7602
    7603    def _parse_merge(self) -> exp.Merge:
    7604        self._match(TokenType.INTO)
    7605        target = self._parse_table()
    7606
    7607        if target and self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False):
    7608            target.set("alias", self._parse_table_alias())
    7609
    7610        self._match(TokenType.USING)
    7611        using = self._parse_table()
    7612
    7613        self._match(TokenType.ON)
    7614        on = self._parse_assignment()
    7615
    7616        return self.expression(
    7617            exp.Merge,
    7618            this=target,
    7619            using=using,
    7620            on=on,
    7621            whens=self._parse_when_matched(),
    7622            returning=self._parse_returning(),
    7623        )
    7624
    7625    def _parse_when_matched(self) -> exp.Whens:
    7626        whens = []
    7627
    7628        while self._match(TokenType.WHEN):
    7629            matched = not self._match(TokenType.NOT)
    7630            self._match_text_seq("MATCHED")
    7631            source = (
    7632                False
    7633                if self._match_text_seq("BY", "TARGET")
    7634                else self._match_text_seq("BY", "SOURCE")
    7635            )
    7636            condition = self._parse_assignment() if self._match(TokenType.AND) else None
    7637
    7638            self._match(TokenType.THEN)
    7639
    7640            if self._match(TokenType.INSERT):
    7641                this = self._parse_star()
    7642                if this:
    7643                    then: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = self.expression(exp.Insert, this=this)
    7644                else:
    7645                    then = self.expression(
    7646                        exp.Insert,
    7647                        this=exp.var("ROW")
    7648                        if self._match_text_seq("ROW")
    7649                        else self._parse_value(values=False),
    7650                        expression=self._match_text_seq("VALUES") and self._parse_value(),
    7651                    )
    7652            elif self._match(TokenType.UPDATE):
    7653                expressions = self._parse_star()
    7654                if expressions:
    7655                    then = self.expression(exp.Update, expressions=expressions)
    7656                else:
    7657                    then = self.expression(
    7658                        exp.Update,
    7659                        expressions=self._match(TokenType.SET)
    7660                        and self._parse_csv(self._parse_equality),
    7661                    )
    7662            elif self._match(TokenType.DELETE):
    7663                then = self.expression(exp.Var, this=self._prev.text)
    7664            else:
    7665                then = self._parse_var_from_options(self.CONFLICT_ACTIONS)
    7666
    7667            whens.append(
    7668                self.expression(
    7669                    exp.When,
    7670                    matched=matched,
    7671                    source=source,
    7672                    condition=condition,
    7673                    then=then,
    7674                )
    7675            )
    7676        return self.expression(exp.Whens, expressions=whens)
    7677
    7678    def _parse_show(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7679        parser = self._find_parser(self.SHOW_PARSERS, self.SHOW_TRIE)
    7680        if parser:
    7681            return parser(self)
    7682        return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
    7683
    7684    def _parse_set_item_assignment(
    7685        self, kind: t.Optional[str] = None
    7686    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7687        index = self._index
    7688
    7689        if kind in ("GLOBAL", "SESSION") and self._match_text_seq("TRANSACTION"):
    7690            return self._parse_set_transaction(global_=kind == "GLOBAL")
    7691
    7692        left = self._parse_primary() or self._parse_column()
    7693        assignment_delimiter = self._match_texts(("=", "TO"))
    7694
    7695        if not left or (self.SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER and not assignment_delimiter):
    7696            self._retreat(index)
    7697            return None
    7698
    7699        right = self._parse_statement() or self._parse_id_var()
    7700        if isinstance(right, (exp.Column, exp.Identifier)):
    7701            right = exp.var(right.name)
    7702
    7703        this = self.expression(exp.EQ, this=left, expression=right)
    7704        return self.expression(exp.SetItem, this=this, kind=kind)
    7705
    7706    def _parse_set_transaction(self, global_: bool = False) -> exp.Expression:
    7707        self._match_text_seq("TRANSACTION")
    7708        characteristics = self._parse_csv(
    7709            lambda: self._parse_var_from_options(self.TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS)
    7710        )
    7711        return self.expression(
    7712            exp.SetItem,
    7713            expressions=characteristics,
    7714            kind="TRANSACTION",
    7715            **{"global": global_},  # type: ignore
    7716        )
    7717
    7718    def _parse_set_item(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7719        parser = self._find_parser(self.SET_PARSERS, self.SET_TRIE)
    7720        return parser(self) if parser else self._parse_set_item_assignment(kind=None)
    7721
    7722    def _parse_set(self, unset: bool = False, tag: bool = False) -> exp.Set | exp.Command:
    7723        index = self._index
    7724        set_ = self.expression(
    7725            exp.Set, expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_set_item), unset=unset, tag=tag
    7726        )
    7727
    7728        if self._curr:
    7729            self._retreat(index)
    7730            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
    7731
    7732        return set_
    7733
    7734    def _parse_var_from_options(
    7735        self, options: OPTIONS_TYPE, raise_unmatched: bool = True
    7736    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Var]:
    7737        start = self._curr
    7738        if not start:
    7739            return None
    7740
    7741        option = start.text.upper()
    7742        continuations = options.get(option)
    7743
    7744        index = self._index
    7745        self._advance()
    7746        for keywords in continuations or []:
    7747            if isinstance(keywords, str):
    7748                keywords = (keywords,)
    7749
    7750            if self._match_text_seq(*keywords):
    7751                option = f"{option} {' '.join(keywords)}"
    7752                break
    7753        else:
    7754            if continuations or continuations is None:
    7755                if raise_unmatched:
    7756                    self.raise_error(f"Unknown option {option}")
    7757
    7758                self._retreat(index)
    7759                return None
    7760
    7761        return exp.var(option)
    7762
    7763    def _parse_as_command(self, start: Token) -> exp.Command:
    7764        while self._curr:
    7765            self._advance()
    7766        text = self._find_sql(start, self._prev)
    7767        size = len(start.text)
    7768        self._warn_unsupported()
    7769        return exp.Command(this=text[:size], expression=text[size:])
    7770
    7771    def _parse_dict_property(self, this: str) -> exp.DictProperty:
    7772        settings = []
    7773
    7774        self._match_l_paren()
    7775        kind = self._parse_id_var()
    7776
    7777        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    7778            while True:
    7779                key = self._parse_id_var()
    7780                value = self._parse_primary()
    7781                if not key and value is None:
    7782                    break
    7783                settings.append(self.expression(exp.DictSubProperty, this=key, value=value))
    7784            self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN)
    7785
    7786        self._match_r_paren()
    7787
    7788        return self.expression(
    7789            exp.DictProperty,
    7790            this=this,
    7791            kind=kind.this if kind else None,
    7792            settings=settings,
    7793        )
    7794
    7795    def _parse_dict_range(self, this: str) -> exp.DictRange:
    7796        self._match_l_paren()
    7797        has_min = self._match_text_seq("MIN")
    7798        if has_min:
    7799            min = self._parse_var() or self._parse_primary()
    7800            self._match_text_seq("MAX")
    7801            max = self._parse_var() or self._parse_primary()
    7802        else:
    7803            max = self._parse_var() or self._parse_primary()
    7804            min = exp.Literal.number(0)
    7805        self._match_r_paren()
    7806        return self.expression(exp.DictRange, this=this, min=min, max=max)
    7807
    7808    def _parse_comprehension(
    7809        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]
    7810    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Comprehension]:
    7811        index = self._index
    7812        expression = self._parse_column()
    7813        if not self._match(TokenType.IN):
    7814            self._retreat(index - 1)
    7815            return None
    7816        iterator = self._parse_column()
    7817        condition = self._parse_assignment() if self._match_text_seq("IF") else None
    7818        return self.expression(
    7819            exp.Comprehension,
    7820            this=this,
    7821            expression=expression,
    7822            iterator=iterator,
    7823            condition=condition,
    7824        )
    7825
    7826    def _parse_heredoc(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Heredoc]:
    7827        if self._match(TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING):
    7828            return self.expression(exp.Heredoc, this=self._prev.text)
    7829
    7830        if not self._match_text_seq("$"):
    7831            return None
    7832
    7833        tags = ["$"]
    7834        tag_text = None
    7835
    7836        if self._is_connected():
    7837            self._advance()
    7838            tags.append(self._prev.text.upper())
    7839        else:
    7840            self.raise_error("No closing $ found")
    7841
    7842        if tags[-1] != "$":
    7843            if self._is_connected() and self._match_text_seq("$"):
    7844                tag_text = tags[-1]
    7845                tags.append("$")
    7846            else:
    7847                self.raise_error("No closing $ found")
    7848
    7849        heredoc_start = self._curr
    7850
    7851        while self._curr:
    7852            if self._match_text_seq(*tags, advance=False):
    7853                this = self._find_sql(heredoc_start, self._prev)
    7854                self._advance(len(tags))
    7855                return self.expression(exp.Heredoc, this=this, tag=tag_text)
    7856
    7857            self._advance()
    7858
    7859        self.raise_error(f"No closing {''.join(tags)} found")
    7860        return None
    7861
    7862    def _find_parser(
    7863        self, parsers: t.Dict[str, t.Callable], trie: t.Dict
    7864    ) -> t.Optional[t.Callable]:
    7865        if not self._curr:
    7866            return None
    7867
    7868        index = self._index
    7869        this = []
    7870        while True:
    7871            # The current token might be multiple words
    7872            curr = self._curr.text.upper()
    7873            key = curr.split(" ")
    7874            this.append(curr)
    7875
    7876            self._advance()
    7877            result, trie = in_trie(trie, key)
    7878            if result == TrieResult.FAILED:
    7879                break
    7880
    7881            if result == TrieResult.EXISTS:
    7882                subparser = parsers[" ".join(this)]
    7883                return subparser
    7884
    7885        self._retreat(index)
    7886        return None
    7887
    7888    def _match(self, token_type, advance=True, expression=None):
    7889        if not self._curr:
    7890            return None
    7891
    7892        if self._curr.token_type == token_type:
    7893            if advance:
    7894                self._advance()
    7895            self._add_comments(expression)
    7896            return True
    7897
    7898        return None
    7899
    7900    def _match_set(self, types, advance=True):
    7901        if not self._curr:
    7902            return None
    7903
    7904        if self._curr.token_type in types:
    7905            if advance:
    7906                self._advance()
    7907            return True
    7908
    7909        return None
    7910
    7911    def _match_pair(self, token_type_a, token_type_b, advance=True):
    7912        if not self._curr or not self._next:
    7913            return None
    7914
    7915        if self._curr.token_type == token_type_a and self._next.token_type == token_type_b:
    7916            if advance:
    7917                self._advance(2)
    7918            return True
    7919
    7920        return None
    7921
    7922    def _match_l_paren(self, expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None) -> None:
    7923        if not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, expression=expression):
    7924            self.raise_error("Expecting (")
    7925
    7926    def _match_r_paren(self, expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None) -> None:
    7927        if not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN, expression=expression):
    7928            self.raise_error("Expecting )")
    7929
    7930    def _match_texts(self, texts, advance=True):
    7931        if (
    7932            self._curr
    7933            and self._curr.token_type != TokenType.STRING
    7934            and self._curr.text.upper() in texts
    7935        ):
    7936            if advance:
    7937                self._advance()
    7938            return True
    7939        return None
    7940
    7941    def _match_text_seq(self, *texts, advance=True):
    7942        index = self._index
    7943        for text in texts:
    7944            if (
    7945                self._curr
    7946                and self._curr.token_type != TokenType.STRING
    7947                and self._curr.text.upper() == text
    7948            ):
    7949                self._advance()
    7950            else:
    7951                self._retreat(index)
    7952                return None
    7953
    7954        if not advance:
    7955            self._retreat(index)
    7956
    7957        return True
    7958
    7959    def _replace_lambda(
    7960        self, node: t.Optional[exp.Expression], expressions: t.List[exp.Expression]
    7961    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7962        if not node:
    7963            return node
    7964
    7965        lambda_types = {e.name: e.args.get("to") or False for e in expressions}
    7966
    7967        for column in node.find_all(exp.Column):
    7968            typ = lambda_types.get(column.parts[0].name)
    7969            if typ is not None:
    7970                dot_or_id = column.to_dot() if column.table else column.this
    7971
    7972                if typ:
    7973                    dot_or_id = self.expression(
    7974                        exp.Cast,
    7975                        this=dot_or_id,
    7976                        to=typ,
    7977                    )
    7978
    7979                parent = column.parent
    7980
    7981                while isinstance(parent, exp.Dot):
    7982                    if not isinstance(parent.parent, exp.Dot):
    7983                        parent.replace(dot_or_id)
    7984                        break
    7985                    parent = parent.parent
    7986                else:
    7987                    if column is node:
    7988                        node = dot_or_id
    7989                    else:
    7990                        column.replace(dot_or_id)
    7991        return node
    7992
    7993    def _parse_truncate_table(self) -> t.Optional[exp.TruncateTable] | exp.Expression:
    7994        start = self._prev
    7995
    7996        # Not to be confused with TRUNCATE(number, decimals) function call
    7997        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    7998            self._retreat(self._index - 2)
    7999            return self._parse_function()
    8000
    8001        # Clickhouse supports TRUNCATE DATABASE as well
    8002        is_database = self._match(TokenType.DATABASE)
    8003
    8004        self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    8005
    8006        exists = self._parse_exists(not_=False)
    8007
    8008        expressions = self._parse_csv(
    8009            lambda: self._parse_table(schema=True, is_db_reference=is_database)
    8010        )
    8011
    8012        cluster = self._parse_on_property() if self._match(TokenType.ON) else None
    8013
    8014        if self._match_text_seq("RESTART", "IDENTITY"):
    8015            identity = "RESTART"
    8016        elif self._match_text_seq("CONTINUE", "IDENTITY"):
    8017            identity = "CONTINUE"
    8018        else:
    8019            identity = None
    8020
    8021        if self._match_text_seq("CASCADE") or self._match_text_seq("RESTRICT"):
    8022            option = self._prev.text
    8023        else:
    8024            option = None
    8025
    8026        partition = self._parse_partition()
    8027
    8028        # Fallback case
    8029        if self._curr:
    8030            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    8031
    8032        return self.expression(
    8033            exp.TruncateTable,
    8034            expressions=expressions,
    8035            is_database=is_database,
    8036            exists=exists,
    8037            cluster=cluster,
    8038            identity=identity,
    8039            option=option,
    8040            partition=partition,
    8041        )
    8042
    8043    def _parse_with_operator(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    8044        this = self._parse_ordered(self._parse_opclass)
    8045
    8046        if not self._match(TokenType.WITH):
    8047            return this
    8048
    8049        op = self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    8050
    8051        return self.expression(exp.WithOperator, this=this, op=op)
    8052
    8053    def _parse_wrapped_options(self) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    8054        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    8055        self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
    8056
    8057        opts: t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]] = []
    8058        option: exp.Expression | None
    8059        while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    8060            if self._match_text_seq("FORMAT_NAME", "="):
    8061                # The FORMAT_NAME can be set to an identifier for Snowflake and T-SQL
    8062                option = self._parse_format_name()
    8063            else:
    8064                option = self._parse_property()
    8065
    8066            if option is None:
    8067                self.raise_error("Unable to parse option")
    8068                break
    8069
    8070            opts.append(option)
    8071
    8072        return opts
    8073
    8074    def _parse_copy_parameters(self) -> t.List[exp.CopyParameter]:
    8075        sep = TokenType.COMMA if self.dialect.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV else None
    8076
    8077        options = []
    8078        while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN, advance=False):
    8079            option = self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    8080            prev = self._prev.text.upper()
    8081
    8082            # Different dialects might separate options and values by white space, "=" and "AS"
    8083            self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    8084            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    8085
    8086            param = self.expression(exp.CopyParameter, this=option)
    8087
    8088            if prev in self.COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS and self._match(
    8089                TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False
    8090            ):
    8091                # Snowflake FILE_FORMAT case, Databricks COPY & FORMAT options
    8092                param.set("expressions", self._parse_wrapped_options())
    8093            elif prev == "FILE_FORMAT":
    8094                # T-SQL's external file format case
    8095                param.set("expression", self._parse_field())
    8096            else:
    8097                param.set("expression", self._parse_unquoted_field())
    8098
    8099            options.append(param)
    8100            self._match(sep)
    8101
    8102        return options
    8103
    8104    def _parse_credentials(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Credentials]:
    8105        expr = self.expression(exp.Credentials)
    8106
    8107        if self._match_text_seq("STORAGE_INTEGRATION", "="):
    8108            expr.set("storage", self._parse_field())
    8109        if self._match_text_seq("CREDENTIALS"):
    8110            # Snowflake case: CREDENTIALS = (...), Redshift case: CREDENTIALS <string>
    8111            creds = (
    8112                self._parse_wrapped_options() if self._match(TokenType.EQ) else self._parse_field()
    8113            )
    8114            expr.set("credentials", creds)
    8115        if self._match_text_seq("ENCRYPTION"):
    8116            expr.set("encryption", self._parse_wrapped_options())
    8117        if self._match_text_seq("IAM_ROLE"):
    8118            expr.set("iam_role", self._parse_field())
    8119        if self._match_text_seq("REGION"):
    8120            expr.set("region", self._parse_field())
    8121
    8122        return expr
    8123
    8124    def _parse_file_location(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    8125        return self._parse_field()
    8126
    8127    def _parse_copy(self) -> exp.Copy | exp.Command:
    8128        start = self._prev
    8129
    8130        self._match(TokenType.INTO)
    8131
    8132        this = (
    8133            self._parse_select(nested=True, parse_subquery_alias=False)
    8134            if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False)
    8135            else self._parse_table(schema=True)
    8136        )
    8137
    8138        kind = self._match(TokenType.FROM) or not self._match_text_seq("TO")
    8139
    8140        files = self._parse_csv(self._parse_file_location)
    8141        credentials = self._parse_credentials()
    8142
    8143        self._match_text_seq("WITH")
    8144
    8145        params = self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_copy_parameters, optional=True)
    8146
    8147        # Fallback case
    8148        if self._curr:
    8149            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    8150
    8151        return self.expression(
    8152            exp.Copy,
    8153            this=this,
    8154            kind=kind,
    8155            credentials=credentials,
    8156            files=files,
    8157            params=params,
    8158        )
    8159
    8160    def _parse_normalize(self) -> exp.Normalize:
    8161        return self.expression(
    8162            exp.Normalize,
    8163            this=self._parse_bitwise(),
    8164            form=self._match(TokenType.COMMA) and self._parse_var(),
    8165        )
    8166
    8167    def _parse_ceil_floor(self, expr_type: t.Type[TCeilFloor]) -> TCeilFloor:
    8168        args = self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_lambda())
    8169
    8170        this = seq_get(args, 0)
    8171        decimals = seq_get(args, 1)
    8172
    8173        return expr_type(
    8174            this=this, decimals=decimals, to=self._match_text_seq("TO") and self._parse_var()
    8175        )
    8176
    8177    def _parse_star_ops(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    8178        if self._match_text_seq("COLUMNS", "(", advance=False):
    8179            this = self._parse_function()
    8180            if isinstance(this, exp.Columns):
    8181                this.set("unpack", True)
    8182            return this
    8183
    8184        return self.expression(
    8185            exp.Star,
    8186            **{  # type: ignore
    8187                "except": self._parse_star_op("EXCEPT", "EXCLUDE"),
    8188                "replace": self._parse_star_op("REPLACE"),
    8189                "rename": self._parse_star_op("RENAME"),
    8190            },
    8191        )
    8192
    8193    def _parse_grant_privilege(self) -> t.Optional[exp.GrantPrivilege]:
    8194        privilege_parts = []
    8195
    8196        # Keep consuming consecutive keywords until comma (end of this privilege) or ON
    8197        # (end of privilege list) or L_PAREN (start of column list) are met
    8198        while self._curr and not self._match_set(self.PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS, advance=False):
    8199            privilege_parts.append(self._curr.text.upper())
    8200            self._advance()
    8201
    8202        this = exp.var(" ".join(privilege_parts))
    8203        expressions = (
    8204            self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_column)
    8205            if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False)
    8206            else None
    8207        )
    8208
    8209        return self.expression(exp.GrantPrivilege, this=this, expressions=expressions)
    8210
    8211    def _parse_grant_principal(self) -> t.Optional[exp.GrantPrincipal]:
    8212        kind = self._match_texts(("ROLE", "GROUP")) and self._prev.text.upper()
    8213        principal = self._parse_id_var()
    8214
    8215        if not principal:
    8216            return None
    8217
    8218        return self.expression(exp.GrantPrincipal, this=principal, kind=kind)
    8219
    8220    def _parse_grant(self) -> exp.Grant | exp.Command:
    8221        start = self._prev
    8222
    8223        privileges = self._parse_csv(self._parse_grant_privilege)
    8224
    8225        self._match(TokenType.ON)
    8226        kind = self._match_set(self.CREATABLES) and self._prev.text.upper()
    8227
    8228        # Attempt to parse the securable e.g. MySQL allows names
    8229        # such as "foo.*", "*.*" which are not easily parseable yet
    8230        securable = self._try_parse(self._parse_table_parts)
    8231
    8232        if not securable or not self._match_text_seq("TO"):
    8233            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    8234
    8235        principals = self._parse_csv(self._parse_grant_principal)
    8236
    8237        grant_option = self._match_text_seq("WITH", "GRANT", "OPTION")
    8238
    8239        if self._curr:
    8240            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    8241
    8242        return self.expression(
    8243            exp.Grant,
    8244            privileges=privileges,
    8245            kind=kind,
    8246            securable=securable,
    8247            principals=principals,
    8248            grant_option=grant_option,
    8249        )
    8250
    8251    def _parse_overlay(self) -> exp.Overlay:
    8252        return self.expression(
    8253            exp.Overlay,
    8254            **{  # type: ignore
    8255                "this": self._parse_bitwise(),
    8256                "expression": self._match_text_seq("PLACING") and self._parse_bitwise(),
    8257                "from": self._match_text_seq("FROM") and self._parse_bitwise(),
    8258                "for": self._match_text_seq("FOR") and self._parse_bitwise(),
    8259            },
    8260        )
    8261
    8262    def _parse_format_name(self) -> exp.Property:
    8263        # Note: Although not specified in the docs, Snowflake does accept a string/identifier
    8264        # for FILE_FORMAT = <format_name>
    8265        return self.expression(
    8266            exp.Property,
    8267            this=exp.var("FORMAT_NAME"),
    8268            value=self._parse_string() or self._parse_table_parts(),
    8269        )
    8270
    8271    def _parse_max_min_by(self, expr_type: t.Type[exp.AggFunc]) -> exp.AggFunc:
    8272        args: t.List[exp.Expression] = []
    8273
    8274        if self._match(TokenType.DISTINCT):
    8275            args.append(self.expression(exp.Distinct, expressions=[self._parse_assignment()]))
    8276            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    8277
    8278        args.extend(self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment))
    8279
    8280        return self.expression(
    8281            expr_type, this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), count=seq_get(args, 2)
    8282        )
    8283
    8284    def _identifier_expression(
    8285        self, token: t.Optional[Token] = None, **kwargs: t.Any
    8286    ) -> exp.Identifier:
    8287        token = token or self._prev
    8288        expression = self.expression(exp.Identifier, this=token.text, **kwargs)
    8289        expression.update_positions(token)
    8290        return expression

logger = <Logger sqlglot (WARNING)>
OPTIONS_TYPE = typing.Dict[str, typing.Sequence[typing.Union[typing.Sequence[str], str]]]
def build_var_map(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.StarMap | sqlglot.expressions.VarMap: View Source

    28def build_var_map(args: t.List) -> exp.StarMap | exp.VarMap:
    29    if len(args) == 1 and args[0].is_star:
    30        return exp.StarMap(this=args[0])
    31
    32    keys = []
    33    values = []
    34    for i in range(0, len(args), 2):
    35        keys.append(args[i])
    36        values.append(args[i + 1])
    37
    38    return exp.VarMap(keys=exp.array(*keys, copy=False), values=exp.array(*values, copy=False))

def build_like(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.Escape | sqlglot.expressions.Like: View Source

    41def build_like(args: t.List) -> exp.Escape | exp.Like:
    42    like = exp.Like(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=seq_get(args, 0))
    43    return exp.Escape(this=like, expression=seq_get(args, 2)) if len(args) > 2 else like

def binary_range_parser( expr_type: Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], reverse_args: bool = False) -> Callable[[Parser, Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]], Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]: View Source

    46def binary_range_parser(
    47    expr_type: t.Type[exp.Expression], reverse_args: bool = False
    48) -> t.Callable[[Parser, t.Optional[exp.Expression]], t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    49    def _parse_binary_range(
    50        self: Parser, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]
    51    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    52        expression = self._parse_bitwise()
    53        if reverse_args:
    54            this, expression = expression, this
    55        return self._parse_escape(self.expression(expr_type, this=this, expression=expression))
    56
    57    return _parse_binary_range

def build_logarithm( args: List, dialect: sqlglot.dialects.Dialect) -> sqlglot.expressions.Func: View Source

    60def build_logarithm(args: t.List, dialect: Dialect) -> exp.Func:
    61    # Default argument order is base, expression
    62    this = seq_get(args, 0)
    63    expression = seq_get(args, 1)
    64
    65    if expression:
    66        if not dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST:
    67            this, expression = expression, this
    68        return exp.Log(this=this, expression=expression)
    69
    70    return (exp.Ln if dialect.parser_class.LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN else exp.Log)(this=this)

def build_hex( args: List, dialect: sqlglot.dialects.Dialect) -> sqlglot.expressions.Hex | sqlglot.expressions.LowerHex: View Source

    73def build_hex(args: t.List, dialect: Dialect) -> exp.Hex | exp.LowerHex:
    74    arg = seq_get(args, 0)
    75    return exp.LowerHex(this=arg) if dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE else exp.Hex(this=arg)

def build_lower(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.Lower | sqlglot.expressions.Hex: View Source

    78def build_lower(args: t.List) -> exp.Lower | exp.Hex:
    79    # LOWER(HEX(..)) can be simplified to LowerHex to simplify its transpilation
    80    arg = seq_get(args, 0)
    81    return exp.LowerHex(this=arg.this) if isinstance(arg, exp.Hex) else exp.Lower(this=arg)

def build_upper(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.Upper | sqlglot.expressions.Hex: View Source

    84def build_upper(args: t.List) -> exp.Upper | exp.Hex:
    85    # UPPER(HEX(..)) can be simplified to Hex to simplify its transpilation
    86    arg = seq_get(args, 0)
    87    return exp.Hex(this=arg.this) if isinstance(arg, exp.Hex) else exp.Upper(this=arg)

def build_extract_json_with_path( expr_type: Type[~E]) -> Callable[[List, sqlglot.dialects.Dialect], ~E]: View Source

     90def build_extract_json_with_path(expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> t.Callable[[t.List, Dialect], E]:
     91    def _builder(args: t.List, dialect: Dialect) -> E:
     92        expression = expr_type(
     93            this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=dialect.to_json_path(seq_get(args, 1))
     94        )
     95        if len(args) > 2 and expr_type is exp.JSONExtract:
     96            expression.set("expressions", args[2:])
     97
     98        return expression
     99
    100    return _builder

def build_mod(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.Mod: View Source

    103def build_mod(args: t.List) -> exp.Mod:
    104    this = seq_get(args, 0)
    105    expression = seq_get(args, 1)
    106
    107    # Wrap the operands if they are binary nodes, e.g. MOD(a + 1, 7) -> (a + 1) % 7
    108    this = exp.Paren(this=this) if isinstance(this, exp.Binary) else this
    109    expression = exp.Paren(this=expression) if isinstance(expression, exp.Binary) else expression
    110
    111    return exp.Mod(this=this, expression=expression)

def build_pad(args: List, is_left: bool = True): View Source

    114def build_pad(args: t.List, is_left: bool = True):
    115    return exp.Pad(
    116        this=seq_get(args, 0),
    117        expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    118        fill_pattern=seq_get(args, 2),
    119        is_left=is_left,
    120    )

def build_array_constructor( exp_class: Type[~E], args: List, bracket_kind: sqlglot.tokens.TokenType, dialect: sqlglot.dialects.Dialect) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    123def build_array_constructor(
    124    exp_class: t.Type[E], args: t.List, bracket_kind: TokenType, dialect: Dialect
    125) -> exp.Expression:
    126    array_exp = exp_class(expressions=args)
    127
    128    if exp_class == exp.Array and dialect.HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS:
    129        array_exp.set("bracket_notation", bracket_kind == TokenType.L_BRACKET)
    130
    131    return array_exp

def build_convert_timezone( args: List, default_source_tz: Optional[str] = None) -> Union[sqlglot.expressions.ConvertTimezone, sqlglot.expressions.Anonymous]: View Source

    134def build_convert_timezone(
    135    args: t.List, default_source_tz: t.Optional[str] = None
    136) -> t.Union[exp.ConvertTimezone, exp.Anonymous]:
    137    if len(args) == 2:
    138        source_tz = exp.Literal.string(default_source_tz) if default_source_tz else None
    139        return exp.ConvertTimezone(
    140            source_tz=source_tz, target_tz=seq_get(args, 0), timestamp=seq_get(args, 1)
    141        )
    142
    143    return exp.ConvertTimezone.from_arg_list(args)

def build_trim(args: List, is_left: bool = True): View Source

    146def build_trim(args: t.List, is_left: bool = True):
    147    return exp.Trim(
    148        this=seq_get(args, 0),
    149        expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    150        position="LEADING" if is_left else "TRAILING",
    151    )

def build_coalesce( args: List, is_nvl: Optional[bool] = None, is_null: Optional[bool] = None) -> sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce: View Source

    154def build_coalesce(
    155    args: t.List, is_nvl: t.Optional[bool] = None, is_null: t.Optional[bool] = None
    156) -> exp.Coalesce:
    157    return exp.Coalesce(this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], is_nvl=is_nvl, is_null=is_null)

def build_locate_strposition(args: List): View Source

    160def build_locate_strposition(args: t.List):
    161    return exp.StrPosition(
    162        this=seq_get(args, 1),
    163        substr=seq_get(args, 0),
    164        position=seq_get(args, 2),
    165    )

class Parser: View Source

     178class Parser(metaclass=_Parser):
     179    """
     180    Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.
     181
     182    Args:
     183        error_level: The desired error level.
     184            Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
     185        error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying
     186            the error message (in number of characters).
     187            Default: 100
     188        max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError.
     189            This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE.
     190            Default: 3
     191    """
     192
     193    FUNCTIONS: t.Dict[str, t.Callable] = {
     194        **{name: func.from_arg_list for name, func in exp.FUNCTION_BY_NAME.items()},
     195        **dict.fromkeys(("COALESCE", "IFNULL", "NVL"), build_coalesce),
     196        "ARRAY": lambda args, dialect: exp.Array(expressions=args),
     197        "ARRAYAGG": lambda args, dialect: exp.ArrayAgg(
     198            this=seq_get(args, 0), nulls_excluded=dialect.ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS is None or None
     199        ),
     200        "ARRAY_AGG": lambda args, dialect: exp.ArrayAgg(
     201            this=seq_get(args, 0), nulls_excluded=dialect.ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS is None or None
     202        ),
     203        "CHAR": lambda args: exp.Chr(expressions=args),
     204        "CHR": lambda args: exp.Chr(expressions=args),
     205        "COUNT": lambda args: exp.Count(this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=True),
     206        "CONCAT": lambda args, dialect: exp.Concat(
     207            expressions=args,
     208            safe=not dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT,
     209            coalesce=dialect.CONCAT_COALESCE,
     210        ),
     211        "CONCAT_WS": lambda args, dialect: exp.ConcatWs(
     212            expressions=args,
     213            safe=not dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT,
     214            coalesce=dialect.CONCAT_COALESCE,
     215        ),
     216        "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": build_convert_timezone,
     217        "DATE_TO_DATE_STR": lambda args: exp.Cast(
     218            this=seq_get(args, 0),
     219            to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.TEXT),
     220        ),
     221        "GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY": lambda args: exp.GenerateDateArray(
     222            start=seq_get(args, 0),
     223            end=seq_get(args, 1),
     224            step=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Interval(this=exp.Literal.string(1), unit=exp.var("DAY")),
     225        ),
     226        "GLOB": lambda args: exp.Glob(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=seq_get(args, 0)),
     227        "HEX": build_hex,
     228        "JSON_EXTRACT": build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
     229        "JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR": build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
     230        "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT": build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
     231        "LIKE": build_like,
     232        "LOG": build_logarithm,
     233        "LOG2": lambda args: exp.Log(this=exp.Literal.number(2), expression=seq_get(args, 0)),
     234        "LOG10": lambda args: exp.Log(this=exp.Literal.number(10), expression=seq_get(args, 0)),
     235        "LOWER": build_lower,
     236        "LPAD": lambda args: build_pad(args),
     237        "LEFTPAD": lambda args: build_pad(args),
     238        "LTRIM": lambda args: build_trim(args),
     239        "MOD": build_mod,
     240        "RIGHTPAD": lambda args: build_pad(args, is_left=False),
     241        "RPAD": lambda args: build_pad(args, is_left=False),
     242        "RTRIM": lambda args: build_trim(args, is_left=False),
     243        "SCOPE_RESOLUTION": lambda args: exp.ScopeResolution(expression=seq_get(args, 0))
     244        if len(args) != 2
     245        else exp.ScopeResolution(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1)),
     246        "STRPOS": exp.StrPosition.from_arg_list,
     247        "CHARINDEX": lambda args: build_locate_strposition(args),
     248        "INSTR": exp.StrPosition.from_arg_list,
     249        "LOCATE": lambda args: build_locate_strposition(args),
     250        "TIME_TO_TIME_STR": lambda args: exp.Cast(
     251            this=seq_get(args, 0),
     252            to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.TEXT),
     253        ),
     254        "TO_HEX": build_hex,
     255        "TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR": lambda args: exp.Substring(
     256            this=exp.Cast(
     257                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     258                to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.TEXT),
     259            ),
     260            start=exp.Literal.number(1),
     261            length=exp.Literal.number(10),
     262        ),
     263        "UNNEST": lambda args: exp.Unnest(expressions=ensure_list(seq_get(args, 0))),
     264        "UPPER": build_upper,
     265        "VAR_MAP": build_var_map,
     266    }
     267
     268    NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS = {
     269        TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: exp.CurrentDate,
     270        TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: exp.CurrentDate,
     271        TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: exp.CurrentTime,
     272        TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: exp.CurrentTimestamp,
     273        TokenType.CURRENT_USER: exp.CurrentUser,
     274    }
     275
     276    STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS = {
     277        TokenType.NESTED,
     278        TokenType.OBJECT,
     279        TokenType.STRUCT,
     280        TokenType.UNION,
     281    }
     282
     283    NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS = {
     284        TokenType.ARRAY,
     285        TokenType.LIST,
     286        TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY,
     287        TokenType.MAP,
     288        TokenType.NULLABLE,
     289        TokenType.RANGE,
     290        *STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS,
     291    }
     292
     293    ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS = {
     294        TokenType.DYNAMIC,
     295        TokenType.ENUM,
     296        TokenType.ENUM8,
     297        TokenType.ENUM16,
     298    }
     299
     300    AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS = {
     301        TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION,
     302        TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION,
     303    }
     304
     305    TYPE_TOKENS = {
     306        TokenType.BIT,
     307        TokenType.BOOLEAN,
     308        TokenType.TINYINT,
     309        TokenType.UTINYINT,
     310        TokenType.SMALLINT,
     311        TokenType.USMALLINT,
     312        TokenType.INT,
     313        TokenType.UINT,
     314        TokenType.BIGINT,
     315        TokenType.UBIGINT,
     316        TokenType.INT128,
     317        TokenType.UINT128,
     318        TokenType.INT256,
     319        TokenType.UINT256,
     320        TokenType.MEDIUMINT,
     321        TokenType.UMEDIUMINT,
     322        TokenType.FIXEDSTRING,
     323        TokenType.FLOAT,
     324        TokenType.DOUBLE,
     325        TokenType.UDOUBLE,
     326        TokenType.CHAR,
     327        TokenType.NCHAR,
     328        TokenType.VARCHAR,
     329        TokenType.NVARCHAR,
     330        TokenType.BPCHAR,
     331        TokenType.TEXT,
     332        TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT,
     333        TokenType.LONGTEXT,
     334        TokenType.BLOB,
     335        TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB,
     336        TokenType.LONGBLOB,
     337        TokenType.BINARY,
     338        TokenType.VARBINARY,
     339        TokenType.JSON,
     340        TokenType.JSONB,
     341        TokenType.INTERVAL,
     342        TokenType.TINYBLOB,
     343        TokenType.TINYTEXT,
     344        TokenType.TIME,
     345        TokenType.TIMETZ,
     346        TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     347        TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
     348        TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
     349        TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
     350        TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
     351        TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
     352        TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ,
     353        TokenType.DATETIME,
     354        TokenType.DATETIME2,
     355        TokenType.DATETIME64,
     356        TokenType.SMALLDATETIME,
     357        TokenType.DATE,
     358        TokenType.DATE32,
     359        TokenType.INT4RANGE,
     360        TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE,
     361        TokenType.INT8RANGE,
     362        TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE,
     363        TokenType.NUMRANGE,
     364        TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE,
     365        TokenType.TSRANGE,
     366        TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE,
     367        TokenType.TSTZRANGE,
     368        TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE,
     369        TokenType.DATERANGE,
     370        TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE,
     371        TokenType.DECIMAL,
     372        TokenType.DECIMAL32,
     373        TokenType.DECIMAL64,
     374        TokenType.DECIMAL128,
     375        TokenType.DECIMAL256,
     376        TokenType.UDECIMAL,
     377        TokenType.BIGDECIMAL,
     378        TokenType.UUID,
     379        TokenType.GEOGRAPHY,
     380        TokenType.GEOMETRY,
     381        TokenType.POINT,
     382        TokenType.RING,
     383        TokenType.LINESTRING,
     384        TokenType.MULTILINESTRING,
     385        TokenType.POLYGON,
     386        TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON,
     387        TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
     388        TokenType.HSTORE,
     389        TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE,
     390        TokenType.SUPER,
     391        TokenType.SERIAL,
     392        TokenType.SMALLSERIAL,
     393        TokenType.BIGSERIAL,
     394        TokenType.XML,
     395        TokenType.YEAR,
     396        TokenType.USERDEFINED,
     397        TokenType.MONEY,
     398        TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
     399        TokenType.ROWVERSION,
     400        TokenType.IMAGE,
     401        TokenType.VARIANT,
     402        TokenType.VECTOR,
     403        TokenType.VOID,
     404        TokenType.OBJECT,
     405        TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
     406        TokenType.INET,
     407        TokenType.IPADDRESS,
     408        TokenType.IPPREFIX,
     409        TokenType.IPV4,
     410        TokenType.IPV6,
     411        TokenType.UNKNOWN,
     412        TokenType.NOTHING,
     413        TokenType.NULL,
     414        TokenType.NAME,
     415        TokenType.TDIGEST,
     416        TokenType.DYNAMIC,
     417        *ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS,
     418        *NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS,
     419        *AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS,
     420    }
     421
     422    SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN = {
     423        TokenType.BIGINT: TokenType.UBIGINT,
     424        TokenType.INT: TokenType.UINT,
     425        TokenType.MEDIUMINT: TokenType.UMEDIUMINT,
     426        TokenType.SMALLINT: TokenType.USMALLINT,
     427        TokenType.TINYINT: TokenType.UTINYINT,
     428        TokenType.DECIMAL: TokenType.UDECIMAL,
     429        TokenType.DOUBLE: TokenType.UDOUBLE,
     430    }
     431
     432    SUBQUERY_PREDICATES = {
     433        TokenType.ANY: exp.Any,
     434        TokenType.ALL: exp.All,
     435        TokenType.EXISTS: exp.Exists,
     436        TokenType.SOME: exp.Any,
     437    }
     438
     439    RESERVED_TOKENS = {
     440        *Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.values(),
     441        TokenType.SELECT,
     442    } - {TokenType.IDENTIFIER}
     443
     444    DB_CREATABLES = {
     445        TokenType.DATABASE,
     446        TokenType.DICTIONARY,
     447        TokenType.FILE_FORMAT,
     448        TokenType.MODEL,
     449        TokenType.NAMESPACE,
     450        TokenType.SCHEMA,
     451        TokenType.SEQUENCE,
     452        TokenType.SINK,
     453        TokenType.SOURCE,
     454        TokenType.STAGE,
     455        TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION,
     456        TokenType.STREAMLIT,
     457        TokenType.TABLE,
     458        TokenType.TAG,
     459        TokenType.VIEW,
     460        TokenType.WAREHOUSE,
     461    }
     462
     463    CREATABLES = {
     464        TokenType.COLUMN,
     465        TokenType.CONSTRAINT,
     466        TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY,
     467        TokenType.FUNCTION,
     468        TokenType.INDEX,
     469        TokenType.PROCEDURE,
     470        *DB_CREATABLES,
     471    }
     472
     473    ALTERABLES = {
     474        TokenType.INDEX,
     475        TokenType.TABLE,
     476        TokenType.VIEW,
     477    }
     478
     479    # Tokens that can represent identifiers
     480    ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
     481        TokenType.ALL,
     482        TokenType.ATTACH,
     483        TokenType.VAR,
     484        TokenType.ANTI,
     485        TokenType.APPLY,
     486        TokenType.ASC,
     487        TokenType.ASOF,
     488        TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT,
     489        TokenType.BEGIN,
     490        TokenType.BPCHAR,
     491        TokenType.CACHE,
     492        TokenType.CASE,
     493        TokenType.COLLATE,
     494        TokenType.COMMAND,
     495        TokenType.COMMENT,
     496        TokenType.COMMIT,
     497        TokenType.CONSTRAINT,
     498        TokenType.COPY,
     499        TokenType.CUBE,
     500        TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA,
     501        TokenType.DEFAULT,
     502        TokenType.DELETE,
     503        TokenType.DESC,
     504        TokenType.DESCRIBE,
     505        TokenType.DETACH,
     506        TokenType.DICTIONARY,
     507        TokenType.DIV,
     508        TokenType.END,
     509        TokenType.EXECUTE,
     510        TokenType.EXPORT,
     511        TokenType.ESCAPE,
     512        TokenType.FALSE,
     513        TokenType.FIRST,
     514        TokenType.FILTER,
     515        TokenType.FINAL,
     516        TokenType.FORMAT,
     517        TokenType.FULL,
     518        TokenType.GET,
     519        TokenType.IDENTIFIER,
     520        TokenType.IS,
     521        TokenType.ISNULL,
     522        TokenType.INTERVAL,
     523        TokenType.KEEP,
     524        TokenType.KILL,
     525        TokenType.LEFT,
     526        TokenType.LIMIT,
     527        TokenType.LOAD,
     528        TokenType.MERGE,
     529        TokenType.NATURAL,
     530        TokenType.NEXT,
     531        TokenType.OFFSET,
     532        TokenType.OPERATOR,
     533        TokenType.ORDINALITY,
     534        TokenType.OVERLAPS,
     535        TokenType.OVERWRITE,
     536        TokenType.PARTITION,
     537        TokenType.PERCENT,
     538        TokenType.PIVOT,
     539        TokenType.PRAGMA,
     540        TokenType.PUT,
     541        TokenType.RANGE,
     542        TokenType.RECURSIVE,
     543        TokenType.REFERENCES,
     544        TokenType.REFRESH,
     545        TokenType.RENAME,
     546        TokenType.REPLACE,
     547        TokenType.RIGHT,
     548        TokenType.ROLLUP,
     549        TokenType.ROW,
     550        TokenType.ROWS,
     551        TokenType.SEMI,
     552        TokenType.SET,
     553        TokenType.SETTINGS,
     554        TokenType.SHOW,
     555        TokenType.TEMPORARY,
     556        TokenType.TOP,
     557        TokenType.TRUE,
     558        TokenType.TRUNCATE,
     559        TokenType.UNIQUE,
     560        TokenType.UNNEST,
     561        TokenType.UNPIVOT,
     562        TokenType.UPDATE,
     563        TokenType.USE,
     564        TokenType.VOLATILE,
     565        TokenType.WINDOW,
     566        *CREATABLES,
     567        *SUBQUERY_PREDICATES,
     568        *TYPE_TOKENS,
     569        *NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS,
     570    }
     571    ID_VAR_TOKENS.remove(TokenType.UNION)
     572
     573    TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
     574        TokenType.ANTI,
     575        TokenType.APPLY,
     576        TokenType.ASOF,
     577        TokenType.FULL,
     578        TokenType.LEFT,
     579        TokenType.LOCK,
     580        TokenType.NATURAL,
     581        TokenType.RIGHT,
     582        TokenType.SEMI,
     583        TokenType.WINDOW,
     584    }
     585
     586    ALIAS_TOKENS = ID_VAR_TOKENS
     587
     588    COLON_PLACEHOLDER_TOKENS = ID_VAR_TOKENS
     589
     590    ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = {
     591        "ARRAY": exp.Array,
     592        "LIST": exp.List,
     593    }
     594
     595    COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {TokenType.IS}
     596
     597    UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS = TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {TokenType.SET}
     598
     599    TRIM_TYPES = {"LEADING", "TRAILING", "BOTH"}
     600
     601    FUNC_TOKENS = {
     602        TokenType.COLLATE,
     603        TokenType.COMMAND,
     604        TokenType.CURRENT_DATE,
     605        TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME,
     606        TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA,
     607        TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
     608        TokenType.CURRENT_TIME,
     609        TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
     610        TokenType.FILTER,
     611        TokenType.FIRST,
     612        TokenType.FORMAT,
     613        TokenType.GET,
     614        TokenType.GLOB,
     615        TokenType.IDENTIFIER,
     616        TokenType.INDEX,
     617        TokenType.ISNULL,
     618        TokenType.ILIKE,
     619        TokenType.INSERT,
     620        TokenType.LIKE,
     621        TokenType.MERGE,
     622        TokenType.NEXT,
     623        TokenType.OFFSET,
     624        TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY,
     625        TokenType.RANGE,
     626        TokenType.REPLACE,
     627        TokenType.RLIKE,
     628        TokenType.ROW,
     629        TokenType.UNNEST,
     630        TokenType.VAR,
     631        TokenType.LEFT,
     632        TokenType.RIGHT,
     633        TokenType.SEQUENCE,
     634        TokenType.DATE,
     635        TokenType.DATETIME,
     636        TokenType.TABLE,
     637        TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     638        TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
     639        TokenType.TRUNCATE,
     640        TokenType.WINDOW,
     641        TokenType.XOR,
     642        *TYPE_TOKENS,
     643        *SUBQUERY_PREDICATES,
     644    }
     645
     646    CONJUNCTION: t.Dict[TokenType, t.Type[exp.Expression]] = {
     647        TokenType.AND: exp.And,
     648    }
     649
     650    ASSIGNMENT: t.Dict[TokenType, t.Type[exp.Expression]] = {
     651        TokenType.COLON_EQ: exp.PropertyEQ,
     652    }
     653
     654    DISJUNCTION: t.Dict[TokenType, t.Type[exp.Expression]] = {
     655        TokenType.OR: exp.Or,
     656    }
     657
     658    EQUALITY = {
     659        TokenType.EQ: exp.EQ,
     660        TokenType.NEQ: exp.NEQ,
     661        TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: exp.NullSafeEQ,
     662    }
     663
     664    COMPARISON = {
     665        TokenType.GT: exp.GT,
     666        TokenType.GTE: exp.GTE,
     667        TokenType.LT: exp.LT,
     668        TokenType.LTE: exp.LTE,
     669    }
     670
     671    BITWISE = {
     672        TokenType.AMP: exp.BitwiseAnd,
     673        TokenType.CARET: exp.BitwiseXor,
     674        TokenType.PIPE: exp.BitwiseOr,
     675    }
     676
     677    TERM = {
     678        TokenType.DASH: exp.Sub,
     679        TokenType.PLUS: exp.Add,
     680        TokenType.MOD: exp.Mod,
     681        TokenType.COLLATE: exp.Collate,
     682    }
     683
     684    FACTOR = {
     685        TokenType.DIV: exp.IntDiv,
     686        TokenType.LR_ARROW: exp.Distance,
     687        TokenType.SLASH: exp.Div,
     688        TokenType.STAR: exp.Mul,
     689    }
     690
     691    EXPONENT: t.Dict[TokenType, t.Type[exp.Expression]] = {}
     692
     693    TIMES = {
     694        TokenType.TIME,
     695        TokenType.TIMETZ,
     696    }
     697
     698    TIMESTAMPS = {
     699        TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     700        TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ,
     701        TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
     702        TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
     703        *TIMES,
     704    }
     705
     706    SET_OPERATIONS = {
     707        TokenType.UNION,
     708        TokenType.INTERSECT,
     709        TokenType.EXCEPT,
     710    }
     711
     712    JOIN_METHODS = {
     713        TokenType.ASOF,
     714        TokenType.NATURAL,
     715        TokenType.POSITIONAL,
     716    }
     717
     718    JOIN_SIDES = {
     719        TokenType.LEFT,
     720        TokenType.RIGHT,
     721        TokenType.FULL,
     722    }
     723
     724    JOIN_KINDS = {
     725        TokenType.ANTI,
     726        TokenType.CROSS,
     727        TokenType.INNER,
     728        TokenType.OUTER,
     729        TokenType.SEMI,
     730        TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN,
     731    }
     732
     733    JOIN_HINTS: t.Set[str] = set()
     734
     735    LAMBDAS = {
     736        TokenType.ARROW: lambda self, expressions: self.expression(
     737            exp.Lambda,
     738            this=self._replace_lambda(
     739                self._parse_assignment(),
     740                expressions,
     741            ),
     742            expressions=expressions,
     743        ),
     744        TokenType.FARROW: lambda self, expressions: self.expression(
     745            exp.Kwarg,
     746            this=exp.var(expressions[0].name),
     747            expression=self._parse_assignment(),
     748        ),
     749    }
     750
     751    COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
     752        TokenType.DOT: None,
     753        TokenType.DOTCOLON: lambda self, this, to: self.expression(
     754            exp.JSONCast,
     755            this=this,
     756            to=to,
     757        ),
     758        TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this, to: self.expression(
     759            exp.Cast if self.STRICT_CAST else exp.TryCast,
     760            this=this,
     761            to=to,
     762        ),
     763        TokenType.ARROW: lambda self, this, path: self.expression(
     764            exp.JSONExtract,
     765            this=this,
     766            expression=self.dialect.to_json_path(path),
     767            only_json_types=self.JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE,
     768        ),
     769        TokenType.DARROW: lambda self, this, path: self.expression(
     770            exp.JSONExtractScalar,
     771            this=this,
     772            expression=self.dialect.to_json_path(path),
     773            only_json_types=self.JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE,
     774        ),
     775        TokenType.HASH_ARROW: lambda self, this, path: self.expression(
     776            exp.JSONBExtract,
     777            this=this,
     778            expression=path,
     779        ),
     780        TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: lambda self, this, path: self.expression(
     781            exp.JSONBExtractScalar,
     782            this=this,
     783            expression=path,
     784        ),
     785        TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: lambda self, this, key: self.expression(
     786            exp.JSONBContains,
     787            this=this,
     788            expression=key,
     789        ),
     790    }
     791
     792    EXPRESSION_PARSERS = {
     793        exp.Cluster: lambda self: self._parse_sort(exp.Cluster, TokenType.CLUSTER_BY),
     794        exp.Column: lambda self: self._parse_column(),
     795        exp.Condition: lambda self: self._parse_assignment(),
     796        exp.DataType: lambda self: self._parse_types(allow_identifiers=False, schema=True),
     797        exp.Expression: lambda self: self._parse_expression(),
     798        exp.From: lambda self: self._parse_from(joins=True),
     799        exp.Group: lambda self: self._parse_group(),
     800        exp.Having: lambda self: self._parse_having(),
     801        exp.Hint: lambda self: self._parse_hint_body(),
     802        exp.Identifier: lambda self: self._parse_id_var(),
     803        exp.Join: lambda self: self._parse_join(),
     804        exp.Lambda: lambda self: self._parse_lambda(),
     805        exp.Lateral: lambda self: self._parse_lateral(),
     806        exp.Limit: lambda self: self._parse_limit(),
     807        exp.Offset: lambda self: self._parse_offset(),
     808        exp.Order: lambda self: self._parse_order(),
     809        exp.Ordered: lambda self: self._parse_ordered(),
     810        exp.Properties: lambda self: self._parse_properties(),
     811        exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self: self._parse_partitioned_by(),
     812        exp.Qualify: lambda self: self._parse_qualify(),
     813        exp.Returning: lambda self: self._parse_returning(),
     814        exp.Select: lambda self: self._parse_select(),
     815        exp.Sort: lambda self: self._parse_sort(exp.Sort, TokenType.SORT_BY),
     816        exp.Table: lambda self: self._parse_table_parts(),
     817        exp.TableAlias: lambda self: self._parse_table_alias(),
     818        exp.Tuple: lambda self: self._parse_value(values=False),
     819        exp.Whens: lambda self: self._parse_when_matched(),
     820        exp.Where: lambda self: self._parse_where(),
     821        exp.Window: lambda self: self._parse_named_window(),
     822        exp.With: lambda self: self._parse_with(),
     823        "JOIN_TYPE": lambda self: self._parse_join_parts(),
     824    }
     825
     826    STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     827        TokenType.ALTER: lambda self: self._parse_alter(),
     828        TokenType.ANALYZE: lambda self: self._parse_analyze(),
     829        TokenType.BEGIN: lambda self: self._parse_transaction(),
     830        TokenType.CACHE: lambda self: self._parse_cache(),
     831        TokenType.COMMENT: lambda self: self._parse_comment(),
     832        TokenType.COMMIT: lambda self: self._parse_commit_or_rollback(),
     833        TokenType.COPY: lambda self: self._parse_copy(),
     834        TokenType.CREATE: lambda self: self._parse_create(),
     835        TokenType.DELETE: lambda self: self._parse_delete(),
     836        TokenType.DESC: lambda self: self._parse_describe(),
     837        TokenType.DESCRIBE: lambda self: self._parse_describe(),
     838        TokenType.DROP: lambda self: self._parse_drop(),
     839        TokenType.GRANT: lambda self: self._parse_grant(),
     840        TokenType.INSERT: lambda self: self._parse_insert(),
     841        TokenType.KILL: lambda self: self._parse_kill(),
     842        TokenType.LOAD: lambda self: self._parse_load(),
     843        TokenType.MERGE: lambda self: self._parse_merge(),
     844        TokenType.PIVOT: lambda self: self._parse_simplified_pivot(),
     845        TokenType.PRAGMA: lambda self: self.expression(exp.Pragma, this=self._parse_expression()),
     846        TokenType.REFRESH: lambda self: self._parse_refresh(),
     847        TokenType.ROLLBACK: lambda self: self._parse_commit_or_rollback(),
     848        TokenType.SET: lambda self: self._parse_set(),
     849        TokenType.TRUNCATE: lambda self: self._parse_truncate_table(),
     850        TokenType.UNCACHE: lambda self: self._parse_uncache(),
     851        TokenType.UNPIVOT: lambda self: self._parse_simplified_pivot(is_unpivot=True),
     852        TokenType.UPDATE: lambda self: self._parse_update(),
     853        TokenType.USE: lambda self: self._parse_use(),
     854        TokenType.SEMICOLON: lambda self: exp.Semicolon(),
     855    }
     856
     857    UNARY_PARSERS = {
     858        TokenType.PLUS: lambda self: self._parse_unary(),  # Unary + is handled as a no-op
     859        TokenType.NOT: lambda self: self.expression(exp.Not, this=self._parse_equality()),
     860        TokenType.TILDA: lambda self: self.expression(exp.BitwiseNot, this=self._parse_unary()),
     861        TokenType.DASH: lambda self: self.expression(exp.Neg, this=self._parse_unary()),
     862        TokenType.PIPE_SLASH: lambda self: self.expression(exp.Sqrt, this=self._parse_unary()),
     863        TokenType.DPIPE_SLASH: lambda self: self.expression(exp.Cbrt, this=self._parse_unary()),
     864    }
     865
     866    STRING_PARSERS = {
     867        TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING: lambda self, token: self.expression(
     868            exp.RawString, this=token.text
     869        ),
     870        TokenType.NATIONAL_STRING: lambda self, token: self.expression(
     871            exp.National, this=token.text
     872        ),
     873        TokenType.RAW_STRING: lambda self, token: self.expression(exp.RawString, this=token.text),
     874        TokenType.STRING: lambda self, token: self.expression(
     875            exp.Literal, this=token.text, is_string=True
     876        ),
     877        TokenType.UNICODE_STRING: lambda self, token: self.expression(
     878            exp.UnicodeString,
     879            this=token.text,
     880            escape=self._match_text_seq("UESCAPE") and self._parse_string(),
     881        ),
     882    }
     883
     884    NUMERIC_PARSERS = {
     885        TokenType.BIT_STRING: lambda self, token: self.expression(exp.BitString, this=token.text),
     886        TokenType.BYTE_STRING: lambda self, token: self.expression(exp.ByteString, this=token.text),
     887        TokenType.HEX_STRING: lambda self, token: self.expression(
     888            exp.HexString,
     889            this=token.text,
     890            is_integer=self.dialect.HEX_STRING_IS_INTEGER_TYPE or None,
     891        ),
     892        TokenType.NUMBER: lambda self, token: self.expression(
     893            exp.Literal, this=token.text, is_string=False
     894        ),
     895    }
     896
     897    PRIMARY_PARSERS = {
     898        **STRING_PARSERS,
     899        **NUMERIC_PARSERS,
     900        TokenType.INTRODUCER: lambda self, token: self._parse_introducer(token),
     901        TokenType.NULL: lambda self, _: self.expression(exp.Null),
     902        TokenType.TRUE: lambda self, _: self.expression(exp.Boolean, this=True),
     903        TokenType.FALSE: lambda self, _: self.expression(exp.Boolean, this=False),
     904        TokenType.SESSION_PARAMETER: lambda self, _: self._parse_session_parameter(),
     905        TokenType.STAR: lambda self, _: self._parse_star_ops(),
     906    }
     907
     908    PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
     909        TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: lambda self: self.expression(exp.Placeholder),
     910        TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: self._parse_parameter(),
     911        TokenType.COLON: lambda self: (
     912            self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
     913            if self._match_set(self.COLON_PLACEHOLDER_TOKENS)
     914            else None
     915        ),
     916    }
     917
     918    RANGE_PARSERS = {
     919        TokenType.AT_GT: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayContainsAll),
     920        TokenType.BETWEEN: lambda self, this: self._parse_between(this),
     921        TokenType.GLOB: binary_range_parser(exp.Glob),
     922        TokenType.ILIKE: binary_range_parser(exp.ILike),
     923        TokenType.IN: lambda self, this: self._parse_in(this),
     924        TokenType.IRLIKE: binary_range_parser(exp.RegexpILike),
     925        TokenType.IS: lambda self, this: self._parse_is(this),
     926        TokenType.LIKE: binary_range_parser(exp.Like),
     927        TokenType.LT_AT: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayContainsAll, reverse_args=True),
     928        TokenType.OVERLAPS: binary_range_parser(exp.Overlaps),
     929        TokenType.RLIKE: binary_range_parser(exp.RegexpLike),
     930        TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: binary_range_parser(exp.SimilarTo),
     931        TokenType.FOR: lambda self, this: self._parse_comprehension(this),
     932    }
     933
     934    PROPERTY_PARSERS: t.Dict[str, t.Callable] = {
     935        "ALLOWED_VALUES": lambda self: self.expression(
     936            exp.AllowedValuesProperty, expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_primary)
     937        ),
     938        "ALGORITHM": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.AlgorithmProperty),
     939        "AUTO": lambda self: self._parse_auto_property(),
     940        "AUTO_INCREMENT": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.AutoIncrementProperty),
     941        "BACKUP": lambda self: self.expression(
     942            exp.BackupProperty, this=self._parse_var(any_token=True)
     943        ),
     944        "BLOCKCOMPRESSION": lambda self: self._parse_blockcompression(),
     945        "CHARSET": lambda self, **kwargs: self._parse_character_set(**kwargs),
     946        "CHARACTER SET": lambda self, **kwargs: self._parse_character_set(**kwargs),
     947        "CHECKSUM": lambda self: self._parse_checksum(),
     948        "CLUSTER BY": lambda self: self._parse_cluster(),
     949        "CLUSTERED": lambda self: self._parse_clustered_by(),
     950        "COLLATE": lambda self, **kwargs: self._parse_property_assignment(
     951            exp.CollateProperty, **kwargs
     952        ),
     953        "COMMENT": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.SchemaCommentProperty),
     954        "CONTAINS": lambda self: self._parse_contains_property(),
     955        "COPY": lambda self: self._parse_copy_property(),
     956        "DATABLOCKSIZE": lambda self, **kwargs: self._parse_datablocksize(**kwargs),
     957        "DATA_DELETION": lambda self: self._parse_data_deletion_property(),
     958        "DEFINER": lambda self: self._parse_definer(),
     959        "DETERMINISTIC": lambda self: self.expression(
     960            exp.StabilityProperty, this=exp.Literal.string("IMMUTABLE")
     961        ),
     962        "DISTRIBUTED": lambda self: self._parse_distributed_property(),
     963        "DUPLICATE": lambda self: self._parse_composite_key_property(exp.DuplicateKeyProperty),
     964        "DYNAMIC": lambda self: self.expression(exp.DynamicProperty),
     965        "DISTKEY": lambda self: self._parse_distkey(),
     966        "DISTSTYLE": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.DistStyleProperty),
     967        "EMPTY": lambda self: self.expression(exp.EmptyProperty),
     968        "ENGINE": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.EngineProperty),
     969        "ENVIRONMENT": lambda self: self.expression(
     970            exp.EnviromentProperty, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
     971        ),
     972        "EXECUTE": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.ExecuteAsProperty),
     973        "EXTERNAL": lambda self: self.expression(exp.ExternalProperty),
     974        "FALLBACK": lambda self, **kwargs: self._parse_fallback(**kwargs),
     975        "FORMAT": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.FileFormatProperty),
     976        "FREESPACE": lambda self: self._parse_freespace(),
     977        "GLOBAL": lambda self: self.expression(exp.GlobalProperty),
     978        "HEAP": lambda self: self.expression(exp.HeapProperty),
     979        "ICEBERG": lambda self: self.expression(exp.IcebergProperty),
     980        "IMMUTABLE": lambda self: self.expression(
     981            exp.StabilityProperty, this=exp.Literal.string("IMMUTABLE")
     982        ),
     983        "INHERITS": lambda self: self.expression(
     984            exp.InheritsProperty, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_table)
     985        ),
     986        "INPUT": lambda self: self.expression(exp.InputModelProperty, this=self._parse_schema()),
     987        "JOURNAL": lambda self, **kwargs: self._parse_journal(**kwargs),
     988        "LANGUAGE": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.LanguageProperty),
     989        "LAYOUT": lambda self: self._parse_dict_property(this="LAYOUT"),
     990        "LIFETIME": lambda self: self._parse_dict_range(this="LIFETIME"),
     991        "LIKE": lambda self: self._parse_create_like(),
     992        "LOCATION": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.LocationProperty),
     993        "LOCK": lambda self: self._parse_locking(),
     994        "LOCKING": lambda self: self._parse_locking(),
     995        "LOG": lambda self, **kwargs: self._parse_log(**kwargs),
     996        "MATERIALIZED": lambda self: self.expression(exp.MaterializedProperty),
     997        "MERGEBLOCKRATIO": lambda self, **kwargs: self._parse_mergeblockratio(**kwargs),
     998        "MODIFIES": lambda self: self._parse_modifies_property(),
     999        "MULTISET": lambda self: self.expression(exp.SetProperty, multi=True),
    1000        "NO": lambda self: self._parse_no_property(),
    1001        "ON": lambda self: self._parse_on_property(),
    1002        "ORDER BY": lambda self: self._parse_order(skip_order_token=True),
    1003        "OUTPUT": lambda self: self.expression(exp.OutputModelProperty, this=self._parse_schema()),
    1004        "PARTITION": lambda self: self._parse_partitioned_of(),
    1005        "PARTITION BY": lambda self: self._parse_partitioned_by(),
    1006        "PARTITIONED BY": lambda self: self._parse_partitioned_by(),
    1007        "PARTITIONED_BY": lambda self: self._parse_partitioned_by(),
    1008        "PRIMARY KEY": lambda self: self._parse_primary_key(in_props=True),
    1009        "RANGE": lambda self: self._parse_dict_range(this="RANGE"),
    1010        "READS": lambda self: self._parse_reads_property(),
    1011        "REMOTE": lambda self: self._parse_remote_with_connection(),
    1012        "RETURNS": lambda self: self._parse_returns(),
    1013        "STRICT": lambda self: self.expression(exp.StrictProperty),
    1014        "STREAMING": lambda self: self.expression(exp.StreamingTableProperty),
    1015        "ROW": lambda self: self._parse_row(),
    1016        "ROW_FORMAT": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.RowFormatProperty),
    1017        "SAMPLE": lambda self: self.expression(
    1018            exp.SampleProperty, this=self._match_text_seq("BY") and self._parse_bitwise()
    1019        ),
    1020        "SECURE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.SecureProperty),
    1021        "SECURITY": lambda self: self._parse_security(),
    1022        "SET": lambda self: self.expression(exp.SetProperty, multi=False),
    1023        "SETTINGS": lambda self: self._parse_settings_property(),
    1024        "SHARING": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.SharingProperty),
    1025        "SORTKEY": lambda self: self._parse_sortkey(),
    1026        "SOURCE": lambda self: self._parse_dict_property(this="SOURCE"),
    1027        "STABLE": lambda self: self.expression(
    1028            exp.StabilityProperty, this=exp.Literal.string("STABLE")
    1029        ),
    1030        "STORED": lambda self: self._parse_stored(),
    1031        "SYSTEM_VERSIONING": lambda self: self._parse_system_versioning_property(),
    1032        "TBLPROPERTIES": lambda self: self._parse_wrapped_properties(),
    1033        "TEMP": lambda self: self.expression(exp.TemporaryProperty),
    1034        "TEMPORARY": lambda self: self.expression(exp.TemporaryProperty),
    1035        "TO": lambda self: self._parse_to_table(),
    1036        "TRANSIENT": lambda self: self.expression(exp.TransientProperty),
    1037        "TRANSFORM": lambda self: self.expression(
    1038            exp.TransformModelProperty, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_expression)
    1039        ),
    1040        "TTL": lambda self: self._parse_ttl(),
    1041        "USING": lambda self: self._parse_property_assignment(exp.FileFormatProperty),
    1042        "UNLOGGED": lambda self: self.expression(exp.UnloggedProperty),
    1043        "VOLATILE": lambda self: self._parse_volatile_property(),
    1044        "WITH": lambda self: self._parse_with_property(),
    1045    }
    1046
    1047    CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {
    1048        "AUTOINCREMENT": lambda self: self._parse_auto_increment(),
    1049        "AUTO_INCREMENT": lambda self: self._parse_auto_increment(),
    1050        "CASESPECIFIC": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint, not_=False),
    1051        "CHARACTER SET": lambda self: self.expression(
    1052            exp.CharacterSetColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_var_or_string()
    1053        ),
    1054        "CHECK": lambda self: self.expression(
    1055            exp.CheckColumnConstraint,
    1056            this=self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_assignment),
    1057            enforced=self._match_text_seq("ENFORCED"),
    1058        ),
    1059        "COLLATE": lambda self: self.expression(
    1060            exp.CollateColumnConstraint,
    1061            this=self._parse_identifier() or self._parse_column(),
    1062        ),
    1063        "COMMENT": lambda self: self.expression(
    1064            exp.CommentColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_string()
    1065        ),
    1066        "COMPRESS": lambda self: self._parse_compress(),
    1067        "CLUSTERED": lambda self: self.expression(
    1068            exp.ClusteredColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_ordered)
    1069        ),
    1070        "NONCLUSTERED": lambda self: self.expression(
    1071            exp.NonClusteredColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_ordered)
    1072        ),
    1073        "DEFAULT": lambda self: self.expression(
    1074            exp.DefaultColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_bitwise()
    1075        ),
    1076        "ENCODE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.EncodeColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_var()),
    1077        "EPHEMERAL": lambda self: self.expression(
    1078            exp.EphemeralColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_bitwise()
    1079        ),
    1080        "EXCLUDE": lambda self: self.expression(
    1081            exp.ExcludeColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_index_params()
    1082        ),
    1083        "FOREIGN KEY": lambda self: self._parse_foreign_key(),
    1084        "FORMAT": lambda self: self.expression(
    1085            exp.DateFormatColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_var_or_string()
    1086        ),
    1087        "GENERATED": lambda self: self._parse_generated_as_identity(),
    1088        "IDENTITY": lambda self: self._parse_auto_increment(),
    1089        "INLINE": lambda self: self._parse_inline(),
    1090        "LIKE": lambda self: self._parse_create_like(),
    1091        "NOT": lambda self: self._parse_not_constraint(),
    1092        "NULL": lambda self: self.expression(exp.NotNullColumnConstraint, allow_null=True),
    1093        "ON": lambda self: (
    1094            self._match(TokenType.UPDATE)
    1095            and self.expression(exp.OnUpdateColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_function())
    1096        )
    1097        or self.expression(exp.OnProperty, this=self._parse_id_var()),
    1098        "PATH": lambda self: self.expression(exp.PathColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_string()),
    1099        "PERIOD": lambda self: self._parse_period_for_system_time(),
    1100        "PRIMARY KEY": lambda self: self._parse_primary_key(),
    1101        "REFERENCES": lambda self: self._parse_references(match=False),
    1102        "TITLE": lambda self: self.expression(
    1103            exp.TitleColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_var_or_string()
    1104        ),
    1105        "TTL": lambda self: self.expression(exp.MergeTreeTTL, expressions=[self._parse_bitwise()]),
    1106        "UNIQUE": lambda self: self._parse_unique(),
    1107        "UPPERCASE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.UppercaseColumnConstraint),
    1108        "WATERMARK": lambda self: self.expression(
    1109            exp.WatermarkColumnConstraint,
    1110            this=self._match(TokenType.FOR) and self._parse_column(),
    1111            expression=self._match(TokenType.ALIAS) and self._parse_disjunction(),
    1112        ),
    1113        "WITH": lambda self: self.expression(
    1114            exp.Properties, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_properties()
    1115        ),
    1116        "BUCKET": lambda self: self._parse_partitioned_by_bucket_or_truncate(),
    1117        "TRUNCATE": lambda self: self._parse_partitioned_by_bucket_or_truncate(),
    1118    }
    1119
    1120    def _parse_partitioned_by_bucket_or_truncate(self) -> exp.Expression:
    1121        klass = (
    1122            exp.PartitionedByBucket
    1123            if self._prev.text.upper() == "BUCKET"
    1124            else exp.PartitionByTruncate
    1125        )
    1126
    1127        args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(lambda: self._parse_primary() or self._parse_column())
    1128        this, expression = seq_get(args, 0), seq_get(args, 1)
    1129
    1130        if isinstance(this, exp.Literal):
    1131            # Check for Iceberg partition transforms (bucket / truncate) and ensure their arguments are in the right order
    1132            #  - For Hive, it's `bucket(<num buckets>, <col name>)` or `truncate(<num_chars>, <col_name>)`
    1133            #  - For Trino, it's reversed - `bucket(<col name>, <num buckets>)` or `truncate(<col_name>, <num_chars>)`
    1134            # Both variants are canonicalized in the latter i.e `bucket(<col name>, <num buckets>)`
    1135            #
    1136            # Hive ref: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/athena/latest/ug/querying-iceberg-creating-tables.html#querying-iceberg-partitioning
    1137            # Trino ref: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/athena/latest/ug/create-table-as.html#ctas-table-properties
    1138            this, expression = expression, this
    1139
    1140        return self.expression(klass, this=this, expression=expression)
    1141
    1142    ALTER_PARSERS = {
    1143        "ADD": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_add(),
    1144        "AS": lambda self: self._parse_select(),
    1145        "ALTER": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_alter(),
    1146        "CLUSTER BY": lambda self: self._parse_cluster(wrapped=True),
    1147        "DELETE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.Delete, where=self._parse_where()),
    1148        "DROP": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_drop(),
    1149        "RENAME": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_rename(),
    1150        "SET": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_set(),
    1151        "SWAP": lambda self: self.expression(
    1152            exp.SwapTable, this=self._match(TokenType.WITH) and self._parse_table(schema=True)
    1153        ),
    1154    }
    1155
    1156    ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS = {
    1157        "DISTKEY": lambda self: self._parse_alter_diststyle(),
    1158        "DISTSTYLE": lambda self: self._parse_alter_diststyle(),
    1159        "SORTKEY": lambda self: self._parse_alter_sortkey(),
    1160        "COMPOUND": lambda self: self._parse_alter_sortkey(compound=True),
    1161    }
    1162
    1163    SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS = {
    1164        "CHECK",
    1165        "EXCLUDE",
    1166        "FOREIGN KEY",
    1167        "LIKE",
    1168        "PERIOD",
    1169        "PRIMARY KEY",
    1170        "UNIQUE",
    1171        "WATERMARK",
    1172        "BUCKET",
    1173        "TRUNCATE",
    1174    }
    1175
    1176    NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    1177        "ANY": lambda self: self.expression(exp.Any, this=self._parse_bitwise()),
    1178        "CASE": lambda self: self._parse_case(),
    1179        "CONNECT_BY_ROOT": lambda self: self.expression(
    1180            exp.ConnectByRoot, this=self._parse_column()
    1181        ),
    1182        "IF": lambda self: self._parse_if(),
    1183    }
    1184
    1185    INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS = {
    1186        TokenType.IDENTIFIER,
    1187        TokenType.STRING,
    1188    }
    1189
    1190    FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {"STRUCT"}
    1191
    1192    KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS = (exp.Alias, exp.EQ, exp.PropertyEQ, exp.Slice)
    1193
    1194    FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    1195        **{
    1196            name: lambda self: self._parse_max_min_by(exp.ArgMax) for name in exp.ArgMax.sql_names()
    1197        },
    1198        **{
    1199            name: lambda self: self._parse_max_min_by(exp.ArgMin) for name in exp.ArgMin.sql_names()
    1200        },
    1201        "CAST": lambda self: self._parse_cast(self.STRICT_CAST),
    1202        "CEIL": lambda self: self._parse_ceil_floor(exp.Ceil),
    1203        "CONVERT": lambda self: self._parse_convert(self.STRICT_CAST),
    1204        "DECODE": lambda self: self._parse_decode(),
    1205        "EXTRACT": lambda self: self._parse_extract(),
    1206        "FLOOR": lambda self: self._parse_ceil_floor(exp.Floor),
    1207        "GAP_FILL": lambda self: self._parse_gap_fill(),
    1208        "JSON_OBJECT": lambda self: self._parse_json_object(),
    1209        "JSON_OBJECTAGG": lambda self: self._parse_json_object(agg=True),
    1210        "JSON_TABLE": lambda self: self._parse_json_table(),
    1211        "MATCH": lambda self: self._parse_match_against(),
    1212        "NORMALIZE": lambda self: self._parse_normalize(),
    1213        "OPENJSON": lambda self: self._parse_open_json(),
    1214        "OVERLAY": lambda self: self._parse_overlay(),
    1215        "POSITION": lambda self: self._parse_position(),
    1216        "PREDICT": lambda self: self._parse_predict(),
    1217        "SAFE_CAST": lambda self: self._parse_cast(False, safe=True),
    1218        "STRING_AGG": lambda self: self._parse_string_agg(),
    1219        "SUBSTRING": lambda self: self._parse_substring(),
    1220        "TRIM": lambda self: self._parse_trim(),
    1221        "TRY_CAST": lambda self: self._parse_cast(False, safe=True),
    1222        "TRY_CONVERT": lambda self: self._parse_convert(False, safe=True),
    1223        "XMLELEMENT": lambda self: self.expression(
    1224            exp.XMLElement,
    1225            this=self._match_text_seq("NAME") and self._parse_id_var(),
    1226            expressions=self._match(TokenType.COMMA) and self._parse_csv(self._parse_expression),
    1227        ),
    1228        "XMLTABLE": lambda self: self._parse_xml_table(),
    1229    }
    1230
    1231    QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
    1232        TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE: lambda self: ("match", self._parse_match_recognize()),
    1233        TokenType.PREWHERE: lambda self: ("prewhere", self._parse_prewhere()),
    1234        TokenType.WHERE: lambda self: ("where", self._parse_where()),
    1235        TokenType.GROUP_BY: lambda self: ("group", self._parse_group()),
    1236        TokenType.HAVING: lambda self: ("having", self._parse_having()),
    1237        TokenType.QUALIFY: lambda self: ("qualify", self._parse_qualify()),
    1238        TokenType.WINDOW: lambda self: ("windows", self._parse_window_clause()),
    1239        TokenType.ORDER_BY: lambda self: ("order", self._parse_order()),
    1240        TokenType.LIMIT: lambda self: ("limit", self._parse_limit()),
    1241        TokenType.FETCH: lambda self: ("limit", self._parse_limit()),
    1242        TokenType.OFFSET: lambda self: ("offset", self._parse_offset()),
    1243        TokenType.FOR: lambda self: ("locks", self._parse_locks()),
    1244        TokenType.LOCK: lambda self: ("locks", self._parse_locks()),
    1245        TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: lambda self: ("sample", self._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=True)),
    1246        TokenType.USING: lambda self: ("sample", self._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=True)),
    1247        TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: lambda self: (
    1248            "cluster",
    1249            self._parse_sort(exp.Cluster, TokenType.CLUSTER_BY),
    1250        ),
    1251        TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: lambda self: (
    1252            "distribute",
    1253            self._parse_sort(exp.Distribute, TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY),
    1254        ),
    1255        TokenType.SORT_BY: lambda self: ("sort", self._parse_sort(exp.Sort, TokenType.SORT_BY)),
    1256        TokenType.CONNECT_BY: lambda self: ("connect", self._parse_connect(skip_start_token=True)),
    1257        TokenType.START_WITH: lambda self: ("connect", self._parse_connect()),
    1258    }
    1259
    1260    SET_PARSERS = {
    1261        "GLOBAL": lambda self: self._parse_set_item_assignment("GLOBAL"),
    1262        "LOCAL": lambda self: self._parse_set_item_assignment("LOCAL"),
    1263        "SESSION": lambda self: self._parse_set_item_assignment("SESSION"),
    1264        "TRANSACTION": lambda self: self._parse_set_transaction(),
    1265    }
    1266
    1267    SHOW_PARSERS: t.Dict[str, t.Callable] = {}
    1268
    1269    TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS = {
    1270        exp.DataType.Type.JSON: lambda self, this, _: self.expression(exp.ParseJSON, this=this),
    1271    }
    1272
    1273    TYPE_CONVERTERS: t.Dict[exp.DataType.Type, t.Callable[[exp.DataType], exp.DataType]] = {}
    1274
    1275    DDL_SELECT_TOKENS = {TokenType.SELECT, TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN}
    1276
    1277    PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS = {TokenType.CREATE, TokenType.REPLACE, TokenType.UNIQUE}
    1278
    1279    TRANSACTION_KIND = {"DEFERRED", "IMMEDIATE", "EXCLUSIVE"}
    1280    TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS: OPTIONS_TYPE = {
    1281        "ISOLATION": (
    1282            ("LEVEL", "REPEATABLE", "READ"),
    1283            ("LEVEL", "READ", "COMMITTED"),
    1284            ("LEVEL", "READ", "UNCOMITTED"),
    1285            ("LEVEL", "SERIALIZABLE"),
    1286        ),
    1287        "READ": ("WRITE", "ONLY"),
    1288    }
    1289
    1290    CONFLICT_ACTIONS: OPTIONS_TYPE = dict.fromkeys(
    1291        ("ABORT", "FAIL", "IGNORE", "REPLACE", "ROLLBACK", "UPDATE"), tuple()
    1292    )
    1293    CONFLICT_ACTIONS["DO"] = ("NOTHING", "UPDATE")
    1294
    1295    CREATE_SEQUENCE: OPTIONS_TYPE = {
    1296        "SCALE": ("EXTEND", "NOEXTEND"),
    1297        "SHARD": ("EXTEND", "NOEXTEND"),
    1298        "NO": ("CYCLE", "CACHE", "MAXVALUE", "MINVALUE"),
    1299        **dict.fromkeys(
    1300            (
    1301                "SESSION",
    1302                "GLOBAL",
    1303                "KEEP",
    1304                "NOKEEP",
    1305                "ORDER",
    1306                "NOORDER",
    1307                "NOCACHE",
    1308                "CYCLE",
    1309                "NOCYCLE",
    1310                "NOMINVALUE",
    1311                "NOMAXVALUE",
    1312                "NOSCALE",
    1313                "NOSHARD",
    1314            ),
    1315            tuple(),
    1316        ),
    1317    }
    1318
    1319    ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS: OPTIONS_TYPE = {"FOR": ("ALL", "INSERT", "NONE")}
    1320
    1321    USABLES: OPTIONS_TYPE = dict.fromkeys(
    1322        ("ROLE", "WAREHOUSE", "DATABASE", "SCHEMA", "CATALOG"), tuple()
    1323    )
    1324
    1325    CAST_ACTIONS: OPTIONS_TYPE = dict.fromkeys(("RENAME", "ADD"), ("FIELDS",))
    1326
    1327    SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS: OPTIONS_TYPE = {
    1328        "TYPE": ("EVOLUTION",),
    1329        **dict.fromkeys(("BINDING", "COMPENSATION", "EVOLUTION"), tuple()),
    1330    }
    1331
    1332    PROCEDURE_OPTIONS: OPTIONS_TYPE = {}
    1333
    1334    EXECUTE_AS_OPTIONS: OPTIONS_TYPE = dict.fromkeys(("CALLER", "SELF", "OWNER"), tuple())
    1335
    1336    KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS: OPTIONS_TYPE = {
    1337        "NOT": ("ENFORCED",),
    1338        "MATCH": (
    1339            "FULL",
    1340            "PARTIAL",
    1341            "SIMPLE",
    1342        ),
    1343        "INITIALLY": ("DEFERRED", "IMMEDIATE"),
    1344        "USING": (
    1345            "BTREE",
    1346            "HASH",
    1347        ),
    1348        **dict.fromkeys(("DEFERRABLE", "NORELY", "RELY"), tuple()),
    1349    }
    1350
    1351    WINDOW_EXCLUDE_OPTIONS: OPTIONS_TYPE = {
    1352        "NO": ("OTHERS",),
    1353        "CURRENT": ("ROW",),
    1354        **dict.fromkeys(("GROUP", "TIES"), tuple()),
    1355    }
    1356
    1357    INSERT_ALTERNATIVES = {"ABORT", "FAIL", "IGNORE", "REPLACE", "ROLLBACK"}
    1358
    1359    CLONE_KEYWORDS = {"CLONE", "COPY"}
    1360    HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX = {"AT", "BEFORE", "END"}
    1361    HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND = {"OFFSET", "STATEMENT", "STREAM", "TIMESTAMP", "VERSION"}
    1362
    1363    OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS = {"ASC", "DESC", "NULLS", "WITH"}
    1364
    1365    OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS = {TokenType.COMMA, TokenType.R_PAREN}
    1366
    1367    TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS = {TokenType.FORCE, TokenType.IGNORE, TokenType.USE}
    1368
    1369    VIEW_ATTRIBUTES = {"ENCRYPTION", "SCHEMABINDING", "VIEW_METADATA"}
    1370
    1371    WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS = ID_VAR_TOKENS - {TokenType.ROWS}
    1372    WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS = {TokenType.OVER}
    1373    WINDOW_SIDES = {"FOLLOWING", "PRECEDING"}
    1374
    1375    JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS = {TokenType.COLON, TokenType.COMMA, TokenType.IS}
    1376
    1377    FETCH_TOKENS = ID_VAR_TOKENS - {TokenType.ROW, TokenType.ROWS, TokenType.PERCENT}
    1378
    1379    ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS = {
    1380        TokenType.CONSTRAINT,
    1381        TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY,
    1382        TokenType.INDEX,
    1383        TokenType.KEY,
    1384        TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY,
    1385        TokenType.UNIQUE,
    1386    }
    1387
    1388    DISTINCT_TOKENS = {TokenType.DISTINCT}
    1389
    1390    NULL_TOKENS = {TokenType.NULL}
    1391
    1392    UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS = TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - SET_OPERATIONS
    1393
    1394    SELECT_START_TOKENS = {TokenType.L_PAREN, TokenType.WITH, TokenType.SELECT}
    1395
    1396    COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS = {"FILE_FORMAT", "COPY_OPTIONS", "FORMAT_OPTIONS", "CREDENTIAL"}
    1397
    1398    IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND = {"VALUE", "SCALAR", "ARRAY", "OBJECT"}
    1399
    1400    ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS = {
    1401        "d": exp.Date,
    1402        "t": exp.Time,
    1403        "ts": exp.Timestamp,
    1404    }
    1405
    1406    ON_CONDITION_TOKENS = {"ERROR", "NULL", "TRUE", "FALSE", "EMPTY"}
    1407
    1408    PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS = {TokenType.ON, TokenType.COMMA, TokenType.L_PAREN}
    1409
    1410    # The style options for the DESCRIBE statement
    1411    DESCRIBE_STYLES = {"ANALYZE", "EXTENDED", "FORMATTED", "HISTORY"}
    1412
    1413    # The style options for the ANALYZE statement
    1414    ANALYZE_STYLES = {
    1415        "BUFFER_USAGE_LIMIT",
    1416        "FULL",
    1417        "LOCAL",
    1418        "NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG",
    1419        "SAMPLE",
    1420        "SKIP_LOCKED",
    1421        "VERBOSE",
    1422    }
    1423
    1424    ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS = {
    1425        "ALL": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_columns(),
    1426        "COMPUTE": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_statistics(),
    1427        "DELETE": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_delete(),
    1428        "DROP": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_histogram(),
    1429        "ESTIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_statistics(),
    1430        "LIST": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_list(),
    1431        "PREDICATE": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_columns(),
    1432        "UPDATE": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_histogram(),
    1433        "VALIDATE": lambda self: self._parse_analyze_validate(),
    1434    }
    1435
    1436    PARTITION_KEYWORDS = {"PARTITION", "SUBPARTITION"}
    1437
    1438    AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_TOKENS = (TokenType.LIMIT, TokenType.OFFSET)
    1439
    1440    OPERATION_MODIFIERS: t.Set[str] = set()
    1441
    1442    RECURSIVE_CTE_SEARCH_KIND = {"BREADTH", "DEPTH", "CYCLE"}
    1443
    1444    MODIFIABLES = (exp.Query, exp.Table, exp.TableFromRows)
    1445
    1446    STRICT_CAST = True
    1447
    1448    PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS = False
    1449    IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = False
    1450
    1451    LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = False
    1452
    1453    # Whether ADD is present for each column added by ALTER TABLE
    1454    ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = True
    1455
    1456    # Whether the table sample clause expects CSV syntax
    1457    TABLESAMPLE_CSV = False
    1458
    1459    # The default method used for table sampling
    1460    DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD: t.Optional[str] = None
    1461
    1462    # Whether the SET command needs a delimiter (e.g. "=") for assignments
    1463    SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = True
    1464
    1465    # Whether the TRIM function expects the characters to trim as its first argument
    1466    TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST = False
    1467
    1468    # Whether string aliases are supported `SELECT COUNT(*) 'count'`
    1469    STRING_ALIASES = False
    1470
    1471    # Whether query modifiers such as LIMIT are attached to the UNION node (vs its right operand)
    1472    MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP = True
    1473    SET_OP_MODIFIERS = {"order", "limit", "offset"}
    1474
    1475    # Whether to parse IF statements that aren't followed by a left parenthesis as commands
    1476    NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = True
    1477
    1478    # Whether the -> and ->> operators expect documents of type JSON (e.g. Postgres)
    1479    JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE = False
    1480
    1481    # Whether the `:` operator is used to extract a value from a VARIANT column
    1482    COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT = False
    1483
    1484    # Whether or not a VALUES keyword needs to be followed by '(' to form a VALUES clause.
    1485    # If this is True and '(' is not found, the keyword will be treated as an identifier
    1486    VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN = True
    1487
    1488    # Whether implicit unnesting is supported, e.g. SELECT 1 FROM y.z AS z, z.a (Redshift)
    1489    SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = False
    1490
    1491    # Whether or not interval spans are supported, INTERVAL 1 YEAR TO MONTHS
    1492    INTERVAL_SPANS = True
    1493
    1494    # Whether a PARTITION clause can follow a table reference
    1495    SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION = False
    1496
    1497    # Whether the `name AS expr` schema/column constraint requires parentheses around `expr`
    1498    WRAPPED_TRANSFORM_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT = True
    1499
    1500    # Whether the 'AS' keyword is optional in the CTE definition syntax
    1501    OPTIONAL_ALIAS_TOKEN_CTE = True
    1502
    1503    __slots__ = (
    1504        "error_level",
    1505        "error_message_context",
    1506        "max_errors",
    1507        "dialect",
    1508        "sql",
    1509        "errors",
    1510        "_tokens",
    1511        "_index",
    1512        "_curr",
    1513        "_next",
    1514        "_prev",
    1515        "_prev_comments",
    1516    )
    1517
    1518    # Autofilled
    1519    SHOW_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    1520    SET_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    1521
    1522    def __init__(
    1523        self,
    1524        error_level: t.Optional[ErrorLevel] = None,
    1525        error_message_context: int = 100,
    1526        max_errors: int = 3,
    1527        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1528    ):
    1529        from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect
    1530
    1531        self.error_level = error_level or ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
    1532        self.error_message_context = error_message_context
    1533        self.max_errors = max_errors
    1534        self.dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect)
    1535        self.reset()
    1536
    1537    def reset(self):
    1538        self.sql = ""
    1539        self.errors = []
    1540        self._tokens = []
    1541        self._index = 0
    1542        self._curr = None
    1543        self._next = None
    1544        self._prev = None
    1545        self._prev_comments = None
    1546
    1547    def parse(
    1548        self, raw_tokens: t.List[Token], sql: t.Optional[str] = None
    1549    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    1550        """
    1551        Parses a list of tokens and returns a list of syntax trees, one tree
    1552        per parsed SQL statement.
    1553
    1554        Args:
    1555            raw_tokens: The list of tokens.
    1556            sql: The original SQL string, used to produce helpful debug messages.
    1557
    1558        Returns:
    1559            The list of the produced syntax trees.
    1560        """
    1561        return self._parse(
    1562            parse_method=self.__class__._parse_statement, raw_tokens=raw_tokens, sql=sql
    1563        )
    1564
    1565    def parse_into(
    1566        self,
    1567        expression_types: exp.IntoType,
    1568        raw_tokens: t.List[Token],
    1569        sql: t.Optional[str] = None,
    1570    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    1571        """
    1572        Parses a list of tokens into a given Expression type. If a collection of Expression
    1573        types is given instead, this method will try to parse the token list into each one
    1574        of them, stopping at the first for which the parsing succeeds.
    1575
    1576        Args:
    1577            expression_types: The expression type(s) to try and parse the token list into.
    1578            raw_tokens: The list of tokens.
    1579            sql: The original SQL string, used to produce helpful debug messages.
    1580
    1581        Returns:
    1582            The target Expression.
    1583        """
    1584        errors = []
    1585        for expression_type in ensure_list(expression_types):
    1586            parser = self.EXPRESSION_PARSERS.get(expression_type)
    1587            if not parser:
    1588                raise TypeError(f"No parser registered for {expression_type}")
    1589
    1590            try:
    1591                return self._parse(parser, raw_tokens, sql)
    1592            except ParseError as e:
    1593                e.errors[0]["into_expression"] = expression_type
    1594                errors.append(e)
    1595
    1596        raise ParseError(
    1597            f"Failed to parse '{sql or raw_tokens}' into {expression_types}",
    1598            errors=merge_errors(errors),
    1599        ) from errors[-1]
    1600
    1601    def _parse(
    1602        self,
    1603        parse_method: t.Callable[[Parser], t.Optional[exp.Expression]],
    1604        raw_tokens: t.List[Token],
    1605        sql: t.Optional[str] = None,
    1606    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    1607        self.reset()
    1608        self.sql = sql or ""
    1609
    1610        total = len(raw_tokens)
    1611        chunks: t.List[t.List[Token]] = [[]]
    1612
    1613        for i, token in enumerate(raw_tokens):
    1614            if token.token_type == TokenType.SEMICOLON:
    1615                if token.comments:
    1616                    chunks.append([token])
    1617
    1618                if i < total - 1:
    1619                    chunks.append([])
    1620            else:
    1621                chunks[-1].append(token)
    1622
    1623        expressions = []
    1624
    1625        for tokens in chunks:
    1626            self._index = -1
    1627            self._tokens = tokens
    1628            self._advance()
    1629
    1630            expressions.append(parse_method(self))
    1631
    1632            if self._index < len(self._tokens):
    1633                self.raise_error("Invalid expression / Unexpected token")
    1634
    1635            self.check_errors()
    1636
    1637        return expressions
    1638
    1639    def check_errors(self) -> None:
    1640        """Logs or raises any found errors, depending on the chosen error level setting."""
    1641        if self.error_level == ErrorLevel.WARN:
    1642            for error in self.errors:
    1643                logger.error(str(error))
    1644        elif self.error_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.errors:
    1645            raise ParseError(
    1646                concat_messages(self.errors, self.max_errors),
    1647                errors=merge_errors(self.errors),
    1648            )
    1649
    1650    def raise_error(self, message: str, token: t.Optional[Token] = None) -> None:
    1651        """
    1652        Appends an error in the list of recorded errors or raises it, depending on the chosen
    1653        error level setting.
    1654        """
    1655        token = token or self._curr or self._prev or Token.string("")
    1656        start = token.start
    1657        end = token.end + 1
    1658        start_context = self.sql[max(start - self.error_message_context, 0) : start]
    1659        highlight = self.sql[start:end]
    1660        end_context = self.sql[end : end + self.error_message_context]
    1661
    1662        error = ParseError.new(
    1663            f"{message}. Line {token.line}, Col: {token.col}.\n"
    1664            f"  {start_context}\033[4m{highlight}\033[0m{end_context}",
    1665            description=message,
    1666            line=token.line,
    1667            col=token.col,
    1668            start_context=start_context,
    1669            highlight=highlight,
    1670            end_context=end_context,
    1671        )
    1672
    1673        if self.error_level == ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE:
    1674            raise error
    1675
    1676        self.errors.append(error)
    1677
    1678    def expression(
    1679        self, exp_class: t.Type[E], comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, **kwargs
    1680    ) -> E:
    1681        """
    1682        Creates a new, validated Expression.
    1683
    1684        Args:
    1685            exp_class: The expression class to instantiate.
    1686            comments: An optional list of comments to attach to the expression.
    1687            kwargs: The arguments to set for the expression along with their respective values.
    1688
    1689        Returns:
    1690            The target expression.
    1691        """
    1692        instance = exp_class(**kwargs)
    1693        instance.add_comments(comments) if comments else self._add_comments(instance)
    1694        return self.validate_expression(instance)
    1695
    1696    def _add_comments(self, expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> None:
    1697        if expression and self._prev_comments:
    1698            expression.add_comments(self._prev_comments)
    1699            self._prev_comments = None
    1700
    1701    def validate_expression(self, expression: E, args: t.Optional[t.List] = None) -> E:
    1702        """
    1703        Validates an Expression, making sure that all its mandatory arguments are set.
    1704
    1705        Args:
    1706            expression: The expression to validate.
    1707            args: An optional list of items that was used to instantiate the expression, if it's a Func.
    1708
    1709        Returns:
    1710            The validated expression.
    1711        """
    1712        if self.error_level != ErrorLevel.IGNORE:
    1713            for error_message in expression.error_messages(args):
    1714                self.raise_error(error_message)
    1715
    1716        return expression
    1717
    1718    def _find_sql(self, start: Token, end: Token) -> str:
    1719        return self.sql[start.start : end.end + 1]
    1720
    1721    def _is_connected(self) -> bool:
    1722        return self._prev and self._curr and self._prev.end + 1 == self._curr.start
    1723
    1724    def _advance(self, times: int = 1) -> None:
    1725        self._index += times
    1726        self._curr = seq_get(self._tokens, self._index)
    1727        self._next = seq_get(self._tokens, self._index + 1)
    1728
    1729        if self._index > 0:
    1730            self._prev = self._tokens[self._index - 1]
    1731            self._prev_comments = self._prev.comments
    1732        else:
    1733            self._prev = None
    1734            self._prev_comments = None
    1735
    1736    def _retreat(self, index: int) -> None:
    1737        if index != self._index:
    1738            self._advance(index - self._index)
    1739
    1740    def _warn_unsupported(self) -> None:
    1741        if len(self._tokens) <= 1:
    1742            return
    1743
    1744        # We use _find_sql because self.sql may comprise multiple chunks, and we're only
    1745        # interested in emitting a warning for the one being currently processed.
    1746        sql = self._find_sql(self._tokens[0], self._tokens[-1])[: self.error_message_context]
    1747
    1748        logger.warning(
    1749            f"'{sql}' contains unsupported syntax. Falling back to parsing as a 'Command'."
    1750        )
    1751
    1752    def _parse_command(self) -> exp.Command:
    1753        self._warn_unsupported()
    1754        return self.expression(
    1755            exp.Command,
    1756            comments=self._prev_comments,
    1757            this=self._prev.text.upper(),
    1758            expression=self._parse_string(),
    1759        )
    1760
    1761    def _try_parse(self, parse_method: t.Callable[[], T], retreat: bool = False) -> t.Optional[T]:
    1762        """
    1763        Attemps to backtrack if a parse function that contains a try/catch internally raises an error.
    1764        This behavior can be different depending on the uset-set ErrorLevel, so _try_parse aims to
    1765        solve this by setting & resetting the parser state accordingly
    1766        """
    1767        index = self._index
    1768        error_level = self.error_level
    1769
    1770        self.error_level = ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
    1771        try:
    1772            this = parse_method()
    1773        except ParseError:
    1774            this = None
    1775        finally:
    1776            if not this or retreat:
    1777                self._retreat(index)
    1778            self.error_level = error_level
    1779
    1780        return this
    1781
    1782    def _parse_comment(self, allow_exists: bool = True) -> exp.Expression:
    1783        start = self._prev
    1784        exists = self._parse_exists() if allow_exists else None
    1785
    1786        self._match(TokenType.ON)
    1787
    1788        materialized = self._match_text_seq("MATERIALIZED")
    1789        kind = self._match_set(self.CREATABLES) and self._prev
    1790        if not kind:
    1791            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    1792
    1793        if kind.token_type in (TokenType.FUNCTION, TokenType.PROCEDURE):
    1794            this = self._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind.token_type)
    1795        elif kind.token_type == TokenType.TABLE:
    1796            this = self._parse_table(alias_tokens=self.COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS)
    1797        elif kind.token_type == TokenType.COLUMN:
    1798            this = self._parse_column()
    1799        else:
    1800            this = self._parse_id_var()
    1801
    1802        self._match(TokenType.IS)
    1803
    1804        return self.expression(
    1805            exp.Comment,
    1806            this=this,
    1807            kind=kind.text,
    1808            expression=self._parse_string(),
    1809            exists=exists,
    1810            materialized=materialized,
    1811        )
    1812
    1813    def _parse_to_table(
    1814        self,
    1815    ) -> exp.ToTableProperty:
    1816        table = self._parse_table_parts(schema=True)
    1817        return self.expression(exp.ToTableProperty, this=table)
    1818
    1819    # https://clickhouse.com/docs/en/engines/table-engines/mergetree-family/mergetree#mergetree-table-ttl
    1820    def _parse_ttl(self) -> exp.Expression:
    1821        def _parse_ttl_action() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1822            this = self._parse_bitwise()
    1823
    1824            if self._match_text_seq("DELETE"):
    1825                return self.expression(exp.MergeTreeTTLAction, this=this, delete=True)
    1826            if self._match_text_seq("RECOMPRESS"):
    1827                return self.expression(
    1828                    exp.MergeTreeTTLAction, this=this, recompress=self._parse_bitwise()
    1829                )
    1830            if self._match_text_seq("TO", "DISK"):
    1831                return self.expression(
    1832                    exp.MergeTreeTTLAction, this=this, to_disk=self._parse_string()
    1833                )
    1834            if self._match_text_seq("TO", "VOLUME"):
    1835                return self.expression(
    1836                    exp.MergeTreeTTLAction, this=this, to_volume=self._parse_string()
    1837                )
    1838
    1839            return this
    1840
    1841        expressions = self._parse_csv(_parse_ttl_action)
    1842        where = self._parse_where()
    1843        group = self._parse_group()
    1844
    1845        aggregates = None
    1846        if group and self._match(TokenType.SET):
    1847            aggregates = self._parse_csv(self._parse_set_item)
    1848
    1849        return self.expression(
    1850            exp.MergeTreeTTL,
    1851            expressions=expressions,
    1852            where=where,
    1853            group=group,
    1854            aggregates=aggregates,
    1855        )
    1856
    1857    def _parse_statement(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1858        if self._curr is None:
    1859            return None
    1860
    1861        if self._match_set(self.STATEMENT_PARSERS):
    1862            comments = self._prev_comments
    1863            stmt = self.STATEMENT_PARSERS[self._prev.token_type](self)
    1864            stmt.add_comments(comments, prepend=True)
    1865            return stmt
    1866
    1867        if self._match_set(self.dialect.tokenizer.COMMANDS):
    1868            return self._parse_command()
    1869
    1870        expression = self._parse_expression()
    1871        expression = self._parse_set_operations(expression) if expression else self._parse_select()
    1872        return self._parse_query_modifiers(expression)
    1873
    1874    def _parse_drop(self, exists: bool = False) -> exp.Drop | exp.Command:
    1875        start = self._prev
    1876        temporary = self._match(TokenType.TEMPORARY)
    1877        materialized = self._match_text_seq("MATERIALIZED")
    1878
    1879        kind = self._match_set(self.CREATABLES) and self._prev.text.upper()
    1880        if not kind:
    1881            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    1882
    1883        concurrently = self._match_text_seq("CONCURRENTLY")
    1884        if_exists = exists or self._parse_exists()
    1885
    1886        if kind == "COLUMN":
    1887            this = self._parse_column()
    1888        else:
    1889            this = self._parse_table_parts(
    1890                schema=True, is_db_reference=self._prev.token_type == TokenType.SCHEMA
    1891            )
    1892
    1893        cluster = self._parse_on_property() if self._match(TokenType.ON) else None
    1894
    1895        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    1896            expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_types)
    1897        else:
    1898            expressions = None
    1899
    1900        return self.expression(
    1901            exp.Drop,
    1902            exists=if_exists,
    1903            this=this,
    1904            expressions=expressions,
    1905            kind=self.dialect.CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.get(kind) or kind,
    1906            temporary=temporary,
    1907            materialized=materialized,
    1908            cascade=self._match_text_seq("CASCADE"),
    1909            constraints=self._match_text_seq("CONSTRAINTS"),
    1910            purge=self._match_text_seq("PURGE"),
    1911            cluster=cluster,
    1912            concurrently=concurrently,
    1913        )
    1914
    1915    def _parse_exists(self, not_: bool = False) -> t.Optional[bool]:
    1916        return (
    1917            self._match_text_seq("IF")
    1918            and (not not_ or self._match(TokenType.NOT))
    1919            and self._match(TokenType.EXISTS)
    1920        )
    1921
    1922    def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
    1923        # Note: this can't be None because we've matched a statement parser
    1924        start = self._prev
    1925
    1926        replace = (
    1927            start.token_type == TokenType.REPLACE
    1928            or self._match_pair(TokenType.OR, TokenType.REPLACE)
    1929            or self._match_pair(TokenType.OR, TokenType.ALTER)
    1930        )
    1931        refresh = self._match_pair(TokenType.OR, TokenType.REFRESH)
    1932
    1933        unique = self._match(TokenType.UNIQUE)
    1934
    1935        if self._match_text_seq("CLUSTERED", "COLUMNSTORE"):
    1936            clustered = True
    1937        elif self._match_text_seq("NONCLUSTERED", "COLUMNSTORE") or self._match_text_seq(
    1938            "COLUMNSTORE"
    1939        ):
    1940            clustered = False
    1941        else:
    1942            clustered = None
    1943
    1944        if self._match_pair(TokenType.TABLE, TokenType.FUNCTION, advance=False):
    1945            self._advance()
    1946
    1947        properties = None
    1948        create_token = self._match_set(self.CREATABLES) and self._prev
    1949
    1950        if not create_token:
    1951            # exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
    1952            properties = self._parse_properties()
    1953            create_token = self._match_set(self.CREATABLES) and self._prev
    1954
    1955            if not properties or not create_token:
    1956                return self._parse_as_command(start)
    1957
    1958        concurrently = self._match_text_seq("CONCURRENTLY")
    1959        exists = self._parse_exists(not_=True)
    1960        this = None
    1961        expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    1962        indexes = None
    1963        no_schema_binding = None
    1964        begin = None
    1965        end = None
    1966        clone = None
    1967
    1968        def extend_props(temp_props: t.Optional[exp.Properties]) -> None:
    1969            nonlocal properties
    1970            if properties and temp_props:
    1971                properties.expressions.extend(temp_props.expressions)
    1972            elif temp_props:
    1973                properties = temp_props
    1974
    1975        if create_token.token_type in (TokenType.FUNCTION, TokenType.PROCEDURE):
    1976            this = self._parse_user_defined_function(kind=create_token.token_type)
    1977
    1978            # exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA ("schema" here is the UDF's type signature)
    1979            extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    1980
    1981            expression = self._match(TokenType.ALIAS) and self._parse_heredoc()
    1982            extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    1983
    1984            if not expression:
    1985                if self._match(TokenType.COMMAND):
    1986                    expression = self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
    1987                else:
    1988                    begin = self._match(TokenType.BEGIN)
    1989                    return_ = self._match_text_seq("RETURN")
    1990
    1991                    if self._match(TokenType.STRING, advance=False):
    1992                        # Takes care of BigQuery's JavaScript UDF definitions that end in an OPTIONS property
    1993                        # # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/data-definition-language#create_function_statement
    1994                        expression = self._parse_string()
    1995                        extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    1996                    else:
    1997                        expression = self._parse_user_defined_function_expression()
    1998
    1999                    end = self._match_text_seq("END")
    2000
    2001                    if return_:
    2002                        expression = self.expression(exp.Return, this=expression)
    2003        elif create_token.token_type == TokenType.INDEX:
    2004            # Postgres allows anonymous indexes, eg. CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS ON t(c)
    2005            if not self._match(TokenType.ON):
    2006                index = self._parse_id_var()
    2007                anonymous = False
    2008            else:
    2009                index = None
    2010                anonymous = True
    2011
    2012            this = self._parse_index(index=index, anonymous=anonymous)
    2013        elif create_token.token_type in self.DB_CREATABLES:
    2014            table_parts = self._parse_table_parts(
    2015                schema=True, is_db_reference=create_token.token_type == TokenType.SCHEMA
    2016            )
    2017
    2018            # exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME
    2019            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    2020            extend_props(self._parse_properties(before=True))
    2021
    2022            this = self._parse_schema(this=table_parts)
    2023
    2024            # exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA and POST_WITH
    2025            extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    2026
    2027            has_alias = self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    2028            if not self._match_set(self.DDL_SELECT_TOKENS, advance=False):
    2029                # exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS
    2030                extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    2031
    2032            if create_token.token_type == TokenType.SEQUENCE:
    2033                expression = self._parse_types()
    2034                extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    2035            else:
    2036                expression = self._parse_ddl_select()
    2037
    2038                # Some dialects also support using a table as an alias instead of a SELECT.
    2039                # Here we fallback to this as an alternative.
    2040                if not expression and has_alias:
    2041                    expression = self._try_parse(self._parse_table_parts)
    2042
    2043            if create_token.token_type == TokenType.TABLE:
    2044                # exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION
    2045                extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    2046
    2047                indexes = []
    2048                while True:
    2049                    index = self._parse_index()
    2050
    2051                    # exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX
    2052                    extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    2053                    if not index:
    2054                        break
    2055                    else:
    2056                        self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    2057                        indexes.append(index)
    2058            elif create_token.token_type == TokenType.VIEW:
    2059                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "NO", "SCHEMA", "BINDING"):
    2060                    no_schema_binding = True
    2061            elif create_token.token_type in (TokenType.SINK, TokenType.SOURCE):
    2062                extend_props(self._parse_properties())
    2063
    2064            shallow = self._match_text_seq("SHALLOW")
    2065
    2066            if self._match_texts(self.CLONE_KEYWORDS):
    2067                copy = self._prev.text.lower() == "copy"
    2068                clone = self.expression(
    2069                    exp.Clone, this=self._parse_table(schema=True), shallow=shallow, copy=copy
    2070                )
    2071
    2072        if self._curr and not self._match_set((TokenType.R_PAREN, TokenType.COMMA), advance=False):
    2073            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    2074
    2075        create_kind_text = create_token.text.upper()
    2076        return self.expression(
    2077            exp.Create,
    2078            this=this,
    2079            kind=self.dialect.CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.get(create_kind_text) or create_kind_text,
    2080            replace=replace,
    2081            refresh=refresh,
    2082            unique=unique,
    2083            expression=expression,
    2084            exists=exists,
    2085            properties=properties,
    2086            indexes=indexes,
    2087            no_schema_binding=no_schema_binding,
    2088            begin=begin,
    2089            end=end,
    2090            clone=clone,
    2091            concurrently=concurrently,
    2092            clustered=clustered,
    2093        )
    2094
    2095    def _parse_sequence_properties(self) -> t.Optional[exp.SequenceProperties]:
    2096        seq = exp.SequenceProperties()
    2097
    2098        options = []
    2099        index = self._index
    2100
    2101        while self._curr:
    2102            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    2103            if self._match_text_seq("INCREMENT"):
    2104                self._match_text_seq("BY")
    2105                self._match_text_seq("=")
    2106                seq.set("increment", self._parse_term())
    2107            elif self._match_text_seq("MINVALUE"):
    2108                seq.set("minvalue", self._parse_term())
    2109            elif self._match_text_seq("MAXVALUE"):
    2110                seq.set("maxvalue", self._parse_term())
    2111            elif self._match(TokenType.START_WITH) or self._match_text_seq("START"):
    2112                self._match_text_seq("=")
    2113                seq.set("start", self._parse_term())
    2114            elif self._match_text_seq("CACHE"):
    2115                # T-SQL allows empty CACHE which is initialized dynamically
    2116                seq.set("cache", self._parse_number() or True)
    2117            elif self._match_text_seq("OWNED", "BY"):
    2118                # "OWNED BY NONE" is the default
    2119                seq.set("owned", None if self._match_text_seq("NONE") else self._parse_column())
    2120            else:
    2121                opt = self._parse_var_from_options(self.CREATE_SEQUENCE, raise_unmatched=False)
    2122                if opt:
    2123                    options.append(opt)
    2124                else:
    2125                    break
    2126
    2127        seq.set("options", options if options else None)
    2128        return None if self._index == index else seq
    2129
    2130    def _parse_property_before(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    2131        # only used for teradata currently
    2132        self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    2133
    2134        kwargs = {
    2135            "no": self._match_text_seq("NO"),
    2136            "dual": self._match_text_seq("DUAL"),
    2137            "before": self._match_text_seq("BEFORE"),
    2138            "default": self._match_text_seq("DEFAULT"),
    2139            "local": (self._match_text_seq("LOCAL") and "LOCAL")
    2140            or (self._match_text_seq("NOT", "LOCAL") and "NOT LOCAL"),
    2141            "after": self._match_text_seq("AFTER"),
    2142            "minimum": self._match_texts(("MIN", "MINIMUM")),
    2143            "maximum": self._match_texts(("MAX", "MAXIMUM")),
    2144        }
    2145
    2146        if self._match_texts(self.PROPERTY_PARSERS):
    2147            parser = self.PROPERTY_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()]
    2148            try:
    2149                return parser(self, **{k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if v})
    2150            except TypeError:
    2151                self.raise_error(f"Cannot parse property '{self._prev.text}'")
    2152
    2153        return None
    2154
    2155    def _parse_wrapped_properties(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    2156        return self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_property)
    2157
    2158    def _parse_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    2159        if self._match_texts(self.PROPERTY_PARSERS):
    2160            return self.PROPERTY_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
    2161
    2162        if self._match(TokenType.DEFAULT) and self._match_texts(self.PROPERTY_PARSERS):
    2163            return self.PROPERTY_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self, default=True)
    2164
    2165        if self._match_text_seq("COMPOUND", "SORTKEY"):
    2166            return self._parse_sortkey(compound=True)
    2167
    2168        if self._match_text_seq("SQL", "SECURITY"):
    2169            return self.expression(exp.SqlSecurityProperty, definer=self._match_text_seq("DEFINER"))
    2170
    2171        index = self._index
    2172        key = self._parse_column()
    2173
    2174        if not self._match(TokenType.EQ):
    2175            self._retreat(index)
    2176            return self._parse_sequence_properties()
    2177
    2178        # Transform the key to exp.Dot if it's dotted identifiers wrapped in exp.Column or to exp.Var otherwise
    2179        if isinstance(key, exp.Column):
    2180            key = key.to_dot() if len(key.parts) > 1 else exp.var(key.name)
    2181
    2182        value = self._parse_bitwise() or self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    2183
    2184        # Transform the value to exp.Var if it was parsed as exp.Column(exp.Identifier())
    2185        if isinstance(value, exp.Column):
    2186            value = exp.var(value.name)
    2187
    2188        return self.expression(exp.Property, this=key, value=value)
    2189
    2190    def _parse_stored(self) -> t.Union[exp.FileFormatProperty, exp.StorageHandlerProperty]:
    2191        if self._match_text_seq("BY"):
    2192            return self.expression(exp.StorageHandlerProperty, this=self._parse_var_or_string())
    2193
    2194        self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    2195        input_format = self._parse_string() if self._match_text_seq("INPUTFORMAT") else None
    2196        output_format = self._parse_string() if self._match_text_seq("OUTPUTFORMAT") else None
    2197
    2198        return self.expression(
    2199            exp.FileFormatProperty,
    2200            this=(
    2201                self.expression(
    2202                    exp.InputOutputFormat,
    2203                    input_format=input_format,
    2204                    output_format=output_format,
    2205                )
    2206                if input_format or output_format
    2207                else self._parse_var_or_string() or self._parse_number() or self._parse_id_var()
    2208            ),
    2209        )
    2210
    2211    def _parse_unquoted_field(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    2212        field = self._parse_field()
    2213        if isinstance(field, exp.Identifier) and not field.quoted:
    2214            field = exp.var(field)
    2215
    2216        return field
    2217
    2218    def _parse_property_assignment(self, exp_class: t.Type[E], **kwargs: t.Any) -> E:
    2219        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2220        self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    2221
    2222        return self.expression(exp_class, this=self._parse_unquoted_field(), **kwargs)
    2223
    2224    def _parse_properties(self, before: t.Optional[bool] = None) -> t.Optional[exp.Properties]:
    2225        properties = []
    2226        while True:
    2227            if before:
    2228                prop = self._parse_property_before()
    2229            else:
    2230                prop = self._parse_property()
    2231            if not prop:
    2232                break
    2233            for p in ensure_list(prop):
    2234                properties.append(p)
    2235
    2236        if properties:
    2237            return self.expression(exp.Properties, expressions=properties)
    2238
    2239        return None
    2240
    2241    def _parse_fallback(self, no: bool = False) -> exp.FallbackProperty:
    2242        return self.expression(
    2243            exp.FallbackProperty, no=no, protection=self._match_text_seq("PROTECTION")
    2244        )
    2245
    2246    def _parse_security(self) -> t.Optional[exp.SecurityProperty]:
    2247        if self._match_texts(("NONE", "DEFINER", "INVOKER")):
    2248            security_specifier = self._prev.text.upper()
    2249            return self.expression(exp.SecurityProperty, this=security_specifier)
    2250        return None
    2251
    2252    def _parse_settings_property(self) -> exp.SettingsProperty:
    2253        return self.expression(
    2254            exp.SettingsProperty, expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)
    2255        )
    2256
    2257    def _parse_volatile_property(self) -> exp.VolatileProperty | exp.StabilityProperty:
    2258        if self._index >= 2:
    2259            pre_volatile_token = self._tokens[self._index - 2]
    2260        else:
    2261            pre_volatile_token = None
    2262
    2263        if pre_volatile_token and pre_volatile_token.token_type in self.PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS:
    2264            return exp.VolatileProperty()
    2265
    2266        return self.expression(exp.StabilityProperty, this=exp.Literal.string("VOLATILE"))
    2267
    2268    def _parse_retention_period(self) -> exp.Var:
    2269        # Parse TSQL's HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD: {INFINITE | <number> DAY | DAYS | MONTH ...}
    2270        number = self._parse_number()
    2271        number_str = f"{number} " if number else ""
    2272        unit = self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    2273        return exp.var(f"{number_str}{unit}")
    2274
    2275    def _parse_system_versioning_property(
    2276        self, with_: bool = False
    2277    ) -> exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty:
    2278        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2279        prop = self.expression(
    2280            exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty,
    2281            **{  # type: ignore
    2282                "on": True,
    2283                "with": with_,
    2284            },
    2285        )
    2286
    2287        if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
    2288            prop.set("on", False)
    2289            return prop
    2290
    2291        self._match(TokenType.ON)
    2292        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    2293            while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    2294                if self._match_text_seq("HISTORY_TABLE", "="):
    2295                    prop.set("this", self._parse_table_parts())
    2296                elif self._match_text_seq("DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK", "="):
    2297                    prop.set("data_consistency", self._advance_any() and self._prev.text.upper())
    2298                elif self._match_text_seq("HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD", "="):
    2299                    prop.set("retention_period", self._parse_retention_period())
    2300
    2301                self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    2302
    2303        return prop
    2304
    2305    def _parse_data_deletion_property(self) -> exp.DataDeletionProperty:
    2306        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2307        on = self._match_text_seq("ON") or not self._match_text_seq("OFF")
    2308        prop = self.expression(exp.DataDeletionProperty, on=on)
    2309
    2310        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    2311            while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    2312                if self._match_text_seq("FILTER_COLUMN", "="):
    2313                    prop.set("filter_column", self._parse_column())
    2314                elif self._match_text_seq("RETENTION_PERIOD", "="):
    2315                    prop.set("retention_period", self._parse_retention_period())
    2316
    2317                self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    2318
    2319        return prop
    2320
    2321    def _parse_distributed_property(self) -> exp.DistributedByProperty:
    2322        kind = "HASH"
    2323        expressions: t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]] = None
    2324        if self._match_text_seq("BY", "HASH"):
    2325            expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_id_var)
    2326        elif self._match_text_seq("BY", "RANDOM"):
    2327            kind = "RANDOM"
    2328
    2329        # If the BUCKETS keyword is not present, the number of buckets is AUTO
    2330        buckets: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    2331        if self._match_text_seq("BUCKETS") and not self._match_text_seq("AUTO"):
    2332            buckets = self._parse_number()
    2333
    2334        return self.expression(
    2335            exp.DistributedByProperty,
    2336            expressions=expressions,
    2337            kind=kind,
    2338            buckets=buckets,
    2339            order=self._parse_order(),
    2340        )
    2341
    2342    def _parse_composite_key_property(self, expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> E:
    2343        self._match_text_seq("KEY")
    2344        expressions = self._parse_wrapped_id_vars()
    2345        return self.expression(expr_type, expressions=expressions)
    2346
    2347    def _parse_with_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression] | t.List[exp.Expression]:
    2348        if self._match_text_seq("(", "SYSTEM_VERSIONING"):
    2349            prop = self._parse_system_versioning_property(with_=True)
    2350            self._match_r_paren()
    2351            return prop
    2352
    2353        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    2354            return self._parse_wrapped_properties()
    2355
    2356        if self._match_text_seq("JOURNAL"):
    2357            return self._parse_withjournaltable()
    2358
    2359        if self._match_texts(self.VIEW_ATTRIBUTES):
    2360            return self.expression(exp.ViewAttributeProperty, this=self._prev.text.upper())
    2361
    2362        if self._match_text_seq("DATA"):
    2363            return self._parse_withdata(no=False)
    2364        elif self._match_text_seq("NO", "DATA"):
    2365            return self._parse_withdata(no=True)
    2366
    2367        if self._match(TokenType.SERDE_PROPERTIES, advance=False):
    2368            return self._parse_serde_properties(with_=True)
    2369
    2370        if self._match(TokenType.SCHEMA):
    2371            return self.expression(
    2372                exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty,
    2373                this=self._parse_var_from_options(self.SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS),
    2374            )
    2375
    2376        if self._match_texts(self.PROCEDURE_OPTIONS, advance=False):
    2377            return self.expression(
    2378                exp.WithProcedureOptions, expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_procedure_option)
    2379            )
    2380
    2381        if not self._next:
    2382            return None
    2383
    2384        return self._parse_withisolatedloading()
    2385
    2386    def _parse_procedure_option(self) -> exp.Expression | None:
    2387        if self._match_text_seq("EXECUTE", "AS"):
    2388            return self.expression(
    2389                exp.ExecuteAsProperty,
    2390                this=self._parse_var_from_options(self.EXECUTE_AS_OPTIONS, raise_unmatched=False)
    2391                or self._parse_string(),
    2392            )
    2393
    2394        return self._parse_var_from_options(self.PROCEDURE_OPTIONS)
    2395
    2396    # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/create-view.html
    2397    def _parse_definer(self) -> t.Optional[exp.DefinerProperty]:
    2398        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2399
    2400        user = self._parse_id_var()
    2401        self._match(TokenType.PARAMETER)
    2402        host = self._parse_id_var() or (self._match(TokenType.MOD) and self._prev.text)
    2403
    2404        if not user or not host:
    2405            return None
    2406
    2407        return exp.DefinerProperty(this=f"{user}@{host}")
    2408
    2409    def _parse_withjournaltable(self) -> exp.WithJournalTableProperty:
    2410        self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    2411        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2412        return self.expression(exp.WithJournalTableProperty, this=self._parse_table_parts())
    2413
    2414    def _parse_log(self, no: bool = False) -> exp.LogProperty:
    2415        return self.expression(exp.LogProperty, no=no)
    2416
    2417    def _parse_journal(self, **kwargs) -> exp.JournalProperty:
    2418        return self.expression(exp.JournalProperty, **kwargs)
    2419
    2420    def _parse_checksum(self) -> exp.ChecksumProperty:
    2421        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2422
    2423        on = None
    2424        if self._match(TokenType.ON):
    2425            on = True
    2426        elif self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
    2427            on = False
    2428
    2429        return self.expression(exp.ChecksumProperty, on=on, default=self._match(TokenType.DEFAULT))
    2430
    2431    def _parse_cluster(self, wrapped: bool = False) -> exp.Cluster:
    2432        return self.expression(
    2433            exp.Cluster,
    2434            expressions=(
    2435                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_ordered)
    2436                if wrapped
    2437                else self._parse_csv(self._parse_ordered)
    2438            ),
    2439        )
    2440
    2441    def _parse_clustered_by(self) -> exp.ClusteredByProperty:
    2442        self._match_text_seq("BY")
    2443
    2444        self._match_l_paren()
    2445        expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_column)
    2446        self._match_r_paren()
    2447
    2448        if self._match_text_seq("SORTED", "BY"):
    2449            self._match_l_paren()
    2450            sorted_by = self._parse_csv(self._parse_ordered)
    2451            self._match_r_paren()
    2452        else:
    2453            sorted_by = None
    2454
    2455        self._match(TokenType.INTO)
    2456        buckets = self._parse_number()
    2457        self._match_text_seq("BUCKETS")
    2458
    2459        return self.expression(
    2460            exp.ClusteredByProperty,
    2461            expressions=expressions,
    2462            sorted_by=sorted_by,
    2463            buckets=buckets,
    2464        )
    2465
    2466    def _parse_copy_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.CopyGrantsProperty]:
    2467        if not self._match_text_seq("GRANTS"):
    2468            self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    2469            return None
    2470
    2471        return self.expression(exp.CopyGrantsProperty)
    2472
    2473    def _parse_freespace(self) -> exp.FreespaceProperty:
    2474        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2475        return self.expression(
    2476            exp.FreespaceProperty, this=self._parse_number(), percent=self._match(TokenType.PERCENT)
    2477        )
    2478
    2479    def _parse_mergeblockratio(
    2480        self, no: bool = False, default: bool = False
    2481    ) -> exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty:
    2482        if self._match(TokenType.EQ):
    2483            return self.expression(
    2484                exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty,
    2485                this=self._parse_number(),
    2486                percent=self._match(TokenType.PERCENT),
    2487            )
    2488
    2489        return self.expression(exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty, no=no, default=default)
    2490
    2491    def _parse_datablocksize(
    2492        self,
    2493        default: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    2494        minimum: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    2495        maximum: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    2496    ) -> exp.DataBlocksizeProperty:
    2497        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2498        size = self._parse_number()
    2499
    2500        units = None
    2501        if self._match_texts(("BYTES", "KBYTES", "KILOBYTES")):
    2502            units = self._prev.text
    2503
    2504        return self.expression(
    2505            exp.DataBlocksizeProperty,
    2506            size=size,
    2507            units=units,
    2508            default=default,
    2509            minimum=minimum,
    2510            maximum=maximum,
    2511        )
    2512
    2513    def _parse_blockcompression(self) -> exp.BlockCompressionProperty:
    2514        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2515        always = self._match_text_seq("ALWAYS")
    2516        manual = self._match_text_seq("MANUAL")
    2517        never = self._match_text_seq("NEVER")
    2518        default = self._match_text_seq("DEFAULT")
    2519
    2520        autotemp = None
    2521        if self._match_text_seq("AUTOTEMP"):
    2522            autotemp = self._parse_schema()
    2523
    2524        return self.expression(
    2525            exp.BlockCompressionProperty,
    2526            always=always,
    2527            manual=manual,
    2528            never=never,
    2529            default=default,
    2530            autotemp=autotemp,
    2531        )
    2532
    2533    def _parse_withisolatedloading(self) -> t.Optional[exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty]:
    2534        index = self._index
    2535        no = self._match_text_seq("NO")
    2536        concurrent = self._match_text_seq("CONCURRENT")
    2537
    2538        if not self._match_text_seq("ISOLATED", "LOADING"):
    2539            self._retreat(index)
    2540            return None
    2541
    2542        target = self._parse_var_from_options(self.ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS, raise_unmatched=False)
    2543        return self.expression(
    2544            exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty, no=no, concurrent=concurrent, target=target
    2545        )
    2546
    2547    def _parse_locking(self) -> exp.LockingProperty:
    2548        if self._match(TokenType.TABLE):
    2549            kind = "TABLE"
    2550        elif self._match(TokenType.VIEW):
    2551            kind = "VIEW"
    2552        elif self._match(TokenType.ROW):
    2553            kind = "ROW"
    2554        elif self._match_text_seq("DATABASE"):
    2555            kind = "DATABASE"
    2556        else:
    2557            kind = None
    2558
    2559        if kind in ("DATABASE", "TABLE", "VIEW"):
    2560            this = self._parse_table_parts()
    2561        else:
    2562            this = None
    2563
    2564        if self._match(TokenType.FOR):
    2565            for_or_in = "FOR"
    2566        elif self._match(TokenType.IN):
    2567            for_or_in = "IN"
    2568        else:
    2569            for_or_in = None
    2570
    2571        if self._match_text_seq("ACCESS"):
    2572            lock_type = "ACCESS"
    2573        elif self._match_texts(("EXCL", "EXCLUSIVE")):
    2574            lock_type = "EXCLUSIVE"
    2575        elif self._match_text_seq("SHARE"):
    2576            lock_type = "SHARE"
    2577        elif self._match_text_seq("READ"):
    2578            lock_type = "READ"
    2579        elif self._match_text_seq("WRITE"):
    2580            lock_type = "WRITE"
    2581        elif self._match_text_seq("CHECKSUM"):
    2582            lock_type = "CHECKSUM"
    2583        else:
    2584            lock_type = None
    2585
    2586        override = self._match_text_seq("OVERRIDE")
    2587
    2588        return self.expression(
    2589            exp.LockingProperty,
    2590            this=this,
    2591            kind=kind,
    2592            for_or_in=for_or_in,
    2593            lock_type=lock_type,
    2594            override=override,
    2595        )
    2596
    2597    def _parse_partition_by(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    2598        if self._match(TokenType.PARTITION_BY):
    2599            return self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)
    2600        return []
    2601
    2602    def _parse_partition_bound_spec(self) -> exp.PartitionBoundSpec:
    2603        def _parse_partition_bound_expr() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    2604            if self._match_text_seq("MINVALUE"):
    2605                return exp.var("MINVALUE")
    2606            if self._match_text_seq("MAXVALUE"):
    2607                return exp.var("MAXVALUE")
    2608            return self._parse_bitwise()
    2609
    2610        this: t.Optional[exp.Expression | t.List[exp.Expression]] = None
    2611        expression = None
    2612        from_expressions = None
    2613        to_expressions = None
    2614
    2615        if self._match(TokenType.IN):
    2616            this = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_bitwise)
    2617        elif self._match(TokenType.FROM):
    2618            from_expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_partition_bound_expr)
    2619            self._match_text_seq("TO")
    2620            to_expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_partition_bound_expr)
    2621        elif self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "MODULUS"):
    2622            this = self._parse_number()
    2623            self._match_text_seq(",", "REMAINDER")
    2624            expression = self._parse_number()
    2625            self._match_r_paren()
    2626        else:
    2627            self.raise_error("Failed to parse partition bound spec.")
    2628
    2629        return self.expression(
    2630            exp.PartitionBoundSpec,
    2631            this=this,
    2632            expression=expression,
    2633            from_expressions=from_expressions,
    2634            to_expressions=to_expressions,
    2635        )
    2636
    2637    # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtable.html
    2638    def _parse_partitioned_of(self) -> t.Optional[exp.PartitionedOfProperty]:
    2639        if not self._match_text_seq("OF"):
    2640            self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    2641            return None
    2642
    2643        this = self._parse_table(schema=True)
    2644
    2645        if self._match(TokenType.DEFAULT):
    2646            expression: exp.Var | exp.PartitionBoundSpec = exp.var("DEFAULT")
    2647        elif self._match_text_seq("FOR", "VALUES"):
    2648            expression = self._parse_partition_bound_spec()
    2649        else:
    2650            self.raise_error("Expecting either DEFAULT or FOR VALUES clause.")
    2651
    2652        return self.expression(exp.PartitionedOfProperty, this=this, expression=expression)
    2653
    2654    def _parse_partitioned_by(self) -> exp.PartitionedByProperty:
    2655        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2656        return self.expression(
    2657            exp.PartitionedByProperty,
    2658            this=self._parse_schema() or self._parse_bracket(self._parse_field()),
    2659        )
    2660
    2661    def _parse_withdata(self, no: bool = False) -> exp.WithDataProperty:
    2662        if self._match_text_seq("AND", "STATISTICS"):
    2663            statistics = True
    2664        elif self._match_text_seq("AND", "NO", "STATISTICS"):
    2665            statistics = False
    2666        else:
    2667            statistics = None
    2668
    2669        return self.expression(exp.WithDataProperty, no=no, statistics=statistics)
    2670
    2671    def _parse_contains_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.SqlReadWriteProperty]:
    2672        if self._match_text_seq("SQL"):
    2673            return self.expression(exp.SqlReadWriteProperty, this="CONTAINS SQL")
    2674        return None
    2675
    2676    def _parse_modifies_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.SqlReadWriteProperty]:
    2677        if self._match_text_seq("SQL", "DATA"):
    2678            return self.expression(exp.SqlReadWriteProperty, this="MODIFIES SQL DATA")
    2679        return None
    2680
    2681    def _parse_no_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    2682        if self._match_text_seq("PRIMARY", "INDEX"):
    2683            return exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty()
    2684        if self._match_text_seq("SQL"):
    2685            return self.expression(exp.SqlReadWriteProperty, this="NO SQL")
    2686        return None
    2687
    2688    def _parse_on_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    2689        if self._match_text_seq("COMMIT", "PRESERVE", "ROWS"):
    2690            return exp.OnCommitProperty()
    2691        if self._match_text_seq("COMMIT", "DELETE", "ROWS"):
    2692            return exp.OnCommitProperty(delete=True)
    2693        return self.expression(exp.OnProperty, this=self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var()))
    2694
    2695    def _parse_reads_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.SqlReadWriteProperty]:
    2696        if self._match_text_seq("SQL", "DATA"):
    2697            return self.expression(exp.SqlReadWriteProperty, this="READS SQL DATA")
    2698        return None
    2699
    2700    def _parse_distkey(self) -> exp.DistKeyProperty:
    2701        return self.expression(exp.DistKeyProperty, this=self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_id_var))
    2702
    2703    def _parse_create_like(self) -> t.Optional[exp.LikeProperty]:
    2704        table = self._parse_table(schema=True)
    2705
    2706        options = []
    2707        while self._match_texts(("INCLUDING", "EXCLUDING")):
    2708            this = self._prev.text.upper()
    2709
    2710            id_var = self._parse_id_var()
    2711            if not id_var:
    2712                return None
    2713
    2714            options.append(
    2715                self.expression(exp.Property, this=this, value=exp.var(id_var.this.upper()))
    2716            )
    2717
    2718        return self.expression(exp.LikeProperty, this=table, expressions=options)
    2719
    2720    def _parse_sortkey(self, compound: bool = False) -> exp.SortKeyProperty:
    2721        return self.expression(
    2722            exp.SortKeyProperty, this=self._parse_wrapped_id_vars(), compound=compound
    2723        )
    2724
    2725    def _parse_character_set(self, default: bool = False) -> exp.CharacterSetProperty:
    2726        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    2727        return self.expression(
    2728            exp.CharacterSetProperty, this=self._parse_var_or_string(), default=default
    2729        )
    2730
    2731    def _parse_remote_with_connection(self) -> exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty:
    2732        self._match_text_seq("WITH", "CONNECTION")
    2733        return self.expression(
    2734            exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty, this=self._parse_table_parts()
    2735        )
    2736
    2737    def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
    2738        value: t.Optional[exp.Expression]
    2739        null = None
    2740        is_table = self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    2741
    2742        if is_table:
    2743            if self._match(TokenType.LT):
    2744                value = self.expression(
    2745                    exp.Schema,
    2746                    this="TABLE",
    2747                    expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_struct_types),
    2748                )
    2749                if not self._match(TokenType.GT):
    2750                    self.raise_error("Expecting >")
    2751            else:
    2752                value = self._parse_schema(exp.var("TABLE"))
    2753        elif self._match_text_seq("NULL", "ON", "NULL", "INPUT"):
    2754            null = True
    2755            value = None
    2756        else:
    2757            value = self._parse_types()
    2758
    2759        return self.expression(exp.ReturnsProperty, this=value, is_table=is_table, null=null)
    2760
    2761    def _parse_describe(self) -> exp.Describe:
    2762        kind = self._match_set(self.CREATABLES) and self._prev.text
    2763        style = self._match_texts(self.DESCRIBE_STYLES) and self._prev.text.upper()
    2764        if self._match(TokenType.DOT):
    2765            style = None
    2766            self._retreat(self._index - 2)
    2767
    2768        format = self._parse_property() if self._match(TokenType.FORMAT, advance=False) else None
    2769
    2770        if self._match_set(self.STATEMENT_PARSERS, advance=False):
    2771            this = self._parse_statement()
    2772        else:
    2773            this = self._parse_table(schema=True)
    2774
    2775        properties = self._parse_properties()
    2776        expressions = properties.expressions if properties else None
    2777        partition = self._parse_partition()
    2778        return self.expression(
    2779            exp.Describe,
    2780            this=this,
    2781            style=style,
    2782            kind=kind,
    2783            expressions=expressions,
    2784            partition=partition,
    2785            format=format,
    2786        )
    2787
    2788    def _parse_multitable_inserts(self, comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]]) -> exp.MultitableInserts:
    2789        kind = self._prev.text.upper()
    2790        expressions = []
    2791
    2792        def parse_conditional_insert() -> t.Optional[exp.ConditionalInsert]:
    2793            if self._match(TokenType.WHEN):
    2794                expression = self._parse_disjunction()
    2795                self._match(TokenType.THEN)
    2796            else:
    2797                expression = None
    2798
    2799            else_ = self._match(TokenType.ELSE)
    2800
    2801            if not self._match(TokenType.INTO):
    2802                return None
    2803
    2804            return self.expression(
    2805                exp.ConditionalInsert,
    2806                this=self.expression(
    2807                    exp.Insert,
    2808                    this=self._parse_table(schema=True),
    2809                    expression=self._parse_derived_table_values(),
    2810                ),
    2811                expression=expression,
    2812                else_=else_,
    2813            )
    2814
    2815        expression = parse_conditional_insert()
    2816        while expression is not None:
    2817            expressions.append(expression)
    2818            expression = parse_conditional_insert()
    2819
    2820        return self.expression(
    2821            exp.MultitableInserts,
    2822            kind=kind,
    2823            comments=comments,
    2824            expressions=expressions,
    2825            source=self._parse_table(),
    2826        )
    2827
    2828    def _parse_insert(self) -> t.Union[exp.Insert, exp.MultitableInserts]:
    2829        comments = []
    2830        hint = self._parse_hint()
    2831        overwrite = self._match(TokenType.OVERWRITE)
    2832        ignore = self._match(TokenType.IGNORE)
    2833        local = self._match_text_seq("LOCAL")
    2834        alternative = None
    2835        is_function = None
    2836
    2837        if self._match_text_seq("DIRECTORY"):
    2838            this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = self.expression(
    2839                exp.Directory,
    2840                this=self._parse_var_or_string(),
    2841                local=local,
    2842                row_format=self._parse_row_format(match_row=True),
    2843            )
    2844        else:
    2845            if self._match_set((TokenType.FIRST, TokenType.ALL)):
    2846                comments += ensure_list(self._prev_comments)
    2847                return self._parse_multitable_inserts(comments)
    2848
    2849            if self._match(TokenType.OR):
    2850                alternative = self._match_texts(self.INSERT_ALTERNATIVES) and self._prev.text
    2851
    2852            self._match(TokenType.INTO)
    2853            comments += ensure_list(self._prev_comments)
    2854            self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    2855            is_function = self._match(TokenType.FUNCTION)
    2856
    2857            this = (
    2858                self._parse_table(schema=True, parse_partition=True)
    2859                if not is_function
    2860                else self._parse_function()
    2861            )
    2862            if isinstance(this, exp.Table) and self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False):
    2863                this.set("alias", self._parse_table_alias())
    2864
    2865        returning = self._parse_returning()
    2866
    2867        return self.expression(
    2868            exp.Insert,
    2869            comments=comments,
    2870            hint=hint,
    2871            is_function=is_function,
    2872            this=this,
    2873            stored=self._match_text_seq("STORED") and self._parse_stored(),
    2874            by_name=self._match_text_seq("BY", "NAME"),
    2875            exists=self._parse_exists(),
    2876            where=self._match_pair(TokenType.REPLACE, TokenType.WHERE) and self._parse_assignment(),
    2877            partition=self._match(TokenType.PARTITION_BY) and self._parse_partitioned_by(),
    2878            settings=self._match_text_seq("SETTINGS") and self._parse_settings_property(),
    2879            expression=self._parse_derived_table_values() or self._parse_ddl_select(),
    2880            conflict=self._parse_on_conflict(),
    2881            returning=returning or self._parse_returning(),
    2882            overwrite=overwrite,
    2883            alternative=alternative,
    2884            ignore=ignore,
    2885            source=self._match(TokenType.TABLE) and self._parse_table(),
    2886        )
    2887
    2888    def _parse_kill(self) -> exp.Kill:
    2889        kind = exp.var(self._prev.text) if self._match_texts(("CONNECTION", "QUERY")) else None
    2890
    2891        return self.expression(
    2892            exp.Kill,
    2893            this=self._parse_primary(),
    2894            kind=kind,
    2895        )
    2896
    2897    def _parse_on_conflict(self) -> t.Optional[exp.OnConflict]:
    2898        conflict = self._match_text_seq("ON", "CONFLICT")
    2899        duplicate = self._match_text_seq("ON", "DUPLICATE", "KEY")
    2900
    2901        if not conflict and not duplicate:
    2902            return None
    2903
    2904        conflict_keys = None
    2905        constraint = None
    2906
    2907        if conflict:
    2908            if self._match_text_seq("ON", "CONSTRAINT"):
    2909                constraint = self._parse_id_var()
    2910            elif self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    2911                conflict_keys = self._parse_csv(self._parse_id_var)
    2912                self._match_r_paren()
    2913
    2914        action = self._parse_var_from_options(self.CONFLICT_ACTIONS)
    2915        if self._prev.token_type == TokenType.UPDATE:
    2916            self._match(TokenType.SET)
    2917            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_equality)
    2918        else:
    2919            expressions = None
    2920
    2921        return self.expression(
    2922            exp.OnConflict,
    2923            duplicate=duplicate,
    2924            expressions=expressions,
    2925            action=action,
    2926            conflict_keys=conflict_keys,
    2927            constraint=constraint,
    2928            where=self._parse_where(),
    2929        )
    2930
    2931    def _parse_returning(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Returning]:
    2932        if not self._match(TokenType.RETURNING):
    2933            return None
    2934        return self.expression(
    2935            exp.Returning,
    2936            expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_expression),
    2937            into=self._match(TokenType.INTO) and self._parse_table_part(),
    2938        )
    2939
    2940    def _parse_row(self) -> t.Optional[exp.RowFormatSerdeProperty | exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty]:
    2941        if not self._match(TokenType.FORMAT):
    2942            return None
    2943        return self._parse_row_format()
    2944
    2945    def _parse_serde_properties(self, with_: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.SerdeProperties]:
    2946        index = self._index
    2947        with_ = with_ or self._match_text_seq("WITH")
    2948
    2949        if not self._match(TokenType.SERDE_PROPERTIES):
    2950            self._retreat(index)
    2951            return None
    2952        return self.expression(
    2953            exp.SerdeProperties,
    2954            **{  # type: ignore
    2955                "expressions": self._parse_wrapped_properties(),
    2956                "with": with_,
    2957            },
    2958        )
    2959
    2960    def _parse_row_format(
    2961        self, match_row: bool = False
    2962    ) -> t.Optional[exp.RowFormatSerdeProperty | exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty]:
    2963        if match_row and not self._match_pair(TokenType.ROW, TokenType.FORMAT):
    2964            return None
    2965
    2966        if self._match_text_seq("SERDE"):
    2967            this = self._parse_string()
    2968
    2969            serde_properties = self._parse_serde_properties()
    2970
    2971            return self.expression(
    2972                exp.RowFormatSerdeProperty, this=this, serde_properties=serde_properties
    2973            )
    2974
    2975        self._match_text_seq("DELIMITED")
    2976
    2977        kwargs = {}
    2978
    2979        if self._match_text_seq("FIELDS", "TERMINATED", "BY"):
    2980            kwargs["fields"] = self._parse_string()
    2981            if self._match_text_seq("ESCAPED", "BY"):
    2982                kwargs["escaped"] = self._parse_string()
    2983        if self._match_text_seq("COLLECTION", "ITEMS", "TERMINATED", "BY"):
    2984            kwargs["collection_items"] = self._parse_string()
    2985        if self._match_text_seq("MAP", "KEYS", "TERMINATED", "BY"):
    2986            kwargs["map_keys"] = self._parse_string()
    2987        if self._match_text_seq("LINES", "TERMINATED", "BY"):
    2988            kwargs["lines"] = self._parse_string()
    2989        if self._match_text_seq("NULL", "DEFINED", "AS"):
    2990            kwargs["null"] = self._parse_string()
    2991
    2992        return self.expression(exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty, **kwargs)  # type: ignore
    2993
    2994    def _parse_load(self) -> exp.LoadData | exp.Command:
    2995        if self._match_text_seq("DATA"):
    2996            local = self._match_text_seq("LOCAL")
    2997            self._match_text_seq("INPATH")
    2998            inpath = self._parse_string()
    2999            overwrite = self._match(TokenType.OVERWRITE)
    3000            self._match_pair(TokenType.INTO, TokenType.TABLE)
    3001
    3002            return self.expression(
    3003                exp.LoadData,
    3004                this=self._parse_table(schema=True),
    3005                local=local,
    3006                overwrite=overwrite,
    3007                inpath=inpath,
    3008                partition=self._parse_partition(),
    3009                input_format=self._match_text_seq("INPUTFORMAT") and self._parse_string(),
    3010                serde=self._match_text_seq("SERDE") and self._parse_string(),
    3011            )
    3012        return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
    3013
    3014    def _parse_delete(self) -> exp.Delete:
    3015        # This handles MySQL's "Multiple-Table Syntax"
    3016        # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/delete.html
    3017        tables = None
    3018        if not self._match(TokenType.FROM, advance=False):
    3019            tables = self._parse_csv(self._parse_table) or None
    3020
    3021        returning = self._parse_returning()
    3022
    3023        return self.expression(
    3024            exp.Delete,
    3025            tables=tables,
    3026            this=self._match(TokenType.FROM) and self._parse_table(joins=True),
    3027            using=self._match(TokenType.USING) and self._parse_table(joins=True),
    3028            cluster=self._match(TokenType.ON) and self._parse_on_property(),
    3029            where=self._parse_where(),
    3030            returning=returning or self._parse_returning(),
    3031            limit=self._parse_limit(),
    3032        )
    3033
    3034    def _parse_update(self) -> exp.Update:
    3035        this = self._parse_table(joins=True, alias_tokens=self.UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS)
    3036        expressions = self._match(TokenType.SET) and self._parse_csv(self._parse_equality)
    3037        returning = self._parse_returning()
    3038        return self.expression(
    3039            exp.Update,
    3040            **{  # type: ignore
    3041                "this": this,
    3042                "expressions": expressions,
    3043                "from": self._parse_from(joins=True),
    3044                "where": self._parse_where(),
    3045                "returning": returning or self._parse_returning(),
    3046                "order": self._parse_order(),
    3047                "limit": self._parse_limit(),
    3048            },
    3049        )
    3050
    3051    def _parse_use(self) -> exp.Use:
    3052        return self.expression(
    3053            exp.Use,
    3054            kind=self._parse_var_from_options(self.USABLES, raise_unmatched=False),
    3055            this=self._parse_table(schema=False),
    3056        )
    3057
    3058    def _parse_uncache(self) -> exp.Uncache:
    3059        if not self._match(TokenType.TABLE):
    3060            self.raise_error("Expecting TABLE after UNCACHE")
    3061
    3062        return self.expression(
    3063            exp.Uncache, exists=self._parse_exists(), this=self._parse_table(schema=True)
    3064        )
    3065
    3066    def _parse_cache(self) -> exp.Cache:
    3067        lazy = self._match_text_seq("LAZY")
    3068        self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    3069        table = self._parse_table(schema=True)
    3070
    3071        options = []
    3072        if self._match_text_seq("OPTIONS"):
    3073            self._match_l_paren()
    3074            k = self._parse_string()
    3075            self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    3076            v = self._parse_string()
    3077            options = [k, v]
    3078            self._match_r_paren()
    3079
    3080        self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    3081        return self.expression(
    3082            exp.Cache,
    3083            this=table,
    3084            lazy=lazy,
    3085            options=options,
    3086            expression=self._parse_select(nested=True),
    3087        )
    3088
    3089    def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
    3090        if not self._match_texts(self.PARTITION_KEYWORDS):
    3091            return None
    3092
    3093        return self.expression(
    3094            exp.Partition,
    3095            subpartition=self._prev.text.upper() == "SUBPARTITION",
    3096            expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment),
    3097        )
    3098
    3099    def _parse_value(self, values: bool = True) -> t.Optional[exp.Tuple]:
    3100        def _parse_value_expression() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3101            if self.dialect.SUPPORTS_VALUES_DEFAULT and self._match(TokenType.DEFAULT):
    3102                return exp.var(self._prev.text.upper())
    3103            return self._parse_expression()
    3104
    3105        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    3106            expressions = self._parse_csv(_parse_value_expression)
    3107            self._match_r_paren()
    3108            return self.expression(exp.Tuple, expressions=expressions)
    3109
    3110        # In some dialects we can have VALUES 1, 2 which results in 1 column & 2 rows.
    3111        expression = self._parse_expression()
    3112        if expression:
    3113            return self.expression(exp.Tuple, expressions=[expression])
    3114        return None
    3115
    3116    def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    3117        return self._parse_expressions()
    3118
    3119    def _parse_wrapped_select(self, table: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3120        if self._match_set((TokenType.PIVOT, TokenType.UNPIVOT)):
    3121            this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = self._parse_simplified_pivot(
    3122                is_unpivot=self._prev.token_type == TokenType.UNPIVOT
    3123            )
    3124        elif self._match(TokenType.FROM):
    3125            from_ = self._parse_from(skip_from_token=True)
    3126            # Support parentheses for duckdb FROM-first syntax
    3127            select = self._parse_select()
    3128            if select:
    3129                select.set("from", from_)
    3130                this = select
    3131            else:
    3132                this = exp.select("*").from_(t.cast(exp.From, from_))
    3133        else:
    3134            this = (
    3135                self._parse_table()
    3136                if table
    3137                else self._parse_select(nested=True, parse_set_operation=False)
    3138            )
    3139
    3140            # Transform exp.Values into a exp.Table to pass through parse_query_modifiers
    3141            # in case a modifier (e.g. join) is following
    3142            if table and isinstance(this, exp.Values) and this.alias:
    3143                alias = this.args["alias"].pop()
    3144                this = exp.Table(this=this, alias=alias)
    3145
    3146            this = self._parse_query_modifiers(self._parse_set_operations(this))
    3147
    3148        return this
    3149
    3150    def _parse_select(
    3151        self,
    3152        nested: bool = False,
    3153        table: bool = False,
    3154        parse_subquery_alias: bool = True,
    3155        parse_set_operation: bool = True,
    3156    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3157        cte = self._parse_with()
    3158
    3159        if cte:
    3160            this = self._parse_statement()
    3161
    3162            if not this:
    3163                self.raise_error("Failed to parse any statement following CTE")
    3164                return cte
    3165
    3166            if "with" in this.arg_types:
    3167                this.set("with", cte)
    3168            else:
    3169                self.raise_error(f"{this.key} does not support CTE")
    3170                this = cte
    3171
    3172            return this
    3173
    3174        # duckdb supports leading with FROM x
    3175        from_ = self._parse_from() if self._match(TokenType.FROM, advance=False) else None
    3176
    3177        if self._match(TokenType.SELECT):
    3178            comments = self._prev_comments
    3179
    3180            hint = self._parse_hint()
    3181
    3182            if self._next and not self._next.token_type == TokenType.DOT:
    3183                all_ = self._match(TokenType.ALL)
    3184                distinct = self._match_set(self.DISTINCT_TOKENS)
    3185            else:
    3186                all_, distinct = None, None
    3187
    3188            kind = (
    3189                self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    3190                and self._match_texts(("STRUCT", "VALUE"))
    3191                and self._prev.text.upper()
    3192            )
    3193
    3194            if distinct:
    3195                distinct = self.expression(
    3196                    exp.Distinct,
    3197                    on=self._parse_value(values=False) if self._match(TokenType.ON) else None,
    3198                )
    3199
    3200            if all_ and distinct:
    3201                self.raise_error("Cannot specify both ALL and DISTINCT after SELECT")
    3202
    3203            operation_modifiers = []
    3204            while self._curr and self._match_texts(self.OPERATION_MODIFIERS):
    3205                operation_modifiers.append(exp.var(self._prev.text.upper()))
    3206
    3207            limit = self._parse_limit(top=True)
    3208            projections = self._parse_projections()
    3209
    3210            this = self.expression(
    3211                exp.Select,
    3212                kind=kind,
    3213                hint=hint,
    3214                distinct=distinct,
    3215                expressions=projections,
    3216                limit=limit,
    3217                operation_modifiers=operation_modifiers or None,
    3218            )
    3219            this.comments = comments
    3220
    3221            into = self._parse_into()
    3222            if into:
    3223                this.set("into", into)
    3224
    3225            if not from_:
    3226                from_ = self._parse_from()
    3227
    3228            if from_:
    3229                this.set("from", from_)
    3230
    3231            this = self._parse_query_modifiers(this)
    3232        elif (table or nested) and self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    3233            this = self._parse_wrapped_select(table=table)
    3234
    3235            # We return early here so that the UNION isn't attached to the subquery by the
    3236            # following call to _parse_set_operations, but instead becomes the parent node
    3237            self._match_r_paren()
    3238            return self._parse_subquery(this, parse_alias=parse_subquery_alias)
    3239        elif self._match(TokenType.VALUES, advance=False):
    3240            this = self._parse_derived_table_values()
    3241        elif from_:
    3242            this = exp.select("*").from_(from_.this, copy=False)
    3243        elif self._match(TokenType.SUMMARIZE):
    3244            table = self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    3245            this = self._parse_select() or self._parse_string() or self._parse_table()
    3246            return self.expression(exp.Summarize, this=this, table=table)
    3247        elif self._match(TokenType.DESCRIBE):
    3248            this = self._parse_describe()
    3249        elif self._match_text_seq("STREAM"):
    3250            this = self._parse_function()
    3251            if this:
    3252                this = self.expression(exp.Stream, this=this)
    3253            else:
    3254                self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    3255        else:
    3256            this = None
    3257
    3258        return self._parse_set_operations(this) if parse_set_operation else this
    3259
    3260    def _parse_recursive_with_search(self) -> t.Optional[exp.RecursiveWithSearch]:
    3261        self._match_text_seq("SEARCH")
    3262
    3263        kind = self._match_texts(self.RECURSIVE_CTE_SEARCH_KIND) and self._prev.text.upper()
    3264
    3265        if not kind:
    3266            return None
    3267
    3268        self._match_text_seq("FIRST", "BY")
    3269
    3270        return self.expression(
    3271            exp.RecursiveWithSearch,
    3272            kind=kind,
    3273            this=self._parse_id_var(),
    3274            expression=self._match_text_seq("SET") and self._parse_id_var(),
    3275            using=self._match_text_seq("USING") and self._parse_id_var(),
    3276        )
    3277
    3278    def _parse_with(self, skip_with_token: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.With]:
    3279        if not skip_with_token and not self._match(TokenType.WITH):
    3280            return None
    3281
    3282        comments = self._prev_comments
    3283        recursive = self._match(TokenType.RECURSIVE)
    3284
    3285        last_comments = None
    3286        expressions = []
    3287        while True:
    3288            cte = self._parse_cte()
    3289            if isinstance(cte, exp.CTE):
    3290                expressions.append(cte)
    3291                if last_comments:
    3292                    cte.add_comments(last_comments)
    3293
    3294            if not self._match(TokenType.COMMA) and not self._match(TokenType.WITH):
    3295                break
    3296            else:
    3297                self._match(TokenType.WITH)
    3298
    3299            last_comments = self._prev_comments
    3300
    3301        return self.expression(
    3302            exp.With,
    3303            comments=comments,
    3304            expressions=expressions,
    3305            recursive=recursive,
    3306            search=self._parse_recursive_with_search(),
    3307        )
    3308
    3309    def _parse_cte(self) -> t.Optional[exp.CTE]:
    3310        index = self._index
    3311
    3312        alias = self._parse_table_alias(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
    3313        if not alias or not alias.this:
    3314            self.raise_error("Expected CTE to have alias")
    3315
    3316        if not self._match(TokenType.ALIAS) and not self.OPTIONAL_ALIAS_TOKEN_CTE:
    3317            self._retreat(index)
    3318            return None
    3319
    3320        comments = self._prev_comments
    3321
    3322        if self._match_text_seq("NOT", "MATERIALIZED"):
    3323            materialized = False
    3324        elif self._match_text_seq("MATERIALIZED"):
    3325            materialized = True
    3326        else:
    3327            materialized = None
    3328
    3329        cte = self.expression(
    3330            exp.CTE,
    3331            this=self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_statement),
    3332            alias=alias,
    3333            materialized=materialized,
    3334            comments=comments,
    3335        )
    3336
    3337        if isinstance(cte.this, exp.Values):
    3338            cte.set("this", exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(cte.this, "_values", table=True)))
    3339
    3340        return cte
    3341
    3342    def _parse_table_alias(
    3343        self, alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None
    3344    ) -> t.Optional[exp.TableAlias]:
    3345        # In some dialects, LIMIT and OFFSET can act as both identifiers and keywords (clauses)
    3346        # so this section tries to parse the clause version and if it fails, it treats the token
    3347        # as an identifier (alias)
    3348        if self._can_parse_limit_or_offset():
    3349            return None
    3350
    3351        any_token = self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    3352        alias = (
    3353            self._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=alias_tokens or self.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS)
    3354            or self._parse_string_as_identifier()
    3355        )
    3356
    3357        index = self._index
    3358        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    3359            columns = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
    3360            self._match_r_paren() if columns else self._retreat(index)
    3361        else:
    3362            columns = None
    3363
    3364        if not alias and not columns:
    3365            return None
    3366
    3367        table_alias = self.expression(exp.TableAlias, this=alias, columns=columns)
    3368
    3369        # We bubble up comments from the Identifier to the TableAlias
    3370        if isinstance(alias, exp.Identifier):
    3371            table_alias.add_comments(alias.pop_comments())
    3372
    3373        return table_alias
    3374
    3375    def _parse_subquery(
    3376        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression], parse_alias: bool = True
    3377    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Subquery]:
    3378        if not this:
    3379            return None
    3380
    3381        return self.expression(
    3382            exp.Subquery,
    3383            this=this,
    3384            pivots=self._parse_pivots(),
    3385            alias=self._parse_table_alias() if parse_alias else None,
    3386            sample=self._parse_table_sample(),
    3387        )
    3388
    3389    def _implicit_unnests_to_explicit(self, this: E) -> E:
    3390        from sqlglot.optimizer.normalize_identifiers import normalize_identifiers as _norm
    3391
    3392        refs = {_norm(this.args["from"].this.copy(), dialect=self.dialect).alias_or_name}
    3393        for i, join in enumerate(this.args.get("joins") or []):
    3394            table = join.this
    3395            normalized_table = table.copy()
    3396            normalized_table.meta["maybe_column"] = True
    3397            normalized_table = _norm(normalized_table, dialect=self.dialect)
    3398
    3399            if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and not join.args.get("on"):
    3400                if normalized_table.parts[0].name in refs:
    3401                    table_as_column = table.to_column()
    3402                    unnest = exp.Unnest(expressions=[table_as_column])
    3403
    3404                    # Table.to_column creates a parent Alias node that we want to convert to
    3405                    # a TableAlias and attach to the Unnest, so it matches the parser's output
    3406                    if isinstance(table.args.get("alias"), exp.TableAlias):
    3407                        table_as_column.replace(table_as_column.this)
    3408                        exp.alias_(unnest, None, table=[table.args["alias"].this], copy=False)
    3409
    3410                    table.replace(unnest)
    3411
    3412            refs.add(normalized_table.alias_or_name)
    3413
    3414        return this
    3415
    3416    def _parse_query_modifiers(
    3417        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]
    3418    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3419        if isinstance(this, self.MODIFIABLES):
    3420            for join in self._parse_joins():
    3421                this.append("joins", join)
    3422            for lateral in iter(self._parse_lateral, None):
    3423                this.append("laterals", lateral)
    3424
    3425            while True:
    3426                if self._match_set(self.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS, advance=False):
    3427                    parser = self.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS[self._curr.token_type]
    3428                    key, expression = parser(self)
    3429
    3430                    if expression:
    3431                        this.set(key, expression)
    3432                        if key == "limit":
    3433                            offset = expression.args.pop("offset", None)
    3434
    3435                            if offset:
    3436                                offset = exp.Offset(expression=offset)
    3437                                this.set("offset", offset)
    3438
    3439                                limit_by_expressions = expression.expressions
    3440                                expression.set("expressions", None)
    3441                                offset.set("expressions", limit_by_expressions)
    3442                        continue
    3443                break
    3444
    3445        if self.SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST and this and this.args.get("from"):
    3446            this = self._implicit_unnests_to_explicit(this)
    3447
    3448        return this
    3449
    3450    def _parse_hint_fallback_to_string(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Hint]:
    3451        start = self._curr
    3452        while self._curr:
    3453            self._advance()
    3454
    3455        end = self._tokens[self._index - 1]
    3456        return exp.Hint(expressions=[self._find_sql(start, end)])
    3457
    3458    def _parse_hint_function_call(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3459        return self._parse_function_call()
    3460
    3461    def _parse_hint_body(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Hint]:
    3462        start_index = self._index
    3463        should_fallback_to_string = False
    3464
    3465        hints = []
    3466        try:
    3467            for hint in iter(
    3468                lambda: self._parse_csv(
    3469                    lambda: self._parse_hint_function_call() or self._parse_var(upper=True),
    3470                ),
    3471                [],
    3472            ):
    3473                hints.extend(hint)
    3474        except ParseError:
    3475            should_fallback_to_string = True
    3476
    3477        if should_fallback_to_string or self._curr:
    3478            self._retreat(start_index)
    3479            return self._parse_hint_fallback_to_string()
    3480
    3481        return self.expression(exp.Hint, expressions=hints)
    3482
    3483    def _parse_hint(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Hint]:
    3484        if self._match(TokenType.HINT) and self._prev_comments:
    3485            return exp.maybe_parse(self._prev_comments[0], into=exp.Hint, dialect=self.dialect)
    3486
    3487        return None
    3488
    3489    def _parse_into(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Into]:
    3490        if not self._match(TokenType.INTO):
    3491            return None
    3492
    3493        temp = self._match(TokenType.TEMPORARY)
    3494        unlogged = self._match_text_seq("UNLOGGED")
    3495        self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    3496
    3497        return self.expression(
    3498            exp.Into, this=self._parse_table(schema=True), temporary=temp, unlogged=unlogged
    3499        )
    3500
    3501    def _parse_from(
    3502        self, joins: bool = False, skip_from_token: bool = False
    3503    ) -> t.Optional[exp.From]:
    3504        if not skip_from_token and not self._match(TokenType.FROM):
    3505            return None
    3506
    3507        return self.expression(
    3508            exp.From, comments=self._prev_comments, this=self._parse_table(joins=joins)
    3509        )
    3510
    3511    def _parse_match_recognize_measure(self) -> exp.MatchRecognizeMeasure:
    3512        return self.expression(
    3513            exp.MatchRecognizeMeasure,
    3514            window_frame=self._match_texts(("FINAL", "RUNNING")) and self._prev.text.upper(),
    3515            this=self._parse_expression(),
    3516        )
    3517
    3518    def _parse_match_recognize(self) -> t.Optional[exp.MatchRecognize]:
    3519        if not self._match(TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE):
    3520            return None
    3521
    3522        self._match_l_paren()
    3523
    3524        partition = self._parse_partition_by()
    3525        order = self._parse_order()
    3526
    3527        measures = (
    3528            self._parse_csv(self._parse_match_recognize_measure)
    3529            if self._match_text_seq("MEASURES")
    3530            else None
    3531        )
    3532
    3533        if self._match_text_seq("ONE", "ROW", "PER", "MATCH"):
    3534            rows = exp.var("ONE ROW PER MATCH")
    3535        elif self._match_text_seq("ALL", "ROWS", "PER", "MATCH"):
    3536            text = "ALL ROWS PER MATCH"
    3537            if self._match_text_seq("SHOW", "EMPTY", "MATCHES"):
    3538                text += " SHOW EMPTY MATCHES"
    3539            elif self._match_text_seq("OMIT", "EMPTY", "MATCHES"):
    3540                text += " OMIT EMPTY MATCHES"
    3541            elif self._match_text_seq("WITH", "UNMATCHED", "ROWS"):
    3542                text += " WITH UNMATCHED ROWS"
    3543            rows = exp.var(text)
    3544        else:
    3545            rows = None
    3546
    3547        if self._match_text_seq("AFTER", "MATCH", "SKIP"):
    3548            text = "AFTER MATCH SKIP"
    3549            if self._match_text_seq("PAST", "LAST", "ROW"):
    3550                text += " PAST LAST ROW"
    3551            elif self._match_text_seq("TO", "NEXT", "ROW"):
    3552                text += " TO NEXT ROW"
    3553            elif self._match_text_seq("TO", "FIRST"):
    3554                text += f" TO FIRST {self._advance_any().text}"  # type: ignore
    3555            elif self._match_text_seq("TO", "LAST"):
    3556                text += f" TO LAST {self._advance_any().text}"  # type: ignore
    3557            after = exp.var(text)
    3558        else:
    3559            after = None
    3560
    3561        if self._match_text_seq("PATTERN"):
    3562            self._match_l_paren()
    3563
    3564            if not self._curr:
    3565                self.raise_error("Expecting )", self._curr)
    3566
    3567            paren = 1
    3568            start = self._curr
    3569
    3570            while self._curr and paren > 0:
    3571                if self._curr.token_type == TokenType.L_PAREN:
    3572                    paren += 1
    3573                if self._curr.token_type == TokenType.R_PAREN:
    3574                    paren -= 1
    3575
    3576                end = self._prev
    3577                self._advance()
    3578
    3579            if paren > 0:
    3580                self.raise_error("Expecting )", self._curr)
    3581
    3582            pattern = exp.var(self._find_sql(start, end))
    3583        else:
    3584            pattern = None
    3585
    3586        define = (
    3587            self._parse_csv(self._parse_name_as_expression)
    3588            if self._match_text_seq("DEFINE")
    3589            else None
    3590        )
    3591
    3592        self._match_r_paren()
    3593
    3594        return self.expression(
    3595            exp.MatchRecognize,
    3596            partition_by=partition,
    3597            order=order,
    3598            measures=measures,
    3599            rows=rows,
    3600            after=after,
    3601            pattern=pattern,
    3602            define=define,
    3603            alias=self._parse_table_alias(),
    3604        )
    3605
    3606    def _parse_lateral(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Lateral]:
    3607        cross_apply = self._match_pair(TokenType.CROSS, TokenType.APPLY)
    3608        if not cross_apply and self._match_pair(TokenType.OUTER, TokenType.APPLY):
    3609            cross_apply = False
    3610
    3611        if cross_apply is not None:
    3612            this = self._parse_select(table=True)
    3613            view = None
    3614            outer = None
    3615        elif self._match(TokenType.LATERAL):
    3616            this = self._parse_select(table=True)
    3617            view = self._match(TokenType.VIEW)
    3618            outer = self._match(TokenType.OUTER)
    3619        else:
    3620            return None
    3621
    3622        if not this:
    3623            this = (
    3624                self._parse_unnest()
    3625                or self._parse_function()
    3626                or self._parse_id_var(any_token=False)
    3627            )
    3628
    3629            while self._match(TokenType.DOT):
    3630                this = exp.Dot(
    3631                    this=this,
    3632                    expression=self._parse_function() or self._parse_id_var(any_token=False),
    3633                )
    3634
    3635        ordinality: t.Optional[bool] = None
    3636
    3637        if view:
    3638            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False)
    3639            columns = self._parse_csv(self._parse_id_var) if self._match(TokenType.ALIAS) else []
    3640            table_alias: t.Optional[exp.TableAlias] = self.expression(
    3641                exp.TableAlias, this=table, columns=columns
    3642            )
    3643        elif isinstance(this, (exp.Subquery, exp.Unnest)) and this.alias:
    3644            # We move the alias from the lateral's child node to the lateral itself
    3645            table_alias = this.args["alias"].pop()
    3646        else:
    3647            ordinality = self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.ORDINALITY)
    3648            table_alias = self._parse_table_alias()
    3649
    3650        return self.expression(
    3651            exp.Lateral,
    3652            this=this,
    3653            view=view,
    3654            outer=outer,
    3655            alias=table_alias,
    3656            cross_apply=cross_apply,
    3657            ordinality=ordinality,
    3658        )
    3659
    3660    def _parse_join_parts(
    3661        self,
    3662    ) -> t.Tuple[t.Optional[Token], t.Optional[Token], t.Optional[Token]]:
    3663        return (
    3664            self._match_set(self.JOIN_METHODS) and self._prev,
    3665            self._match_set(self.JOIN_SIDES) and self._prev,
    3666            self._match_set(self.JOIN_KINDS) and self._prev,
    3667        )
    3668
    3669    def _parse_using_identifiers(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    3670        def _parse_column_as_identifier() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3671            this = self._parse_column()
    3672            if isinstance(this, exp.Column):
    3673                return this.this
    3674            return this
    3675
    3676        return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_column_as_identifier, optional=True)
    3677
    3678    def _parse_join(
    3679        self, skip_join_token: bool = False, parse_bracket: bool = False
    3680    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Join]:
    3681        if self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    3682            table = self._try_parse(self._parse_table)
    3683            if table:
    3684                return self.expression(exp.Join, this=table)
    3685            return None
    3686
    3687        index = self._index
    3688        method, side, kind = self._parse_join_parts()
    3689        hint = self._prev.text if self._match_texts(self.JOIN_HINTS) else None
    3690        join = self._match(TokenType.JOIN) or (kind and kind.token_type == TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN)
    3691
    3692        if not skip_join_token and not join:
    3693            self._retreat(index)
    3694            kind = None
    3695            method = None
    3696            side = None
    3697
    3698        outer_apply = self._match_pair(TokenType.OUTER, TokenType.APPLY, False)
    3699        cross_apply = self._match_pair(TokenType.CROSS, TokenType.APPLY, False)
    3700
    3701        if not skip_join_token and not join and not outer_apply and not cross_apply:
    3702            return None
    3703
    3704        kwargs: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {"this": self._parse_table(parse_bracket=parse_bracket)}
    3705        if kind and kind.token_type == TokenType.ARRAY and self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    3706            kwargs["expressions"] = self._parse_csv(
    3707                lambda: self._parse_table(parse_bracket=parse_bracket)
    3708            )
    3709
    3710        if method:
    3711            kwargs["method"] = method.text
    3712        if side:
    3713            kwargs["side"] = side.text
    3714        if kind:
    3715            kwargs["kind"] = kind.text
    3716        if hint:
    3717            kwargs["hint"] = hint
    3718
    3719        if self._match(TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION):
    3720            kwargs["match_condition"] = self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_comparison)
    3721
    3722        if self._match(TokenType.ON):
    3723            kwargs["on"] = self._parse_assignment()
    3724        elif self._match(TokenType.USING):
    3725            kwargs["using"] = self._parse_using_identifiers()
    3726        elif (
    3727            not (outer_apply or cross_apply)
    3728            and not isinstance(kwargs["this"], exp.Unnest)
    3729            and not (kind and kind.token_type in (TokenType.CROSS, TokenType.ARRAY))
    3730        ):
    3731            index = self._index
    3732            joins: t.Optional[list] = list(self._parse_joins())
    3733
    3734            if joins and self._match(TokenType.ON):
    3735                kwargs["on"] = self._parse_assignment()
    3736            elif joins and self._match(TokenType.USING):
    3737                kwargs["using"] = self._parse_using_identifiers()
    3738            else:
    3739                joins = None
    3740                self._retreat(index)
    3741
    3742            kwargs["this"].set("joins", joins if joins else None)
    3743
    3744        kwargs["pivots"] = self._parse_pivots()
    3745
    3746        comments = [c for token in (method, side, kind) if token for c in token.comments]
    3747        return self.expression(exp.Join, comments=comments, **kwargs)
    3748
    3749    def _parse_opclass(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3750        this = self._parse_assignment()
    3751
    3752        if self._match_texts(self.OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS, advance=False):
    3753            return this
    3754
    3755        if not self._match_set(self.OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS, advance=False):
    3756            return self.expression(exp.Opclass, this=this, expression=self._parse_table_parts())
    3757
    3758        return this
    3759
    3760    def _parse_index_params(self) -> exp.IndexParameters:
    3761        using = self._parse_var(any_token=True) if self._match(TokenType.USING) else None
    3762
    3763        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    3764            columns = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_with_operator)
    3765        else:
    3766            columns = None
    3767
    3768        include = self._parse_wrapped_id_vars() if self._match_text_seq("INCLUDE") else None
    3769        partition_by = self._parse_partition_by()
    3770        with_storage = self._match(TokenType.WITH) and self._parse_wrapped_properties()
    3771        tablespace = (
    3772            self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    3773            if self._match_text_seq("USING", "INDEX", "TABLESPACE")
    3774            else None
    3775        )
    3776        where = self._parse_where()
    3777
    3778        on = self._parse_field() if self._match(TokenType.ON) else None
    3779
    3780        return self.expression(
    3781            exp.IndexParameters,
    3782            using=using,
    3783            columns=columns,
    3784            include=include,
    3785            partition_by=partition_by,
    3786            where=where,
    3787            with_storage=with_storage,
    3788            tablespace=tablespace,
    3789            on=on,
    3790        )
    3791
    3792    def _parse_index(
    3793        self, index: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, anonymous: bool = False
    3794    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Index]:
    3795        if index or anonymous:
    3796            unique = None
    3797            primary = None
    3798            amp = None
    3799
    3800            self._match(TokenType.ON)
    3801            self._match(TokenType.TABLE)  # hive
    3802            table = self._parse_table_parts(schema=True)
    3803        else:
    3804            unique = self._match(TokenType.UNIQUE)
    3805            primary = self._match_text_seq("PRIMARY")
    3806            amp = self._match_text_seq("AMP")
    3807
    3808            if not self._match(TokenType.INDEX):
    3809                return None
    3810
    3811            index = self._parse_id_var()
    3812            table = None
    3813
    3814        params = self._parse_index_params()
    3815
    3816        return self.expression(
    3817            exp.Index,
    3818            this=index,
    3819            table=table,
    3820            unique=unique,
    3821            primary=primary,
    3822            amp=amp,
    3823            params=params,
    3824        )
    3825
    3826    def _parse_table_hints(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
    3827        hints: t.List[exp.Expression] = []
    3828        if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
    3829            # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/hints-transact-sql-table?view=sql-server-ver16
    3830            hints.append(
    3831                self.expression(
    3832                    exp.WithTableHint,
    3833                    expressions=self._parse_csv(
    3834                        lambda: self._parse_function() or self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    3835                    ),
    3836                )
    3837            )
    3838            self._match_r_paren()
    3839        else:
    3840            # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/index-hints.html
    3841            while self._match_set(self.TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS):
    3842                hint = exp.IndexTableHint(this=self._prev.text.upper())
    3843
    3844                self._match_set((TokenType.INDEX, TokenType.KEY))
    3845                if self._match(TokenType.FOR):
    3846                    hint.set("target", self._advance_any() and self._prev.text.upper())
    3847
    3848                hint.set("expressions", self._parse_wrapped_id_vars())
    3849                hints.append(hint)
    3850
    3851        return hints or None
    3852
    3853    def _parse_table_part(self, schema: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3854        return (
    3855            (not schema and self._parse_function(optional_parens=False))
    3856            or self._parse_id_var(any_token=False)
    3857            or self._parse_string_as_identifier()
    3858            or self._parse_placeholder()
    3859        )
    3860
    3861    def _parse_table_parts(
    3862        self, schema: bool = False, is_db_reference: bool = False, wildcard: bool = False
    3863    ) -> exp.Table:
    3864        catalog = None
    3865        db = None
    3866        table: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str] = self._parse_table_part(schema=schema)
    3867
    3868        while self._match(TokenType.DOT):
    3869            if catalog:
    3870                # This allows nesting the table in arbitrarily many dot expressions if needed
    3871                table = self.expression(
    3872                    exp.Dot, this=table, expression=self._parse_table_part(schema=schema)
    3873                )
    3874            else:
    3875                catalog = db
    3876                db = table
    3877                # "" used for tsql FROM a..b case
    3878                table = self._parse_table_part(schema=schema) or ""
    3879
    3880        if (
    3881            wildcard
    3882            and self._is_connected()
    3883            and (isinstance(table, exp.Identifier) or not table)
    3884            and self._match(TokenType.STAR)
    3885        ):
    3886            if isinstance(table, exp.Identifier):
    3887                table.args["this"] += "*"
    3888            else:
    3889                table = exp.Identifier(this="*")
    3890
    3891        # We bubble up comments from the Identifier to the Table
    3892        comments = table.pop_comments() if isinstance(table, exp.Expression) else None
    3893
    3894        if is_db_reference:
    3895            catalog = db
    3896            db = table
    3897            table = None
    3898
    3899        if not table and not is_db_reference:
    3900            self.raise_error(f"Expected table name but got {self._curr}")
    3901        if not db and is_db_reference:
    3902            self.raise_error(f"Expected database name but got {self._curr}")
    3903
    3904        table = self.expression(
    3905            exp.Table,
    3906            comments=comments,
    3907            this=table,
    3908            db=db,
    3909            catalog=catalog,
    3910        )
    3911
    3912        changes = self._parse_changes()
    3913        if changes:
    3914            table.set("changes", changes)
    3915
    3916        at_before = self._parse_historical_data()
    3917        if at_before:
    3918            table.set("when", at_before)
    3919
    3920        pivots = self._parse_pivots()
    3921        if pivots:
    3922            table.set("pivots", pivots)
    3923
    3924        return table
    3925
    3926    def _parse_table(
    3927        self,
    3928        schema: bool = False,
    3929        joins: bool = False,
    3930        alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
    3931        parse_bracket: bool = False,
    3932        is_db_reference: bool = False,
    3933        parse_partition: bool = False,
    3934    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    3935        lateral = self._parse_lateral()
    3936        if lateral:
    3937            return lateral
    3938
    3939        unnest = self._parse_unnest()
    3940        if unnest:
    3941            return unnest
    3942
    3943        values = self._parse_derived_table_values()
    3944        if values:
    3945            return values
    3946
    3947        subquery = self._parse_select(table=True)
    3948        if subquery:
    3949            if not subquery.args.get("pivots"):
    3950                subquery.set("pivots", self._parse_pivots())
    3951            return subquery
    3952
    3953        bracket = parse_bracket and self._parse_bracket(None)
    3954        bracket = self.expression(exp.Table, this=bracket) if bracket else None
    3955
    3956        rows_from = self._match_text_seq("ROWS", "FROM") and self._parse_wrapped_csv(
    3957            self._parse_table
    3958        )
    3959        rows_from = self.expression(exp.Table, rows_from=rows_from) if rows_from else None
    3960
    3961        only = self._match(TokenType.ONLY)
    3962
    3963        this = t.cast(
    3964            exp.Expression,
    3965            bracket
    3966            or rows_from
    3967            or self._parse_bracket(
    3968                self._parse_table_parts(schema=schema, is_db_reference=is_db_reference)
    3969            ),
    3970        )
    3971
    3972        if only:
    3973            this.set("only", only)
    3974
    3975        # Postgres supports a wildcard (table) suffix operator, which is a no-op in this context
    3976        self._match_text_seq("*")
    3977
    3978        parse_partition = parse_partition or self.SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
    3979        if parse_partition and self._match(TokenType.PARTITION, advance=False):
    3980            this.set("partition", self._parse_partition())
    3981
    3982        if schema:
    3983            return self._parse_schema(this=this)
    3984
    3985        version = self._parse_version()
    3986
    3987        if version:
    3988            this.set("version", version)
    3989
    3990        if self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE:
    3991            this.set("sample", self._parse_table_sample())
    3992
    3993        alias = self._parse_table_alias(alias_tokens=alias_tokens or self.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS)
    3994        if alias:
    3995            this.set("alias", alias)
    3996
    3997        if isinstance(this, exp.Table) and self._match_text_seq("AT"):
    3998            return self.expression(
    3999                exp.AtIndex, this=this.to_column(copy=False), expression=self._parse_id_var()
    4000            )
    4001
    4002        this.set("hints", self._parse_table_hints())
    4003
    4004        if not this.args.get("pivots"):
    4005            this.set("pivots", self._parse_pivots())
    4006
    4007        if not self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE:
    4008            this.set("sample", self._parse_table_sample())
    4009
    4010        if joins:
    4011            for join in self._parse_joins():
    4012                this.append("joins", join)
    4013
    4014        if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.ORDINALITY):
    4015            this.set("ordinality", True)
    4016            this.set("alias", self._parse_table_alias())
    4017
    4018        return this
    4019
    4020    def _parse_version(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Version]:
    4021        if self._match(TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT):
    4022            this = "TIMESTAMP"
    4023        elif self._match(TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT):
    4024            this = "VERSION"
    4025        else:
    4026            return None
    4027
    4028        if self._match_set((TokenType.FROM, TokenType.BETWEEN)):
    4029            kind = self._prev.text.upper()
    4030            start = self._parse_bitwise()
    4031            self._match_texts(("TO", "AND"))
    4032            end = self._parse_bitwise()
    4033            expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = self.expression(
    4034                exp.Tuple, expressions=[start, end]
    4035            )
    4036        elif self._match_text_seq("CONTAINED", "IN"):
    4037            kind = "CONTAINED IN"
    4038            expression = self.expression(
    4039                exp.Tuple, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_bitwise)
    4040            )
    4041        elif self._match(TokenType.ALL):
    4042            kind = "ALL"
    4043            expression = None
    4044        else:
    4045            self._match_text_seq("AS", "OF")
    4046            kind = "AS OF"
    4047            expression = self._parse_type()
    4048
    4049        return self.expression(exp.Version, this=this, expression=expression, kind=kind)
    4050
    4051    def _parse_historical_data(self) -> t.Optional[exp.HistoricalData]:
    4052        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/constructs/at-before
    4053        index = self._index
    4054        historical_data = None
    4055        if self._match_texts(self.HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX):
    4056            this = self._prev.text.upper()
    4057            kind = (
    4058                self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
    4059                and self._match_texts(self.HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND)
    4060                and self._prev.text.upper()
    4061            )
    4062            expression = self._match(TokenType.FARROW) and self._parse_bitwise()
    4063
    4064            if expression:
    4065                self._match_r_paren()
    4066                historical_data = self.expression(
    4067                    exp.HistoricalData, this=this, kind=kind, expression=expression
    4068                )
    4069            else:
    4070                self._retreat(index)
    4071
    4072        return historical_data
    4073
    4074    def _parse_changes(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Changes]:
    4075        if not self._match_text_seq("CHANGES", "(", "INFORMATION", "=>"):
    4076            return None
    4077
    4078        information = self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    4079        self._match_r_paren()
    4080
    4081        return self.expression(
    4082            exp.Changes,
    4083            information=information,
    4084            at_before=self._parse_historical_data(),
    4085            end=self._parse_historical_data(),
    4086        )
    4087
    4088    def _parse_unnest(self, with_alias: bool = True) -> t.Optional[exp.Unnest]:
    4089        if not self._match(TokenType.UNNEST):
    4090            return None
    4091
    4092        expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_equality)
    4093        offset = self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.ORDINALITY)
    4094
    4095        alias = self._parse_table_alias() if with_alias else None
    4096
    4097        if alias:
    4098            if self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY:
    4099                if alias.args.get("columns"):
    4100                    self.raise_error("Unexpected extra column alias in unnest.")
    4101
    4102                alias.set("columns", [alias.this])
    4103                alias.set("this", None)
    4104
    4105            columns = alias.args.get("columns") or []
    4106            if offset and len(expressions) < len(columns):
    4107                offset = columns.pop()
    4108
    4109        if not offset and self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.OFFSET):
    4110            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    4111            offset = self._parse_id_var(
    4112                any_token=False, tokens=self.UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
    4113            ) or exp.to_identifier("offset")
    4114
    4115        return self.expression(exp.Unnest, expressions=expressions, alias=alias, offset=offset)
    4116
    4117    def _parse_derived_table_values(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Values]:
    4118        is_derived = self._match_pair(TokenType.L_PAREN, TokenType.VALUES)
    4119        if not is_derived and not (
    4120            # ClickHouse's `FORMAT Values` is equivalent to `VALUES`
    4121            self._match_text_seq("VALUES") or self._match_text_seq("FORMAT", "VALUES")
    4122        ):
    4123            return None
    4124
    4125        expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_value)
    4126        alias = self._parse_table_alias()
    4127
    4128        if is_derived:
    4129            self._match_r_paren()
    4130
    4131        return self.expression(
    4132            exp.Values, expressions=expressions, alias=alias or self._parse_table_alias()
    4133        )
    4134
    4135    def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
    4136        if not self._match(TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE) and not (
    4137            as_modifier and self._match_text_seq("USING", "SAMPLE")
    4138        ):
    4139            return None
    4140
    4141        bucket_numerator = None
    4142        bucket_denominator = None
    4143        bucket_field = None
    4144        percent = None
    4145        size = None
    4146        seed = None
    4147
    4148        method = self._parse_var(tokens=(TokenType.ROW,), upper=True)
    4149        matched_l_paren = self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
    4150
    4151        if self.TABLESAMPLE_CSV:
    4152            num = None
    4153            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_primary)
    4154        else:
    4155            expressions = None
    4156            num = (
    4157                self._parse_factor()
    4158                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER, advance=False)
    4159                else self._parse_primary() or self._parse_placeholder()
    4160            )
    4161
    4162        if self._match_text_seq("BUCKET"):
    4163            bucket_numerator = self._parse_number()
    4164            self._match_text_seq("OUT", "OF")
    4165            bucket_denominator = bucket_denominator = self._parse_number()
    4166            self._match(TokenType.ON)
    4167            bucket_field = self._parse_field()
    4168        elif self._match_set((TokenType.PERCENT, TokenType.MOD)):
    4169            percent = num
    4170        elif self._match(TokenType.ROWS) or not self.dialect.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT:
    4171            size = num
    4172        else:
    4173            percent = num
    4174
    4175        if matched_l_paren:
    4176            self._match_r_paren()
    4177
    4178        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    4179            method = self._parse_var(upper=True)
    4180            seed = self._match(TokenType.COMMA) and self._parse_number()
    4181            self._match_r_paren()
    4182        elif self._match_texts(("SEED", "REPEATABLE")):
    4183            seed = self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_number)
    4184
    4185        if not method and self.DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD:
    4186            method = exp.var(self.DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD)
    4187
    4188        return self.expression(
    4189            exp.TableSample,
    4190            expressions=expressions,
    4191            method=method,
    4192            bucket_numerator=bucket_numerator,
    4193            bucket_denominator=bucket_denominator,
    4194            bucket_field=bucket_field,
    4195            percent=percent,
    4196            size=size,
    4197            seed=seed,
    4198        )
    4199
    4200    def _parse_pivots(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Pivot]]:
    4201        return list(iter(self._parse_pivot, None)) or None
    4202
    4203    def _parse_joins(self) -> t.Iterator[exp.Join]:
    4204        return iter(self._parse_join, None)
    4205
    4206    def _parse_unpivot_columns(self) -> t.Optional[exp.UnpivotColumns]:
    4207        if not self._match(TokenType.INTO):
    4208            return None
    4209
    4210        return self.expression(
    4211            exp.UnpivotColumns,
    4212            this=self._match_text_seq("NAME") and self._parse_column(),
    4213            expressions=self._match_text_seq("VALUE") and self._parse_csv(self._parse_column),
    4214        )
    4215
    4216    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/pivot
    4217    def _parse_simplified_pivot(self, is_unpivot: t.Optional[bool] = None) -> exp.Pivot:
    4218        def _parse_on() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4219            this = self._parse_bitwise()
    4220
    4221            if self._match(TokenType.IN):
    4222                # PIVOT ... ON col IN (row_val1, row_val2)
    4223                return self._parse_in(this)
    4224            if self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False):
    4225                # UNPIVOT ... ON (col1, col2, col3) AS row_val
    4226                return self._parse_alias(this)
    4227
    4228            return this
    4229
    4230        this = self._parse_table()
    4231        expressions = self._match(TokenType.ON) and self._parse_csv(_parse_on)
    4232        into = self._parse_unpivot_columns()
    4233        using = self._match(TokenType.USING) and self._parse_csv(
    4234            lambda: self._parse_alias(self._parse_function())
    4235        )
    4236        group = self._parse_group()
    4237
    4238        return self.expression(
    4239            exp.Pivot,
    4240            this=this,
    4241            expressions=expressions,
    4242            using=using,
    4243            group=group,
    4244            unpivot=is_unpivot,
    4245            into=into,
    4246        )
    4247
    4248    def _parse_pivot_in(self) -> exp.In:
    4249        def _parse_aliased_expression() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4250            this = self._parse_select_or_expression()
    4251
    4252            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    4253            alias = self._parse_bitwise()
    4254            if alias:
    4255                if isinstance(alias, exp.Column) and not alias.db:
    4256                    alias = alias.this
    4257                return self.expression(exp.PivotAlias, this=this, alias=alias)
    4258
    4259            return this
    4260
    4261        value = self._parse_column()
    4262
    4263        if not self._match_pair(TokenType.IN, TokenType.L_PAREN):
    4264            self.raise_error("Expecting IN (")
    4265
    4266        if self._match(TokenType.ANY):
    4267            exprs: t.List[exp.Expression] = ensure_list(exp.PivotAny(this=self._parse_order()))
    4268        else:
    4269            exprs = self._parse_csv(_parse_aliased_expression)
    4270
    4271        self._match_r_paren()
    4272        return self.expression(exp.In, this=value, expressions=exprs)
    4273
    4274    def _parse_pivot(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Pivot]:
    4275        index = self._index
    4276        include_nulls = None
    4277
    4278        if self._match(TokenType.PIVOT):
    4279            unpivot = False
    4280        elif self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT):
    4281            unpivot = True
    4282
    4283            # https://docs.databricks.com/en/sql/language-manual/sql-ref-syntax-qry-select-unpivot.html#syntax
    4284            if self._match_text_seq("INCLUDE", "NULLS"):
    4285                include_nulls = True
    4286            elif self._match_text_seq("EXCLUDE", "NULLS"):
    4287                include_nulls = False
    4288        else:
    4289            return None
    4290
    4291        expressions = []
    4292
    4293        if not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    4294            self._retreat(index)
    4295            return None
    4296
    4297        if unpivot:
    4298            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_column)
    4299        else:
    4300            expressions = self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_alias(self._parse_function()))
    4301
    4302        if not expressions:
    4303            self.raise_error("Failed to parse PIVOT's aggregation list")
    4304
    4305        if not self._match(TokenType.FOR):
    4306            self.raise_error("Expecting FOR")
    4307
    4308        fields = []
    4309        while True:
    4310            field = self._try_parse(self._parse_pivot_in)
    4311            if not field:
    4312                break
    4313            fields.append(field)
    4314
    4315        default_on_null = self._match_text_seq("DEFAULT", "ON", "NULL") and self._parse_wrapped(
    4316            self._parse_bitwise
    4317        )
    4318
    4319        group = self._parse_group()
    4320
    4321        self._match_r_paren()
    4322
    4323        pivot = self.expression(
    4324            exp.Pivot,
    4325            expressions=expressions,
    4326            fields=fields,
    4327            unpivot=unpivot,
    4328            include_nulls=include_nulls,
    4329            default_on_null=default_on_null,
    4330            group=group,
    4331        )
    4332
    4333        if not self._match_set((TokenType.PIVOT, TokenType.UNPIVOT), advance=False):
    4334            pivot.set("alias", self._parse_table_alias())
    4335
    4336        if not unpivot:
    4337            names = self._pivot_column_names(t.cast(t.List[exp.Expression], expressions))
    4338
    4339            columns: t.List[exp.Expression] = []
    4340            all_fields = []
    4341            for pivot_field in pivot.fields:
    4342                pivot_field_expressions = pivot_field.expressions
    4343
    4344                # The `PivotAny` expression corresponds to `ANY ORDER BY <column>`; we can't infer in this case.
    4345                if isinstance(seq_get(pivot_field_expressions, 0), exp.PivotAny):
    4346                    continue
    4347
    4348                all_fields.append(
    4349                    [
    4350                        fld.sql() if self.IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS else fld.alias_or_name
    4351                        for fld in pivot_field_expressions
    4352                    ]
    4353                )
    4354
    4355            if all_fields:
    4356                if names:
    4357                    all_fields.append(names)
    4358
    4359                # Generate all possible combinations of the pivot columns
    4360                # e.g PIVOT(sum(...) as total FOR year IN (2000, 2010) FOR country IN ('NL', 'US'))
    4361                # generates the product between [[2000, 2010], ['NL', 'US'], ['total']]
    4362                for fld_parts_tuple in itertools.product(*all_fields):
    4363                    fld_parts = list(fld_parts_tuple)
    4364
    4365                    if names and self.PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS:
    4366                        # Move the "name" to the front of the list
    4367                        fld_parts.insert(0, fld_parts.pop(-1))
    4368
    4369                    columns.append(exp.to_identifier("_".join(fld_parts)))
    4370
    4371            pivot.set("columns", columns)
    4372
    4373        return pivot
    4374
    4375    def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
    4376        return [agg.alias for agg in aggregations if agg.alias]
    4377
    4378    def _parse_prewhere(self, skip_where_token: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.PreWhere]:
    4379        if not skip_where_token and not self._match(TokenType.PREWHERE):
    4380            return None
    4381
    4382        return self.expression(
    4383            exp.PreWhere, comments=self._prev_comments, this=self._parse_assignment()
    4384        )
    4385
    4386    def _parse_where(self, skip_where_token: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Where]:
    4387        if not skip_where_token and not self._match(TokenType.WHERE):
    4388            return None
    4389
    4390        return self.expression(
    4391            exp.Where, comments=self._prev_comments, this=self._parse_assignment()
    4392        )
    4393
    4394    def _parse_group(self, skip_group_by_token: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Group]:
    4395        if not skip_group_by_token and not self._match(TokenType.GROUP_BY):
    4396            return None
    4397
    4398        elements: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = defaultdict(list)
    4399
    4400        if self._match(TokenType.ALL):
    4401            elements["all"] = True
    4402        elif self._match(TokenType.DISTINCT):
    4403            elements["all"] = False
    4404
    4405        while True:
    4406            index = self._index
    4407
    4408            elements["expressions"].extend(
    4409                self._parse_csv(
    4410                    lambda: None
    4411                    if self._match_set((TokenType.CUBE, TokenType.ROLLUP), advance=False)
    4412                    else self._parse_assignment()
    4413                )
    4414            )
    4415
    4416            before_with_index = self._index
    4417            with_prefix = self._match(TokenType.WITH)
    4418
    4419            if self._match(TokenType.ROLLUP):
    4420                elements["rollup"].append(
    4421                    self._parse_cube_or_rollup(exp.Rollup, with_prefix=with_prefix)
    4422                )
    4423            elif self._match(TokenType.CUBE):
    4424                elements["cube"].append(
    4425                    self._parse_cube_or_rollup(exp.Cube, with_prefix=with_prefix)
    4426                )
    4427            elif self._match(TokenType.GROUPING_SETS):
    4428                elements["grouping_sets"].append(
    4429                    self.expression(
    4430                        exp.GroupingSets,
    4431                        expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_grouping_set),
    4432                    )
    4433                )
    4434            elif self._match_text_seq("TOTALS"):
    4435                elements["totals"] = True  # type: ignore
    4436
    4437            if before_with_index <= self._index <= before_with_index + 1:
    4438                self._retreat(before_with_index)
    4439                break
    4440
    4441            if index == self._index:
    4442                break
    4443
    4444        return self.expression(exp.Group, **elements)  # type: ignore
    4445
    4446    def _parse_cube_or_rollup(self, kind: t.Type[E], with_prefix: bool = False) -> E:
    4447        return self.expression(
    4448            kind, expressions=[] if with_prefix else self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_column)
    4449        )
    4450
    4451    def _parse_grouping_set(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4452        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    4453            grouping_set = self._parse_csv(self._parse_column)
    4454            self._match_r_paren()
    4455            return self.expression(exp.Tuple, expressions=grouping_set)
    4456
    4457        return self._parse_column()
    4458
    4459    def _parse_having(self, skip_having_token: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Having]:
    4460        if not skip_having_token and not self._match(TokenType.HAVING):
    4461            return None
    4462        return self.expression(exp.Having, this=self._parse_assignment())
    4463
    4464    def _parse_qualify(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Qualify]:
    4465        if not self._match(TokenType.QUALIFY):
    4466            return None
    4467        return self.expression(exp.Qualify, this=self._parse_assignment())
    4468
    4469    def _parse_connect_with_prior(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4470        self.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS["PRIOR"] = lambda self: self.expression(
    4471            exp.Prior, this=self._parse_bitwise()
    4472        )
    4473        connect = self._parse_assignment()
    4474        self.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("PRIOR")
    4475        return connect
    4476
    4477    def _parse_connect(self, skip_start_token: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Connect]:
    4478        if skip_start_token:
    4479            start = None
    4480        elif self._match(TokenType.START_WITH):
    4481            start = self._parse_assignment()
    4482        else:
    4483            return None
    4484
    4485        self._match(TokenType.CONNECT_BY)
    4486        nocycle = self._match_text_seq("NOCYCLE")
    4487        connect = self._parse_connect_with_prior()
    4488
    4489        if not start and self._match(TokenType.START_WITH):
    4490            start = self._parse_assignment()
    4491
    4492        return self.expression(exp.Connect, start=start, connect=connect, nocycle=nocycle)
    4493
    4494    def _parse_name_as_expression(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4495        this = self._parse_id_var(any_token=True)
    4496        if self._match(TokenType.ALIAS):
    4497            this = self.expression(exp.Alias, alias=this, this=self._parse_assignment())
    4498        return this
    4499
    4500    def _parse_interpolate(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
    4501        if self._match_text_seq("INTERPOLATE"):
    4502            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_name_as_expression)
    4503        return None
    4504
    4505    def _parse_order(
    4506        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, skip_order_token: bool = False
    4507    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4508        siblings = None
    4509        if not skip_order_token and not self._match(TokenType.ORDER_BY):
    4510            if not self._match(TokenType.ORDER_SIBLINGS_BY):
    4511                return this
    4512
    4513            siblings = True
    4514
    4515        return self.expression(
    4516            exp.Order,
    4517            this=this,
    4518            expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_ordered),
    4519            siblings=siblings,
    4520        )
    4521
    4522    def _parse_sort(self, exp_class: t.Type[E], token: TokenType) -> t.Optional[E]:
    4523        if not self._match(token):
    4524            return None
    4525        return self.expression(exp_class, expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_ordered))
    4526
    4527    def _parse_ordered(
    4528        self, parse_method: t.Optional[t.Callable] = None
    4529    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Ordered]:
    4530        this = parse_method() if parse_method else self._parse_assignment()
    4531        if not this:
    4532            return None
    4533
    4534        if this.name.upper() == "ALL" and self.dialect.SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL:
    4535            this = exp.var("ALL")
    4536
    4537        asc = self._match(TokenType.ASC)
    4538        desc = self._match(TokenType.DESC) or (asc and False)
    4539
    4540        is_nulls_first = self._match_text_seq("NULLS", "FIRST")
    4541        is_nulls_last = self._match_text_seq("NULLS", "LAST")
    4542
    4543        nulls_first = is_nulls_first or False
    4544        explicitly_null_ordered = is_nulls_first or is_nulls_last
    4545
    4546        if (
    4547            not explicitly_null_ordered
    4548            and (
    4549                (not desc and self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_small")
    4550                or (desc and self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING != "nulls_are_small")
    4551            )
    4552            and self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING != "nulls_are_last"
    4553        ):
    4554            nulls_first = True
    4555
    4556        if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "FILL"):
    4557            with_fill = self.expression(
    4558                exp.WithFill,
    4559                **{  # type: ignore
    4560                    "from": self._match(TokenType.FROM) and self._parse_bitwise(),
    4561                    "to": self._match_text_seq("TO") and self._parse_bitwise(),
    4562                    "step": self._match_text_seq("STEP") and self._parse_bitwise(),
    4563                    "interpolate": self._parse_interpolate(),
    4564                },
    4565            )
    4566        else:
    4567            with_fill = None
    4568
    4569        return self.expression(
    4570            exp.Ordered, this=this, desc=desc, nulls_first=nulls_first, with_fill=with_fill
    4571        )
    4572
    4573    def _parse_limit_options(self) -> exp.LimitOptions:
    4574        percent = self._match(TokenType.PERCENT)
    4575        rows = self._match_set((TokenType.ROW, TokenType.ROWS))
    4576        self._match_text_seq("ONLY")
    4577        with_ties = self._match_text_seq("WITH", "TIES")
    4578        return self.expression(exp.LimitOptions, percent=percent, rows=rows, with_ties=with_ties)
    4579
    4580    def _parse_limit(
    4581        self,
    4582        this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None,
    4583        top: bool = False,
    4584        skip_limit_token: bool = False,
    4585    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4586        if skip_limit_token or self._match(TokenType.TOP if top else TokenType.LIMIT):
    4587            comments = self._prev_comments
    4588            if top:
    4589                limit_paren = self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
    4590                expression = self._parse_term() if limit_paren else self._parse_number()
    4591
    4592                if limit_paren:
    4593                    self._match_r_paren()
    4594
    4595                limit_options = self._parse_limit_options()
    4596            else:
    4597                limit_options = None
    4598                expression = self._parse_term()
    4599
    4600            if self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    4601                offset = expression
    4602                expression = self._parse_term()
    4603            else:
    4604                offset = None
    4605
    4606            limit_exp = self.expression(
    4607                exp.Limit,
    4608                this=this,
    4609                expression=expression,
    4610                offset=offset,
    4611                comments=comments,
    4612                limit_options=limit_options,
    4613                expressions=self._parse_limit_by(),
    4614            )
    4615
    4616            return limit_exp
    4617
    4618        if self._match(TokenType.FETCH):
    4619            direction = self._match_set((TokenType.FIRST, TokenType.NEXT))
    4620            direction = self._prev.text.upper() if direction else "FIRST"
    4621
    4622            count = self._parse_field(tokens=self.FETCH_TOKENS)
    4623
    4624            return self.expression(
    4625                exp.Fetch,
    4626                direction=direction,
    4627                count=count,
    4628                limit_options=self._parse_limit_options(),
    4629            )
    4630
    4631        return this
    4632
    4633    def _parse_offset(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4634        if not self._match(TokenType.OFFSET):
    4635            return this
    4636
    4637        count = self._parse_term()
    4638        self._match_set((TokenType.ROW, TokenType.ROWS))
    4639
    4640        return self.expression(
    4641            exp.Offset, this=this, expression=count, expressions=self._parse_limit_by()
    4642        )
    4643
    4644    def _can_parse_limit_or_offset(self) -> bool:
    4645        if not self._match_set(self.AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_TOKENS, advance=False):
    4646            return False
    4647
    4648        index = self._index
    4649        result = bool(
    4650            self._try_parse(self._parse_limit, retreat=True)
    4651            or self._try_parse(self._parse_offset, retreat=True)
    4652        )
    4653        self._retreat(index)
    4654        return result
    4655
    4656    def _parse_limit_by(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
    4657        return self._match_text_seq("BY") and self._parse_csv(self._parse_bitwise)
    4658
    4659    def _parse_locks(self) -> t.List[exp.Lock]:
    4660        locks = []
    4661        while True:
    4662            if self._match_text_seq("FOR", "UPDATE"):
    4663                update = True
    4664            elif self._match_text_seq("FOR", "SHARE") or self._match_text_seq(
    4665                "LOCK", "IN", "SHARE", "MODE"
    4666            ):
    4667                update = False
    4668            else:
    4669                break
    4670
    4671            expressions = None
    4672            if self._match_text_seq("OF"):
    4673                expressions = self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_table(schema=True))
    4674
    4675            wait: t.Optional[bool | exp.Expression] = None
    4676            if self._match_text_seq("NOWAIT"):
    4677                wait = True
    4678            elif self._match_text_seq("WAIT"):
    4679                wait = self._parse_primary()
    4680            elif self._match_text_seq("SKIP", "LOCKED"):
    4681                wait = False
    4682
    4683            locks.append(
    4684                self.expression(exp.Lock, update=update, expressions=expressions, wait=wait)
    4685            )
    4686
    4687        return locks
    4688
    4689    def parse_set_operation(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4690        start = self._index
    4691        _, side_token, kind_token = self._parse_join_parts()
    4692
    4693        side = side_token.text if side_token else None
    4694        kind = kind_token.text if kind_token else None
    4695
    4696        if not self._match_set(self.SET_OPERATIONS):
    4697            self._retreat(start)
    4698            return None
    4699
    4700        token_type = self._prev.token_type
    4701
    4702        if token_type == TokenType.UNION:
    4703            operation: t.Type[exp.SetOperation] = exp.Union
    4704        elif token_type == TokenType.EXCEPT:
    4705            operation = exp.Except
    4706        else:
    4707            operation = exp.Intersect
    4708
    4709        comments = self._prev.comments
    4710
    4711        if self._match(TokenType.DISTINCT):
    4712            distinct: t.Optional[bool] = True
    4713        elif self._match(TokenType.ALL):
    4714            distinct = False
    4715        else:
    4716            distinct = self.dialect.SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT[operation]
    4717            if distinct is None:
    4718                self.raise_error(f"Expected DISTINCT or ALL for {operation.__name__}")
    4719
    4720        by_name = self._match_text_seq("BY", "NAME") or self._match_text_seq(
    4721            "STRICT", "CORRESPONDING"
    4722        )
    4723        if self._match_text_seq("CORRESPONDING"):
    4724            by_name = True
    4725            if not side and not kind:
    4726                kind = "INNER"
    4727
    4728        on_column_list = None
    4729        if by_name and self._match_texts(("ON", "BY")):
    4730            on_column_list = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_column)
    4731
    4732        expression = self._parse_select(nested=True, parse_set_operation=False)
    4733
    4734        return self.expression(
    4735            operation,
    4736            comments=comments,
    4737            this=this,
    4738            distinct=distinct,
    4739            by_name=by_name,
    4740            expression=expression,
    4741            side=side,
    4742            kind=kind,
    4743            on=on_column_list,
    4744        )
    4745
    4746    def _parse_set_operations(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4747        while this:
    4748            setop = self.parse_set_operation(this)
    4749            if not setop:
    4750                break
    4751            this = setop
    4752
    4753        if isinstance(this, exp.SetOperation) and self.MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP:
    4754            expression = this.expression
    4755
    4756            if expression:
    4757                for arg in self.SET_OP_MODIFIERS:
    4758                    expr = expression.args.get(arg)
    4759                    if expr:
    4760                        this.set(arg, expr.pop())
    4761
    4762        return this
    4763
    4764    def _parse_expression(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4765        return self._parse_alias(self._parse_assignment())
    4766
    4767    def _parse_assignment(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4768        this = self._parse_disjunction()
    4769        if not this and self._next and self._next.token_type in self.ASSIGNMENT:
    4770            # This allows us to parse <non-identifier token> := <expr>
    4771            this = exp.column(
    4772                t.cast(str, self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True) and self._prev.text)
    4773            )
    4774
    4775        while self._match_set(self.ASSIGNMENT):
    4776            if isinstance(this, exp.Column) and len(this.parts) == 1:
    4777                this = this.this
    4778
    4779            this = self.expression(
    4780                self.ASSIGNMENT[self._prev.token_type],
    4781                this=this,
    4782                comments=self._prev_comments,
    4783                expression=self._parse_assignment(),
    4784            )
    4785
    4786        return this
    4787
    4788    def _parse_disjunction(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4789        return self._parse_tokens(self._parse_conjunction, self.DISJUNCTION)
    4790
    4791    def _parse_conjunction(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4792        return self._parse_tokens(self._parse_equality, self.CONJUNCTION)
    4793
    4794    def _parse_equality(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4795        return self._parse_tokens(self._parse_comparison, self.EQUALITY)
    4796
    4797    def _parse_comparison(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4798        return self._parse_tokens(self._parse_range, self.COMPARISON)
    4799
    4800    def _parse_range(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4801        this = this or self._parse_bitwise()
    4802        negate = self._match(TokenType.NOT)
    4803
    4804        if self._match_set(self.RANGE_PARSERS):
    4805            expression = self.RANGE_PARSERS[self._prev.token_type](self, this)
    4806            if not expression:
    4807                return this
    4808
    4809            this = expression
    4810        elif self._match(TokenType.ISNULL):
    4811            this = self.expression(exp.Is, this=this, expression=exp.Null())
    4812
    4813        # Postgres supports ISNULL and NOTNULL for conditions.
    4814        # https://blog.andreiavram.ro/postgresql-null-composite-type/
    4815        if self._match(TokenType.NOTNULL):
    4816            this = self.expression(exp.Is, this=this, expression=exp.Null())
    4817            this = self.expression(exp.Not, this=this)
    4818
    4819        if negate:
    4820            this = self._negate_range(this)
    4821
    4822        if self._match(TokenType.IS):
    4823            this = self._parse_is(this)
    4824
    4825        return this
    4826
    4827    def _negate_range(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4828        if not this:
    4829            return this
    4830
    4831        return self.expression(exp.Not, this=this)
    4832
    4833    def _parse_is(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4834        index = self._index - 1
    4835        negate = self._match(TokenType.NOT)
    4836
    4837        if self._match_text_seq("DISTINCT", "FROM"):
    4838            klass = exp.NullSafeEQ if negate else exp.NullSafeNEQ
    4839            return self.expression(klass, this=this, expression=self._parse_bitwise())
    4840
    4841        if self._match(TokenType.JSON):
    4842            kind = self._match_texts(self.IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND) and self._prev.text.upper()
    4843
    4844            if self._match_text_seq("WITH"):
    4845                _with = True
    4846            elif self._match_text_seq("WITHOUT"):
    4847                _with = False
    4848            else:
    4849                _with = None
    4850
    4851            unique = self._match(TokenType.UNIQUE)
    4852            self._match_text_seq("KEYS")
    4853            expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = self.expression(
    4854                exp.JSON, **{"this": kind, "with": _with, "unique": unique}
    4855            )
    4856        else:
    4857            expression = self._parse_primary() or self._parse_null()
    4858            if not expression:
    4859                self._retreat(index)
    4860                return None
    4861
    4862        this = self.expression(exp.Is, this=this, expression=expression)
    4863        return self.expression(exp.Not, this=this) if negate else this
    4864
    4865    def _parse_in(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression], alias: bool = False) -> exp.In:
    4866        unnest = self._parse_unnest(with_alias=False)
    4867        if unnest:
    4868            this = self.expression(exp.In, this=this, unnest=unnest)
    4869        elif self._match_set((TokenType.L_PAREN, TokenType.L_BRACKET)):
    4870            matched_l_paren = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.L_PAREN
    4871            expressions = self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_select_or_expression(alias=alias))
    4872
    4873            if len(expressions) == 1 and isinstance(expressions[0], exp.Query):
    4874                this = self.expression(exp.In, this=this, query=expressions[0].subquery(copy=False))
    4875            else:
    4876                this = self.expression(exp.In, this=this, expressions=expressions)
    4877
    4878            if matched_l_paren:
    4879                self._match_r_paren(this)
    4880            elif not self._match(TokenType.R_BRACKET, expression=this):
    4881                self.raise_error("Expecting ]")
    4882        else:
    4883            this = self.expression(exp.In, this=this, field=self._parse_column())
    4884
    4885        return this
    4886
    4887    def _parse_between(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> exp.Between:
    4888        low = self._parse_bitwise()
    4889        self._match(TokenType.AND)
    4890        high = self._parse_bitwise()
    4891        return self.expression(exp.Between, this=this, low=low, high=high)
    4892
    4893    def _parse_escape(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4894        if not self._match(TokenType.ESCAPE):
    4895            return this
    4896        return self.expression(exp.Escape, this=this, expression=self._parse_string())
    4897
    4898    def _parse_interval(self, match_interval: bool = True) -> t.Optional[exp.Add | exp.Interval]:
    4899        index = self._index
    4900
    4901        if not self._match(TokenType.INTERVAL) and match_interval:
    4902            return None
    4903
    4904        if self._match(TokenType.STRING, advance=False):
    4905            this = self._parse_primary()
    4906        else:
    4907            this = self._parse_term()
    4908
    4909        if not this or (
    4910            isinstance(this, exp.Column)
    4911            and not this.table
    4912            and not this.this.quoted
    4913            and this.name.upper() == "IS"
    4914        ):
    4915            self._retreat(index)
    4916            return None
    4917
    4918        unit = self._parse_function() or (
    4919            not self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
    4920            and self._parse_var(any_token=True, upper=True)
    4921        )
    4922
    4923        # Most dialects support, e.g., the form INTERVAL '5' day, thus we try to parse
    4924        # each INTERVAL expression into this canonical form so it's easy to transpile
    4925        if this and this.is_number:
    4926            this = exp.Literal.string(this.to_py())
    4927        elif this and this.is_string:
    4928            parts = exp.INTERVAL_STRING_RE.findall(this.name)
    4929            if parts and unit:
    4930                # Unconsume the eagerly-parsed unit, since the real unit was part of the string
    4931                unit = None
    4932                self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    4933
    4934            if len(parts) == 1:
    4935                this = exp.Literal.string(parts[0][0])
    4936                unit = self.expression(exp.Var, this=parts[0][1].upper())
    4937        if self.INTERVAL_SPANS and self._match_text_seq("TO"):
    4938            unit = self.expression(
    4939                exp.IntervalSpan, this=unit, expression=self._parse_var(any_token=True, upper=True)
    4940            )
    4941
    4942        interval = self.expression(exp.Interval, this=this, unit=unit)
    4943
    4944        index = self._index
    4945        self._match(TokenType.PLUS)
    4946
    4947        # Convert INTERVAL 'val_1' unit_1 [+] ... [+] 'val_n' unit_n into a sum of intervals
    4948        if self._match_set((TokenType.STRING, TokenType.NUMBER), advance=False):
    4949            return self.expression(
    4950                exp.Add, this=interval, expression=self._parse_interval(match_interval=False)
    4951            )
    4952
    4953        self._retreat(index)
    4954        return interval
    4955
    4956    def _parse_bitwise(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4957        this = self._parse_term()
    4958
    4959        while True:
    4960            if self._match_set(self.BITWISE):
    4961                this = self.expression(
    4962                    self.BITWISE[self._prev.token_type],
    4963                    this=this,
    4964                    expression=self._parse_term(),
    4965                )
    4966            elif self.dialect.DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT and self._match(TokenType.DPIPE):
    4967                this = self.expression(
    4968                    exp.DPipe,
    4969                    this=this,
    4970                    expression=self._parse_term(),
    4971                    safe=not self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT,
    4972                )
    4973            elif self._match(TokenType.DQMARK):
    4974                this = self.expression(
    4975                    exp.Coalesce, this=this, expressions=ensure_list(self._parse_term())
    4976                )
    4977            elif self._match_pair(TokenType.LT, TokenType.LT):
    4978                this = self.expression(
    4979                    exp.BitwiseLeftShift, this=this, expression=self._parse_term()
    4980                )
    4981            elif self._match_pair(TokenType.GT, TokenType.GT):
    4982                this = self.expression(
    4983                    exp.BitwiseRightShift, this=this, expression=self._parse_term()
    4984                )
    4985            else:
    4986                break
    4987
    4988        return this
    4989
    4990    def _parse_term(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4991        this = self._parse_factor()
    4992
    4993        while self._match_set(self.TERM):
    4994            klass = self.TERM[self._prev.token_type]
    4995            comments = self._prev_comments
    4996            expression = self._parse_factor()
    4997
    4998            this = self.expression(klass, this=this, comments=comments, expression=expression)
    4999
    5000            if isinstance(this, exp.Collate):
    5001                expr = this.expression
    5002
    5003                # Preserve collations such as pg_catalog."default" (Postgres) as columns, otherwise
    5004                # fallback to Identifier / Var
    5005                if isinstance(expr, exp.Column) and len(expr.parts) == 1:
    5006                    ident = expr.this
    5007                    if isinstance(ident, exp.Identifier):
    5008                        this.set("expression", ident if ident.quoted else exp.var(ident.name))
    5009
    5010        return this
    5011
    5012    def _parse_factor(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5013        parse_method = self._parse_exponent if self.EXPONENT else self._parse_unary
    5014        this = parse_method()
    5015
    5016        while self._match_set(self.FACTOR):
    5017            klass = self.FACTOR[self._prev.token_type]
    5018            comments = self._prev_comments
    5019            expression = parse_method()
    5020
    5021            if not expression and klass is exp.IntDiv and self._prev.text.isalpha():
    5022                self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    5023                return this
    5024
    5025            this = self.expression(klass, this=this, comments=comments, expression=expression)
    5026
    5027            if isinstance(this, exp.Div):
    5028                this.args["typed"] = self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION
    5029                this.args["safe"] = self.dialect.SAFE_DIVISION
    5030
    5031        return this
    5032
    5033    def _parse_exponent(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5034        return self._parse_tokens(self._parse_unary, self.EXPONENT)
    5035
    5036    def _parse_unary(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5037        if self._match_set(self.UNARY_PARSERS):
    5038            return self.UNARY_PARSERS[self._prev.token_type](self)
    5039        return self._parse_at_time_zone(self._parse_type())
    5040
    5041    def _parse_type(
    5042        self, parse_interval: bool = True, fallback_to_identifier: bool = False
    5043    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5044        interval = parse_interval and self._parse_interval()
    5045        if interval:
    5046            return interval
    5047
    5048        index = self._index
    5049        data_type = self._parse_types(check_func=True, allow_identifiers=False)
    5050
    5051        # parse_types() returns a Cast if we parsed BQ's inline constructor <type>(<values>) e.g.
    5052        # STRUCT<a INT, b STRING>(1, 'foo'), which is canonicalized to CAST(<values> AS <type>)
    5053        if isinstance(data_type, exp.Cast):
    5054            # This constructor can contain ops directly after it, for instance struct unnesting:
    5055            # STRUCT<a INT, b STRING>(1, 'foo').* --> CAST(STRUCT(1, 'foo') AS STRUCT<a iNT, b STRING).*
    5056            return self._parse_column_ops(data_type)
    5057
    5058        if data_type:
    5059            index2 = self._index
    5060            this = self._parse_primary()
    5061
    5062            if isinstance(this, exp.Literal):
    5063                this = self._parse_column_ops(this)
    5064
    5065                parser = self.TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS.get(data_type.this)
    5066                if parser:
    5067                    return parser(self, this, data_type)
    5068
    5069                return self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=data_type)
    5070
    5071            # The expressions arg gets set by the parser when we have something like DECIMAL(38, 0)
    5072            # in the input SQL. In that case, we'll produce these tokens: DECIMAL ( 38 , 0 )
    5073            #
    5074            # If the index difference here is greater than 1, that means the parser itself must have
    5075            # consumed additional tokens such as the DECIMAL scale and precision in the above example.
    5076            #
    5077            # If it's not greater than 1, then it must be 1, because we've consumed at least the type
    5078            # keyword, meaning that the expressions arg of the DataType must have gotten set by a
    5079            # callable in the TYPE_CONVERTERS mapping. For example, Snowflake converts DECIMAL to
    5080            # DECIMAL(38, 0)) in order to facilitate the data type's transpilation.
    5081            #
    5082            # In these cases, we don't really want to return the converted type, but instead retreat
    5083            # and try to parse a Column or Identifier in the section below.
    5084            if data_type.expressions and index2 - index > 1:
    5085                self._retreat(index2)
    5086                return self._parse_column_ops(data_type)
    5087
    5088            self._retreat(index)
    5089
    5090        if fallback_to_identifier:
    5091            return self._parse_id_var()
    5092
    5093        this = self._parse_column()
    5094        return this and self._parse_column_ops(this)
    5095
    5096    def _parse_type_size(self) -> t.Optional[exp.DataTypeParam]:
    5097        this = self._parse_type()
    5098        if not this:
    5099            return None
    5100
    5101        if isinstance(this, exp.Column) and not this.table:
    5102            this = exp.var(this.name.upper())
    5103
    5104        return self.expression(
    5105            exp.DataTypeParam, this=this, expression=self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    5106        )
    5107
    5108    def _parse_types(
    5109        self, check_func: bool = False, schema: bool = False, allow_identifiers: bool = True
    5110    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5111        index = self._index
    5112
    5113        this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    5114        prefix = self._match_text_seq("SYSUDTLIB", ".")
    5115
    5116        if not self._match_set(self.TYPE_TOKENS):
    5117            identifier = allow_identifiers and self._parse_id_var(
    5118                any_token=False, tokens=(TokenType.VAR,)
    5119            )
    5120            if isinstance(identifier, exp.Identifier):
    5121                tokens = self.dialect.tokenize(identifier.sql(dialect=self.dialect))
    5122
    5123                if len(tokens) != 1:
    5124                    self.raise_error("Unexpected identifier", self._prev)
    5125
    5126                if tokens[0].token_type in self.TYPE_TOKENS:
    5127                    self._prev = tokens[0]
    5128                elif self.dialect.SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES:
    5129                    type_name = identifier.name
    5130
    5131                    while self._match(TokenType.DOT):
    5132                        type_name = f"{type_name}.{self._advance_any() and self._prev.text}"
    5133
    5134                    this = exp.DataType.build(type_name, udt=True)
    5135                else:
    5136                    self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    5137                    return None
    5138            else:
    5139                return None
    5140
    5141        type_token = self._prev.token_type
    5142
    5143        if type_token == TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE:
    5144            return self.expression(exp.PseudoType, this=self._prev.text.upper())
    5145
    5146        if type_token == TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER:
    5147            return self.expression(exp.ObjectIdentifier, this=self._prev.text.upper())
    5148
    5149        # https://materialize.com/docs/sql/types/map/
    5150        if type_token == TokenType.MAP and self._match(TokenType.L_BRACKET):
    5151            key_type = self._parse_types(
    5152                check_func=check_func, schema=schema, allow_identifiers=allow_identifiers
    5153            )
    5154            if not self._match(TokenType.FARROW):
    5155                self._retreat(index)
    5156                return None
    5157
    5158            value_type = self._parse_types(
    5159                check_func=check_func, schema=schema, allow_identifiers=allow_identifiers
    5160            )
    5161            if not self._match(TokenType.R_BRACKET):
    5162                self._retreat(index)
    5163                return None
    5164
    5165            return exp.DataType(
    5166                this=exp.DataType.Type.MAP,
    5167                expressions=[key_type, value_type],
    5168                nested=True,
    5169                prefix=prefix,
    5170            )
    5171
    5172        nested = type_token in self.NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
    5173        is_struct = type_token in self.STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
    5174        is_aggregate = type_token in self.AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
    5175        expressions = None
    5176        maybe_func = False
    5177
    5178        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    5179            if is_struct:
    5180                expressions = self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_struct_types(type_required=True))
    5181            elif nested:
    5182                expressions = self._parse_csv(
    5183                    lambda: self._parse_types(
    5184                        check_func=check_func, schema=schema, allow_identifiers=allow_identifiers
    5185                    )
    5186                )
    5187                if type_token == TokenType.NULLABLE and len(expressions) == 1:
    5188                    this = expressions[0]
    5189                    this.set("nullable", True)
    5190                    self._match_r_paren()
    5191                    return this
    5192            elif type_token in self.ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS:
    5193                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_equality)
    5194            elif is_aggregate:
    5195                func_or_ident = self._parse_function(anonymous=True) or self._parse_id_var(
    5196                    any_token=False, tokens=(TokenType.VAR, TokenType.ANY)
    5197                )
    5198                if not func_or_ident:
    5199                    return None
    5200                expressions = [func_or_ident]
    5201                if self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    5202                    expressions.extend(
    5203                        self._parse_csv(
    5204                            lambda: self._parse_types(
    5205                                check_func=check_func,
    5206                                schema=schema,
    5207                                allow_identifiers=allow_identifiers,
    5208                            )
    5209                        )
    5210                    )
    5211            else:
    5212                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_type_size)
    5213
    5214                # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-vector
    5215                if type_token == TokenType.VECTOR and len(expressions) == 2:
    5216                    expressions[0] = exp.DataType.build(expressions[0].name, dialect=self.dialect)
    5217
    5218            if not expressions or not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    5219                self._retreat(index)
    5220                return None
    5221
    5222            maybe_func = True
    5223
    5224        values: t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]] = None
    5225
    5226        if nested and self._match(TokenType.LT):
    5227            if is_struct:
    5228                expressions = self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_struct_types(type_required=True))
    5229            else:
    5230                expressions = self._parse_csv(
    5231                    lambda: self._parse_types(
    5232                        check_func=check_func, schema=schema, allow_identifiers=allow_identifiers
    5233                    )
    5234                )
    5235
    5236            if not self._match(TokenType.GT):
    5237                self.raise_error("Expecting >")
    5238
    5239            if self._match_set((TokenType.L_BRACKET, TokenType.L_PAREN)):
    5240                values = self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)
    5241                if not values and is_struct:
    5242                    values = None
    5243                    self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    5244                else:
    5245                    self._match_set((TokenType.R_BRACKET, TokenType.R_PAREN))
    5246
    5247        if type_token in self.TIMESTAMPS:
    5248            if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "TIME", "ZONE"):
    5249                maybe_func = False
    5250                tz_type = (
    5251                    exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ
    5252                    if type_token in self.TIMES
    5253                    else exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ
    5254                )
    5255                this = exp.DataType(this=tz_type, expressions=expressions)
    5256            elif self._match_text_seq("WITH", "LOCAL", "TIME", "ZONE"):
    5257                maybe_func = False
    5258                this = exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ, expressions=expressions)
    5259            elif self._match_text_seq("WITHOUT", "TIME", "ZONE"):
    5260                maybe_func = False
    5261        elif type_token == TokenType.INTERVAL:
    5262            unit = self._parse_var(upper=True)
    5263            if unit:
    5264                if self._match_text_seq("TO"):
    5265                    unit = exp.IntervalSpan(this=unit, expression=self._parse_var(upper=True))
    5266
    5267                this = self.expression(exp.DataType, this=self.expression(exp.Interval, unit=unit))
    5268            else:
    5269                this = self.expression(exp.DataType, this=exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL)
    5270        elif type_token == TokenType.VOID:
    5271            this = exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.NULL)
    5272
    5273        if maybe_func and check_func:
    5274            index2 = self._index
    5275            peek = self._parse_string()
    5276
    5277            if not peek:
    5278                self._retreat(index)
    5279                return None
    5280
    5281            self._retreat(index2)
    5282
    5283        if not this:
    5284            if self._match_text_seq("UNSIGNED"):
    5285                unsigned_type_token = self.SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN.get(type_token)
    5286                if not unsigned_type_token:
    5287                    self.raise_error(f"Cannot convert {type_token.value} to unsigned.")
    5288
    5289                type_token = unsigned_type_token or type_token
    5290
    5291            this = exp.DataType(
    5292                this=exp.DataType.Type[type_token.value],
    5293                expressions=expressions,
    5294                nested=nested,
    5295                prefix=prefix,
    5296            )
    5297
    5298            # Empty arrays/structs are allowed
    5299            if values is not None:
    5300                cls = exp.Struct if is_struct else exp.Array
    5301                this = exp.cast(cls(expressions=values), this, copy=False)
    5302
    5303        elif expressions:
    5304            this.set("expressions", expressions)
    5305
    5306        # https://materialize.com/docs/sql/types/list/#type-name
    5307        while self._match(TokenType.LIST):
    5308            this = exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.LIST, expressions=[this], nested=True)
    5309
    5310        index = self._index
    5311
    5312        # Postgres supports the INT ARRAY[3] syntax as a synonym for INT[3]
    5313        matched_array = self._match(TokenType.ARRAY)
    5314
    5315        while self._curr:
    5316            datatype_token = self._prev.token_type
    5317            matched_l_bracket = self._match(TokenType.L_BRACKET)
    5318
    5319            if (not matched_l_bracket and not matched_array) or (
    5320                datatype_token == TokenType.ARRAY and self._match(TokenType.R_BRACKET)
    5321            ):
    5322                # Postgres allows casting empty arrays such as ARRAY[]::INT[],
    5323                # not to be confused with the fixed size array parsing
    5324                break
    5325
    5326            matched_array = False
    5327            values = self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment) or None
    5328            if (
    5329                values
    5330                and not schema
    5331                and (
    5332                    not self.dialect.SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS or datatype_token == TokenType.ARRAY
    5333                )
    5334            ):
    5335                # Retreating here means that we should not parse the following values as part of the data type, e.g. in DuckDB
    5336                # ARRAY[1] should retreat and instead be parsed into exp.Array in contrast to INT[x][y] which denotes a fixed-size array data type
    5337                self._retreat(index)
    5338                break
    5339
    5340            this = exp.DataType(
    5341                this=exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY, expressions=[this], values=values, nested=True
    5342            )
    5343            self._match(TokenType.R_BRACKET)
    5344
    5345        if self.TYPE_CONVERTERS and isinstance(this.this, exp.DataType.Type):
    5346            converter = self.TYPE_CONVERTERS.get(this.this)
    5347            if converter:
    5348                this = converter(t.cast(exp.DataType, this))
    5349
    5350        return this
    5351
    5352    def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5353        index = self._index
    5354
    5355        if (
    5356            self._curr
    5357            and self._next
    5358            and self._curr.token_type in self.TYPE_TOKENS
    5359            and self._next.token_type in self.TYPE_TOKENS
    5360        ):
    5361            # Takes care of special cases like `STRUCT<list ARRAY<...>>` where the identifier is also a
    5362            # type token. Without this, the list will be parsed as a type and we'll eventually crash
    5363            this = self._parse_id_var()
    5364        else:
    5365            this = (
    5366                self._parse_type(parse_interval=False, fallback_to_identifier=True)
    5367                or self._parse_id_var()
    5368            )
    5369
    5370        self._match(TokenType.COLON)
    5371
    5372        if (
    5373            type_required
    5374            and not isinstance(this, exp.DataType)
    5375            and not self._match_set(self.TYPE_TOKENS, advance=False)
    5376        ):
    5377            self._retreat(index)
    5378            return self._parse_types()
    5379
    5380        return self._parse_column_def(this)
    5381
    5382    def _parse_at_time_zone(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5383        if not self._match_text_seq("AT", "TIME", "ZONE"):
    5384            return this
    5385        return self.expression(exp.AtTimeZone, this=this, zone=self._parse_unary())
    5386
    5387    def _parse_column(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5388        this = self._parse_column_reference()
    5389        column = self._parse_column_ops(this) if this else self._parse_bracket(this)
    5390
    5391        if self.dialect.SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS and column:
    5392            column.set("join_mark", self._match(TokenType.JOIN_MARKER))
    5393
    5394        return column
    5395
    5396    def _parse_column_reference(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5397        this = self._parse_field()
    5398        if (
    5399            not this
    5400            and self._match(TokenType.VALUES, advance=False)
    5401            and self.VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
    5402            and (not self._next or self._next.token_type != TokenType.L_PAREN)
    5403        ):
    5404            this = self._parse_id_var()
    5405
    5406        if isinstance(this, exp.Identifier):
    5407            # We bubble up comments from the Identifier to the Column
    5408            this = self.expression(exp.Column, comments=this.pop_comments(), this=this)
    5409
    5410        return this
    5411
    5412    def _parse_colon_as_variant_extract(
    5413        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]
    5414    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5415        casts = []
    5416        json_path = []
    5417        escape = None
    5418
    5419        while self._match(TokenType.COLON):
    5420            start_index = self._index
    5421
    5422            # Snowflake allows reserved keywords as json keys but advance_any() excludes TokenType.SELECT from any_tokens=True
    5423            path = self._parse_column_ops(
    5424                self._parse_field(any_token=True, tokens=(TokenType.SELECT,))
    5425            )
    5426
    5427            # The cast :: operator has a lower precedence than the extraction operator :, so
    5428            # we rearrange the AST appropriately to avoid casting the JSON path
    5429            while isinstance(path, exp.Cast):
    5430                casts.append(path.to)
    5431                path = path.this
    5432
    5433            if casts:
    5434                dcolon_offset = next(
    5435                    i
    5436                    for i, t in enumerate(self._tokens[start_index:])
    5437                    if t.token_type == TokenType.DCOLON
    5438                )
    5439                end_token = self._tokens[start_index + dcolon_offset - 1]
    5440            else:
    5441                end_token = self._prev
    5442
    5443            if path:
    5444                # Escape single quotes from Snowflake's colon extraction (e.g. col:"a'b") as
    5445                # it'll roundtrip to a string literal in GET_PATH
    5446                if isinstance(path, exp.Identifier) and path.quoted:
    5447                    escape = True
    5448
    5449                json_path.append(self._find_sql(self._tokens[start_index], end_token))
    5450
    5451        # The VARIANT extract in Snowflake/Databricks is parsed as a JSONExtract; Snowflake uses the json_path in GET_PATH() while
    5452        # Databricks transforms it back to the colon/dot notation
    5453        if json_path:
    5454            json_path_expr = self.dialect.to_json_path(exp.Literal.string(".".join(json_path)))
    5455
    5456            if json_path_expr:
    5457                json_path_expr.set("escape", escape)
    5458
    5459            this = self.expression(
    5460                exp.JSONExtract,
    5461                this=this,
    5462                expression=json_path_expr,
    5463                variant_extract=True,
    5464            )
    5465
    5466            while casts:
    5467                this = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=casts.pop())
    5468
    5469        return this
    5470
    5471    def _parse_dcolon(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5472        return self._parse_types()
    5473
    5474    def _parse_column_ops(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5475        this = self._parse_bracket(this)
    5476
    5477        while self._match_set(self.COLUMN_OPERATORS):
    5478            op_token = self._prev.token_type
    5479            op = self.COLUMN_OPERATORS.get(op_token)
    5480
    5481            if op_token in (TokenType.DCOLON, TokenType.DOTCOLON):
    5482                field = self._parse_dcolon()
    5483                if not field:
    5484                    self.raise_error("Expected type")
    5485            elif op and self._curr:
    5486                field = self._parse_column_reference() or self._parse_bracket()
    5487                if isinstance(field, exp.Column) and self._match(TokenType.DOT, advance=False):
    5488                    field = self._parse_column_ops(field)
    5489            else:
    5490                field = self._parse_field(any_token=True, anonymous_func=True)
    5491
    5492            if isinstance(field, (exp.Func, exp.Window)) and this:
    5493                # BQ & snowflake allow function calls like x.y.count(...), SAFE.SUBSTR(...) etc
    5494                # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/functions-reference#function_call_rules
    5495                this = exp.replace_tree(
    5496                    this,
    5497                    lambda n: (
    5498                        self.expression(exp.Dot, this=n.args.get("table"), expression=n.this)
    5499                        if n.table
    5500                        else n.this
    5501                    )
    5502                    if isinstance(n, exp.Column)
    5503                    else n,
    5504                )
    5505
    5506            if op:
    5507                this = op(self, this, field)
    5508            elif isinstance(this, exp.Column) and not this.args.get("catalog"):
    5509                this = self.expression(
    5510                    exp.Column,
    5511                    comments=this.comments,
    5512                    this=field,
    5513                    table=this.this,
    5514                    db=this.args.get("table"),
    5515                    catalog=this.args.get("db"),
    5516                )
    5517            elif isinstance(field, exp.Window):
    5518                # Move the exp.Dot's to the window's function
    5519                window_func = self.expression(exp.Dot, this=this, expression=field.this)
    5520                field.set("this", window_func)
    5521                this = field
    5522            else:
    5523                this = self.expression(exp.Dot, this=this, expression=field)
    5524
    5525            if field and field.comments:
    5526                t.cast(exp.Expression, this).add_comments(field.pop_comments())
    5527
    5528            this = self._parse_bracket(this)
    5529
    5530        return self._parse_colon_as_variant_extract(this) if self.COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT else this
    5531
    5532    def _parse_primary(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5533        if self._match_set(self.PRIMARY_PARSERS):
    5534            token_type = self._prev.token_type
    5535            primary = self.PRIMARY_PARSERS[token_type](self, self._prev)
    5536
    5537            if token_type == TokenType.STRING:
    5538                expressions = [primary]
    5539                while self._match(TokenType.STRING):
    5540                    expressions.append(exp.Literal.string(self._prev.text))
    5541
    5542                if len(expressions) > 1:
    5543                    return self.expression(exp.Concat, expressions=expressions)
    5544
    5545            return primary
    5546
    5547        if self._match_pair(TokenType.DOT, TokenType.NUMBER):
    5548            return exp.Literal.number(f"0.{self._prev.text}")
    5549
    5550        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    5551            comments = self._prev_comments
    5552            query = self._parse_select()
    5553
    5554            if query:
    5555                expressions = [query]
    5556            else:
    5557                expressions = self._parse_expressions()
    5558
    5559            this = self._parse_query_modifiers(seq_get(expressions, 0))
    5560
    5561            if not this and self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN, advance=False):
    5562                this = self.expression(exp.Tuple)
    5563            elif isinstance(this, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
    5564                this = self._parse_subquery(this=this, parse_alias=False)
    5565            elif isinstance(this, exp.Subquery):
    5566                this = self._parse_subquery(
    5567                    this=self._parse_set_operations(this), parse_alias=False
    5568                )
    5569            elif len(expressions) > 1 or self._prev.token_type == TokenType.COMMA:
    5570                this = self.expression(exp.Tuple, expressions=expressions)
    5571            else:
    5572                this = self.expression(exp.Paren, this=this)
    5573
    5574            if this:
    5575                this.add_comments(comments)
    5576
    5577            self._match_r_paren(expression=this)
    5578            return this
    5579
    5580        return None
    5581
    5582    def _parse_field(
    5583        self,
    5584        any_token: bool = False,
    5585        tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
    5586        anonymous_func: bool = False,
    5587    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5588        if anonymous_func:
    5589            field = (
    5590                self._parse_function(anonymous=anonymous_func, any_token=any_token)
    5591                or self._parse_primary()
    5592            )
    5593        else:
    5594            field = self._parse_primary() or self._parse_function(
    5595                anonymous=anonymous_func, any_token=any_token
    5596            )
    5597        return field or self._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
    5598
    5599    def _parse_function(
    5600        self,
    5601        functions: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, t.Callable]] = None,
    5602        anonymous: bool = False,
    5603        optional_parens: bool = True,
    5604        any_token: bool = False,
    5605    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5606        # This allows us to also parse {fn <function>} syntax (Snowflake, MySQL support this)
    5607        # See: https://community.snowflake.com/s/article/SQL-Escape-Sequences
    5608        fn_syntax = False
    5609        if (
    5610            self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False)
    5611            and self._next
    5612            and self._next.text.upper() == "FN"
    5613        ):
    5614            self._advance(2)
    5615            fn_syntax = True
    5616
    5617        func = self._parse_function_call(
    5618            functions=functions,
    5619            anonymous=anonymous,
    5620            optional_parens=optional_parens,
    5621            any_token=any_token,
    5622        )
    5623
    5624        if fn_syntax:
    5625            self._match(TokenType.R_BRACE)
    5626
    5627        return func
    5628
    5629    def _parse_function_call(
    5630        self,
    5631        functions: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, t.Callable]] = None,
    5632        anonymous: bool = False,
    5633        optional_parens: bool = True,
    5634        any_token: bool = False,
    5635    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5636        if not self._curr:
    5637            return None
    5638
    5639        comments = self._curr.comments
    5640        token = self._curr
    5641        token_type = self._curr.token_type
    5642        this = self._curr.text
    5643        upper = this.upper()
    5644
    5645        parser = self.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS.get(upper)
    5646        if optional_parens and parser and token_type not in self.INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS:
    5647            self._advance()
    5648            return self._parse_window(parser(self))
    5649
    5650        if not self._next or self._next.token_type != TokenType.L_PAREN:
    5651            if optional_parens and token_type in self.NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS:
    5652                self._advance()
    5653                return self.expression(self.NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS[token_type])
    5654
    5655            return None
    5656
    5657        if any_token:
    5658            if token_type in self.RESERVED_TOKENS:
    5659                return None
    5660        elif token_type not in self.FUNC_TOKENS:
    5661            return None
    5662
    5663        self._advance(2)
    5664
    5665        parser = self.FUNCTION_PARSERS.get(upper)
    5666        if parser and not anonymous:
    5667            this = parser(self)
    5668        else:
    5669            subquery_predicate = self.SUBQUERY_PREDICATES.get(token_type)
    5670
    5671            if subquery_predicate and self._curr.token_type in (TokenType.SELECT, TokenType.WITH):
    5672                this = self.expression(
    5673                    subquery_predicate, comments=comments, this=self._parse_select()
    5674                )
    5675                self._match_r_paren()
    5676                return this
    5677
    5678            if functions is None:
    5679                functions = self.FUNCTIONS
    5680
    5681            function = functions.get(upper)
    5682            known_function = function and not anonymous
    5683
    5684            alias = not known_function or upper in self.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
    5685            args = self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_lambda(alias=alias))
    5686
    5687            post_func_comments = self._curr and self._curr.comments
    5688            if known_function and post_func_comments:
    5689                # If the user-inputted comment "/* sqlglot.anonymous */" is following the function
    5690                # call we'll construct it as exp.Anonymous, even if it's "known"
    5691                if any(
    5692                    comment.lstrip().startswith(exp.SQLGLOT_ANONYMOUS)
    5693                    for comment in post_func_comments
    5694                ):
    5695                    known_function = False
    5696
    5697            if alias and known_function:
    5698                args = self._kv_to_prop_eq(args)
    5699
    5700            if known_function:
    5701                func_builder = t.cast(t.Callable, function)
    5702
    5703                if "dialect" in func_builder.__code__.co_varnames:
    5704                    func = func_builder(args, dialect=self.dialect)
    5705                else:
    5706                    func = func_builder(args)
    5707
    5708                func = self.validate_expression(func, args)
    5709                if self.dialect.PRESERVE_ORIGINAL_NAMES:
    5710                    func.meta["name"] = this
    5711
    5712                this = func
    5713            else:
    5714                if token_type == TokenType.IDENTIFIER:
    5715                    this = exp.Identifier(this=this, quoted=True).update_positions(token)
    5716
    5717                this = self.expression(exp.Anonymous, this=this, expressions=args)
    5718                this = this.update_positions(token)
    5719
    5720        if isinstance(this, exp.Expression):
    5721            this.add_comments(comments)
    5722
    5723        self._match_r_paren(this)
    5724        return self._parse_window(this)
    5725
    5726    def _to_prop_eq(self, expression: exp.Expression, index: int) -> exp.Expression:
    5727        return expression
    5728
    5729    def _kv_to_prop_eq(self, expressions: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    5730        transformed = []
    5731
    5732        for index, e in enumerate(expressions):
    5733            if isinstance(e, self.KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS):
    5734                if isinstance(e, exp.Alias):
    5735                    e = self.expression(exp.PropertyEQ, this=e.args.get("alias"), expression=e.this)
    5736
    5737                if not isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
    5738                    e = self.expression(
    5739                        exp.PropertyEQ, this=exp.to_identifier(e.this.name), expression=e.expression
    5740                    )
    5741
    5742                if isinstance(e.this, exp.Column):
    5743                    e.this.replace(e.this.this)
    5744            else:
    5745                e = self._to_prop_eq(e, index)
    5746
    5747            transformed.append(e)
    5748
    5749        return transformed
    5750
    5751    def _parse_user_defined_function_expression(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5752        return self._parse_statement()
    5753
    5754    def _parse_function_parameter(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5755        return self._parse_column_def(this=self._parse_id_var(), computed_column=False)
    5756
    5757    def _parse_user_defined_function(
    5758        self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
    5759    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5760        this = self._parse_table_parts(schema=True)
    5761
    5762        if not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    5763            return this
    5764
    5765        expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
    5766        self._match_r_paren()
    5767        return self.expression(
    5768            exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions, wrapped=True
    5769        )
    5770
    5771    def _parse_introducer(self, token: Token) -> exp.Introducer | exp.Identifier:
    5772        literal = self._parse_primary()
    5773        if literal:
    5774            return self.expression(exp.Introducer, this=token.text, expression=literal)
    5775
    5776        return self._identifier_expression(token)
    5777
    5778    def _parse_session_parameter(self) -> exp.SessionParameter:
    5779        kind = None
    5780        this = self._parse_id_var() or self._parse_primary()
    5781
    5782        if this and self._match(TokenType.DOT):
    5783            kind = this.name
    5784            this = self._parse_var() or self._parse_primary()
    5785
    5786        return self.expression(exp.SessionParameter, this=this, kind=kind)
    5787
    5788    def _parse_lambda_arg(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5789        return self._parse_id_var()
    5790
    5791    def _parse_lambda(self, alias: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5792        index = self._index
    5793
    5794        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    5795            expressions = t.cast(
    5796                t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]], self._parse_csv(self._parse_lambda_arg)
    5797            )
    5798
    5799            if not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    5800                self._retreat(index)
    5801        else:
    5802            expressions = [self._parse_lambda_arg()]
    5803
    5804        if self._match_set(self.LAMBDAS):
    5805            return self.LAMBDAS[self._prev.token_type](self, expressions)
    5806
    5807        self._retreat(index)
    5808
    5809        this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]
    5810
    5811        if self._match(TokenType.DISTINCT):
    5812            this = self.expression(
    5813                exp.Distinct, expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)
    5814            )
    5815        else:
    5816            this = self._parse_select_or_expression(alias=alias)
    5817
    5818        return self._parse_limit(
    5819            self._parse_order(self._parse_having_max(self._parse_respect_or_ignore_nulls(this)))
    5820        )
    5821
    5822    def _parse_schema(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5823        index = self._index
    5824        if not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    5825            return this
    5826
    5827        # Disambiguate between schema and subquery/CTE, e.g. in INSERT INTO table (<expr>),
    5828        # expr can be of both types
    5829        if self._match_set(self.SELECT_START_TOKENS):
    5830            self._retreat(index)
    5831            return this
    5832        args = self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_constraint() or self._parse_field_def())
    5833        self._match_r_paren()
    5834        return self.expression(exp.Schema, this=this, expressions=args)
    5835
    5836    def _parse_field_def(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5837        return self._parse_column_def(self._parse_field(any_token=True))
    5838
    5839    def _parse_column_def(
    5840        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression], computed_column: bool = True
    5841    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5842        # column defs are not really columns, they're identifiers
    5843        if isinstance(this, exp.Column):
    5844            this = this.this
    5845
    5846        if not computed_column:
    5847            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    5848
    5849        kind = self._parse_types(schema=True)
    5850
    5851        if self._match_text_seq("FOR", "ORDINALITY"):
    5852            return self.expression(exp.ColumnDef, this=this, ordinality=True)
    5853
    5854        constraints: t.List[exp.Expression] = []
    5855
    5856        if (not kind and self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)) or self._match_texts(
    5857            ("ALIAS", "MATERIALIZED")
    5858        ):
    5859            persisted = self._prev.text.upper() == "MATERIALIZED"
    5860            constraint_kind = exp.ComputedColumnConstraint(
    5861                this=self._parse_assignment(),
    5862                persisted=persisted or self._match_text_seq("PERSISTED"),
    5863                not_null=self._match_pair(TokenType.NOT, TokenType.NULL),
    5864            )
    5865            constraints.append(self.expression(exp.ColumnConstraint, kind=constraint_kind))
    5866        elif (
    5867            kind
    5868            and self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
    5869            and (
    5870                not self.WRAPPED_TRANSFORM_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT
    5871                or (self._next and self._next.token_type == TokenType.L_PAREN)
    5872            )
    5873        ):
    5874            self._advance()
    5875            constraints.append(
    5876                self.expression(
    5877                    exp.ColumnConstraint,
    5878                    kind=exp.TransformColumnConstraint(this=self._parse_disjunction()),
    5879                )
    5880            )
    5881
    5882        while True:
    5883            constraint = self._parse_column_constraint()
    5884            if not constraint:
    5885                break
    5886            constraints.append(constraint)
    5887
    5888        if not kind and not constraints:
    5889            return this
    5890
    5891        return self.expression(exp.ColumnDef, this=this, kind=kind, constraints=constraints)
    5892
    5893    def _parse_auto_increment(
    5894        self,
    5895    ) -> exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint | exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint:
    5896        start = None
    5897        increment = None
    5898
    5899        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    5900            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_bitwise)
    5901            start = seq_get(args, 0)
    5902            increment = seq_get(args, 1)
    5903        elif self._match_text_seq("START"):
    5904            start = self._parse_bitwise()
    5905            self._match_text_seq("INCREMENT")
    5906            increment = self._parse_bitwise()
    5907
    5908        if start and increment:
    5909            return exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint(
    5910                start=start, increment=increment, this=False
    5911            )
    5912
    5913        return exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint()
    5914
    5915    def _parse_auto_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.AutoRefreshProperty]:
    5916        if not self._match_text_seq("REFRESH"):
    5917            self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    5918            return None
    5919        return self.expression(exp.AutoRefreshProperty, this=self._parse_var(upper=True))
    5920
    5921    def _parse_compress(self) -> exp.CompressColumnConstraint:
    5922        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    5923            return self.expression(
    5924                exp.CompressColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_bitwise)
    5925            )
    5926
    5927        return self.expression(exp.CompressColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_bitwise())
    5928
    5929    def _parse_generated_as_identity(
    5930        self,
    5931    ) -> (
    5932        exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    5933        | exp.ComputedColumnConstraint
    5934        | exp.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint
    5935    ):
    5936        if self._match_text_seq("BY", "DEFAULT"):
    5937            on_null = self._match_pair(TokenType.ON, TokenType.NULL)
    5938            this = self.expression(
    5939                exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint, this=False, on_null=on_null
    5940            )
    5941        else:
    5942            self._match_text_seq("ALWAYS")
    5943            this = self.expression(exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint, this=True)
    5944
    5945        self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    5946
    5947        if self._match_text_seq("ROW"):
    5948            start = self._match_text_seq("START")
    5949            if not start:
    5950                self._match(TokenType.END)
    5951            hidden = self._match_text_seq("HIDDEN")
    5952            return self.expression(exp.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint, start=start, hidden=hidden)
    5953
    5954        identity = self._match_text_seq("IDENTITY")
    5955
    5956        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    5957            if self._match(TokenType.START_WITH):
    5958                this.set("start", self._parse_bitwise())
    5959            if self._match_text_seq("INCREMENT", "BY"):
    5960                this.set("increment", self._parse_bitwise())
    5961            if self._match_text_seq("MINVALUE"):
    5962                this.set("minvalue", self._parse_bitwise())
    5963            if self._match_text_seq("MAXVALUE"):
    5964                this.set("maxvalue", self._parse_bitwise())
    5965
    5966            if self._match_text_seq("CYCLE"):
    5967                this.set("cycle", True)
    5968            elif self._match_text_seq("NO", "CYCLE"):
    5969                this.set("cycle", False)
    5970
    5971            if not identity:
    5972                this.set("expression", self._parse_range())
    5973            elif not this.args.get("start") and self._match(TokenType.NUMBER, advance=False):
    5974                args = self._parse_csv(self._parse_bitwise)
    5975                this.set("start", seq_get(args, 0))
    5976                this.set("increment", seq_get(args, 1))
    5977
    5978            self._match_r_paren()
    5979
    5980        return this
    5981
    5982    def _parse_inline(self) -> exp.InlineLengthColumnConstraint:
    5983        self._match_text_seq("LENGTH")
    5984        return self.expression(exp.InlineLengthColumnConstraint, this=self._parse_bitwise())
    5985
    5986    def _parse_not_constraint(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5987        if self._match_text_seq("NULL"):
    5988            return self.expression(exp.NotNullColumnConstraint)
    5989        if self._match_text_seq("CASESPECIFIC"):
    5990            return self.expression(exp.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint, not_=True)
    5991        if self._match_text_seq("FOR", "REPLICATION"):
    5992            return self.expression(exp.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint)
    5993
    5994        # Unconsume the `NOT` token
    5995        self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    5996        return None
    5997
    5998    def _parse_column_constraint(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    5999        this = self._match(TokenType.CONSTRAINT) and self._parse_id_var()
    6000
    6001        procedure_option_follows = (
    6002            self._match(TokenType.WITH, advance=False)
    6003            and self._next
    6004            and self._next.text.upper() in self.PROCEDURE_OPTIONS
    6005        )
    6006
    6007        if not procedure_option_follows and self._match_texts(self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS):
    6008            return self.expression(
    6009                exp.ColumnConstraint,
    6010                this=this,
    6011                kind=self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self),
    6012            )
    6013
    6014        return this
    6015
    6016    def _parse_constraint(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6017        if not self._match(TokenType.CONSTRAINT):
    6018            return self._parse_unnamed_constraint(constraints=self.SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS)
    6019
    6020        return self.expression(
    6021            exp.Constraint,
    6022            this=self._parse_id_var(),
    6023            expressions=self._parse_unnamed_constraints(),
    6024        )
    6025
    6026    def _parse_unnamed_constraints(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    6027        constraints = []
    6028        while True:
    6029            constraint = self._parse_unnamed_constraint() or self._parse_function()
    6030            if not constraint:
    6031                break
    6032            constraints.append(constraint)
    6033
    6034        return constraints
    6035
    6036    def _parse_unnamed_constraint(
    6037        self, constraints: t.Optional[t.Collection[str]] = None
    6038    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6039        if self._match(TokenType.IDENTIFIER, advance=False) or not self._match_texts(
    6040            constraints or self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
    6041        ):
    6042            return None
    6043
    6044        constraint = self._prev.text.upper()
    6045        if constraint not in self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS:
    6046            self.raise_error(f"No parser found for schema constraint {constraint}.")
    6047
    6048        return self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[constraint](self)
    6049
    6050    def _parse_unique_key(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6051        return self._parse_id_var(any_token=False)
    6052
    6053    def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
    6054        self._match_text_seq("KEY")
    6055        return self.expression(
    6056            exp.UniqueColumnConstraint,
    6057            nulls=self._match_text_seq("NULLS", "NOT", "DISTINCT"),
    6058            this=self._parse_schema(self._parse_unique_key()),
    6059            index_type=self._match(TokenType.USING) and self._advance_any() and self._prev.text,
    6060            on_conflict=self._parse_on_conflict(),
    6061            options=self._parse_key_constraint_options(),
    6062        )
    6063
    6064    def _parse_key_constraint_options(self) -> t.List[str]:
    6065        options = []
    6066        while True:
    6067            if not self._curr:
    6068                break
    6069
    6070            if self._match(TokenType.ON):
    6071                action = None
    6072                on = self._advance_any() and self._prev.text
    6073
    6074                if self._match_text_seq("NO", "ACTION"):
    6075                    action = "NO ACTION"
    6076                elif self._match_text_seq("CASCADE"):
    6077                    action = "CASCADE"
    6078                elif self._match_text_seq("RESTRICT"):
    6079                    action = "RESTRICT"
    6080                elif self._match_pair(TokenType.SET, TokenType.NULL):
    6081                    action = "SET NULL"
    6082                elif self._match_pair(TokenType.SET, TokenType.DEFAULT):
    6083                    action = "SET DEFAULT"
    6084                else:
    6085                    self.raise_error("Invalid key constraint")
    6086
    6087                options.append(f"ON {on} {action}")
    6088            else:
    6089                var = self._parse_var_from_options(
    6090                    self.KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS, raise_unmatched=False
    6091                )
    6092                if not var:
    6093                    break
    6094                options.append(var.name)
    6095
    6096        return options
    6097
    6098    def _parse_references(self, match: bool = True) -> t.Optional[exp.Reference]:
    6099        if match and not self._match(TokenType.REFERENCES):
    6100            return None
    6101
    6102        expressions = None
    6103        this = self._parse_table(schema=True)
    6104        options = self._parse_key_constraint_options()
    6105        return self.expression(exp.Reference, this=this, expressions=expressions, options=options)
    6106
    6107    def _parse_foreign_key(self) -> exp.ForeignKey:
    6108        expressions = (
    6109            self._parse_wrapped_id_vars()
    6110            if not self._match(TokenType.REFERENCES, advance=False)
    6111            else None
    6112        )
    6113        reference = self._parse_references()
    6114        on_options = {}
    6115
    6116        while self._match(TokenType.ON):
    6117            if not self._match_set((TokenType.DELETE, TokenType.UPDATE)):
    6118                self.raise_error("Expected DELETE or UPDATE")
    6119
    6120            kind = self._prev.text.lower()
    6121
    6122            if self._match_text_seq("NO", "ACTION"):
    6123                action = "NO ACTION"
    6124            elif self._match(TokenType.SET):
    6125                self._match_set((TokenType.NULL, TokenType.DEFAULT))
    6126                action = "SET " + self._prev.text.upper()
    6127            else:
    6128                self._advance()
    6129                action = self._prev.text.upper()
    6130
    6131            on_options[kind] = action
    6132
    6133        return self.expression(
    6134            exp.ForeignKey,
    6135            expressions=expressions,
    6136            reference=reference,
    6137            options=self._parse_key_constraint_options(),
    6138            **on_options,  # type: ignore
    6139        )
    6140
    6141    def _parse_primary_key_part(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6142        return self._parse_ordered() or self._parse_field()
    6143
    6144    def _parse_period_for_system_time(self) -> t.Optional[exp.PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint]:
    6145        if not self._match(TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT):
    6146            self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    6147            return None
    6148
    6149        id_vars = self._parse_wrapped_id_vars()
    6150        return self.expression(
    6151            exp.PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint,
    6152            this=seq_get(id_vars, 0),
    6153            expression=seq_get(id_vars, 1),
    6154        )
    6155
    6156    def _parse_primary_key(
    6157        self, wrapped_optional: bool = False, in_props: bool = False
    6158    ) -> exp.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint | exp.PrimaryKey:
    6159        desc = (
    6160            self._match_set((TokenType.ASC, TokenType.DESC))
    6161            and self._prev.token_type == TokenType.DESC
    6162        )
    6163
    6164        if not in_props and not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    6165            return self.expression(
    6166                exp.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint,
    6167                desc=desc,
    6168                options=self._parse_key_constraint_options(),
    6169            )
    6170
    6171        expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(
    6172            self._parse_primary_key_part, optional=wrapped_optional
    6173        )
    6174        options = self._parse_key_constraint_options()
    6175        return self.expression(exp.PrimaryKey, expressions=expressions, options=options)
    6176
    6177    def _parse_bracket_key_value(self, is_map: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6178        return self._parse_slice(self._parse_alias(self._parse_assignment(), explicit=True))
    6179
    6180    def _parse_odbc_datetime_literal(self) -> exp.Expression:
    6181        """
    6182        Parses a datetime column in ODBC format. We parse the column into the corresponding
    6183        types, for example `{d'yyyy-mm-dd'}` will be parsed as a `Date` column, exactly the
    6184        same as we did for `DATE('yyyy-mm-dd')`.
    6185
    6186        Reference:
    6187        https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/odbc/reference/develop-app/date-time-and-timestamp-literals
    6188        """
    6189        self._match(TokenType.VAR)
    6190        exp_class = self.ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS[self._prev.text.lower()]
    6191        expression = self.expression(exp_class=exp_class, this=self._parse_string())
    6192        if not self._match(TokenType.R_BRACE):
    6193            self.raise_error("Expected }")
    6194        return expression
    6195
    6196    def _parse_bracket(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6197        if not self._match_set((TokenType.L_BRACKET, TokenType.L_BRACE)):
    6198            return this
    6199
    6200        bracket_kind = self._prev.token_type
    6201        if (
    6202            bracket_kind == TokenType.L_BRACE
    6203            and self._curr
    6204            and self._curr.token_type == TokenType.VAR
    6205            and self._curr.text.lower() in self.ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS
    6206        ):
    6207            return self._parse_odbc_datetime_literal()
    6208
    6209        expressions = self._parse_csv(
    6210            lambda: self._parse_bracket_key_value(is_map=bracket_kind == TokenType.L_BRACE)
    6211        )
    6212
    6213        if bracket_kind == TokenType.L_BRACKET and not self._match(TokenType.R_BRACKET):
    6214            self.raise_error("Expected ]")
    6215        elif bracket_kind == TokenType.L_BRACE and not self._match(TokenType.R_BRACE):
    6216            self.raise_error("Expected }")
    6217
    6218        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/struct.html#creating-structs
    6219        if bracket_kind == TokenType.L_BRACE:
    6220            this = self.expression(exp.Struct, expressions=self._kv_to_prop_eq(expressions))
    6221        elif not this:
    6222            this = build_array_constructor(
    6223                exp.Array, args=expressions, bracket_kind=bracket_kind, dialect=self.dialect
    6224            )
    6225        else:
    6226            constructor_type = self.ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS.get(this.name.upper())
    6227            if constructor_type:
    6228                return build_array_constructor(
    6229                    constructor_type,
    6230                    args=expressions,
    6231                    bracket_kind=bracket_kind,
    6232                    dialect=self.dialect,
    6233                )
    6234
    6235            expressions = apply_index_offset(
    6236                this, expressions, -self.dialect.INDEX_OFFSET, dialect=self.dialect
    6237            )
    6238            this = self.expression(exp.Bracket, this=this, expressions=expressions)
    6239
    6240        self._add_comments(this)
    6241        return self._parse_bracket(this)
    6242
    6243    def _parse_slice(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6244        if self._match(TokenType.COLON):
    6245            return self.expression(exp.Slice, this=this, expression=self._parse_assignment())
    6246        return this
    6247
    6248    def _parse_case(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6249        ifs = []
    6250        default = None
    6251
    6252        comments = self._prev_comments
    6253        expression = self._parse_assignment()
    6254
    6255        while self._match(TokenType.WHEN):
    6256            this = self._parse_assignment()
    6257            self._match(TokenType.THEN)
    6258            then = self._parse_assignment()
    6259            ifs.append(self.expression(exp.If, this=this, true=then))
    6260
    6261        if self._match(TokenType.ELSE):
    6262            default = self._parse_assignment()
    6263
    6264        if not self._match(TokenType.END):
    6265            if isinstance(default, exp.Interval) and default.this.sql().upper() == "END":
    6266                default = exp.column("interval")
    6267            else:
    6268                self.raise_error("Expected END after CASE", self._prev)
    6269
    6270        return self.expression(
    6271            exp.Case, comments=comments, this=expression, ifs=ifs, default=default
    6272        )
    6273
    6274    def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6275        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    6276            args = self._parse_csv(
    6277                lambda: self._parse_alias(self._parse_assignment(), explicit=True)
    6278            )
    6279            this = self.validate_expression(exp.If.from_arg_list(args), args)
    6280            self._match_r_paren()
    6281        else:
    6282            index = self._index - 1
    6283
    6284            if self.NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS and index == 0:
    6285                return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
    6286
    6287            condition = self._parse_assignment()
    6288
    6289            if not condition:
    6290                self._retreat(index)
    6291                return None
    6292
    6293            self._match(TokenType.THEN)
    6294            true = self._parse_assignment()
    6295            false = self._parse_assignment() if self._match(TokenType.ELSE) else None
    6296            self._match(TokenType.END)
    6297            this = self.expression(exp.If, this=condition, true=true, false=false)
    6298
    6299        return this
    6300
    6301    def _parse_next_value_for(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6302        if not self._match_text_seq("VALUE", "FOR"):
    6303            self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    6304            return None
    6305
    6306        return self.expression(
    6307            exp.NextValueFor,
    6308            this=self._parse_column(),
    6309            order=self._match(TokenType.OVER) and self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_order),
    6310        )
    6311
    6312    def _parse_extract(self) -> exp.Extract | exp.Anonymous:
    6313        this = self._parse_function() or self._parse_var_or_string(upper=True)
    6314
    6315        if self._match(TokenType.FROM):
    6316            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=self._parse_bitwise())
    6317
    6318        if not self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    6319            self.raise_error("Expected FROM or comma after EXTRACT", self._prev)
    6320
    6321        return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=self._parse_bitwise())
    6322
    6323    def _parse_gap_fill(self) -> exp.GapFill:
    6324        self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    6325        this = self._parse_table()
    6326
    6327        self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    6328        args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_lambda)]
    6329
    6330        gap_fill = exp.GapFill.from_arg_list(args)
    6331        return self.validate_expression(gap_fill, args)
    6332
    6333    def _parse_cast(self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None) -> exp.Expression:
    6334        this = self._parse_assignment()
    6335
    6336        if not self._match(TokenType.ALIAS):
    6337            if self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    6338                return self.expression(exp.CastToStrType, this=this, to=self._parse_string())
    6339
    6340            self.raise_error("Expected AS after CAST")
    6341
    6342        fmt = None
    6343        to = self._parse_types()
    6344
    6345        default = self._match(TokenType.DEFAULT)
    6346        if default:
    6347            default = self._parse_bitwise()
    6348            self._match_text_seq("ON", "CONVERSION", "ERROR")
    6349
    6350        if self._match_set((TokenType.FORMAT, TokenType.COMMA)):
    6351            fmt_string = self._parse_string()
    6352            fmt = self._parse_at_time_zone(fmt_string)
    6353
    6354            if not to:
    6355                to = exp.DataType.build(exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN)
    6356            if to.this in exp.DataType.TEMPORAL_TYPES:
    6357                this = self.expression(
    6358                    exp.StrToDate if to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATE else exp.StrToTime,
    6359                    this=this,
    6360                    format=exp.Literal.string(
    6361                        format_time(
    6362                            fmt_string.this if fmt_string else "",
    6363                            self.dialect.FORMAT_MAPPING or self.dialect.TIME_MAPPING,
    6364                            self.dialect.FORMAT_TRIE or self.dialect.TIME_TRIE,
    6365                        )
    6366                    ),
    6367                    safe=safe,
    6368                )
    6369
    6370                if isinstance(fmt, exp.AtTimeZone) and isinstance(this, exp.StrToTime):
    6371                    this.set("zone", fmt.args["zone"])
    6372                return this
    6373        elif not to:
    6374            self.raise_error("Expected TYPE after CAST")
    6375        elif isinstance(to, exp.Identifier):
    6376            to = exp.DataType.build(to.name, udt=True)
    6377        elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.CHAR:
    6378            if self._match(TokenType.CHARACTER_SET):
    6379                to = self.expression(exp.CharacterSet, this=self._parse_var_or_string())
    6380
    6381        return self.expression(
    6382            exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast,
    6383            this=this,
    6384            to=to,
    6385            format=fmt,
    6386            safe=safe,
    6387            action=self._parse_var_from_options(self.CAST_ACTIONS, raise_unmatched=False),
    6388            default=default,
    6389        )
    6390
    6391    def _parse_string_agg(self) -> exp.GroupConcat:
    6392        if self._match(TokenType.DISTINCT):
    6393            args: t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]] = [
    6394                self.expression(exp.Distinct, expressions=[self._parse_assignment()])
    6395            ]
    6396            if self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    6397                args.extend(self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment))
    6398        else:
    6399            args = self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)  # type: ignore
    6400
    6401        if self._match_text_seq("ON", "OVERFLOW"):
    6402            # trino: LISTAGG(expression [, separator] [ON OVERFLOW overflow_behavior])
    6403            if self._match_text_seq("ERROR"):
    6404                on_overflow: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = exp.var("ERROR")
    6405            else:
    6406                self._match_text_seq("TRUNCATE")
    6407                on_overflow = self.expression(
    6408                    exp.OverflowTruncateBehavior,
    6409                    this=self._parse_string(),
    6410                    with_count=(
    6411                        self._match_text_seq("WITH", "COUNT")
    6412                        or not self._match_text_seq("WITHOUT", "COUNT")
    6413                    ),
    6414                )
    6415        else:
    6416            on_overflow = None
    6417
    6418        index = self._index
    6419        if not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN) and args:
    6420            # postgres: STRING_AGG([DISTINCT] expression, separator [ORDER BY expression1 {ASC | DESC} [, ...]])
    6421            # bigquery: STRING_AGG([DISTINCT] expression [, separator] [ORDER BY key [{ASC | DESC}] [, ... ]] [LIMIT n])
    6422            # The order is parsed through `this` as a canonicalization for WITHIN GROUPs
    6423            args[0] = self._parse_limit(this=self._parse_order(this=args[0]))
    6424            return self.expression(exp.GroupConcat, this=args[0], separator=seq_get(args, 1))
    6425
    6426        # Checks if we can parse an order clause: WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY <order_by_expression_list> [ASC | DESC]).
    6427        # This is done "manually", instead of letting _parse_window parse it into an exp.WithinGroup node, so that
    6428        # the STRING_AGG call is parsed like in MySQL / SQLite and can thus be transpiled more easily to them.
    6429        if not self._match_text_seq("WITHIN", "GROUP"):
    6430            self._retreat(index)
    6431            return self.validate_expression(exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list(args), args)
    6432
    6433        # The corresponding match_r_paren will be called in parse_function (caller)
    6434        self._match_l_paren()
    6435
    6436        return self.expression(
    6437            exp.GroupConcat,
    6438            this=self._parse_order(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
    6439            separator=seq_get(args, 1),
    6440            on_overflow=on_overflow,
    6441        )
    6442
    6443    def _parse_convert(
    6444        self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
    6445    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6446        this = self._parse_bitwise()
    6447
    6448        if self._match(TokenType.USING):
    6449            to: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = self.expression(
    6450                exp.CharacterSet, this=self._parse_var()
    6451            )
    6452        elif self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    6453            to = self._parse_types()
    6454        else:
    6455            to = None
    6456
    6457        return self.expression(exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
    6458
    6459    def _parse_xml_table(self) -> exp.XMLTable:
    6460        namespaces = None
    6461        passing = None
    6462        columns = None
    6463
    6464        if self._match_text_seq("XMLNAMESPACES", "("):
    6465            namespaces = self._parse_xml_namespace()
    6466            self._match_text_seq(")", ",")
    6467
    6468        this = self._parse_string()
    6469
    6470        if self._match_text_seq("PASSING"):
    6471            # The BY VALUE keywords are optional and are provided for semantic clarity
    6472            self._match_text_seq("BY", "VALUE")
    6473            passing = self._parse_csv(self._parse_column)
    6474
    6475        by_ref = self._match_text_seq("RETURNING", "SEQUENCE", "BY", "REF")
    6476
    6477        if self._match_text_seq("COLUMNS"):
    6478            columns = self._parse_csv(self._parse_field_def)
    6479
    6480        return self.expression(
    6481            exp.XMLTable,
    6482            this=this,
    6483            namespaces=namespaces,
    6484            passing=passing,
    6485            columns=columns,
    6486            by_ref=by_ref,
    6487        )
    6488
    6489    def _parse_xml_namespace(self) -> t.List[exp.XMLNamespace]:
    6490        namespaces = []
    6491
    6492        while True:
    6493            if self._match(TokenType.DEFAULT):
    6494                uri = self._parse_string()
    6495            else:
    6496                uri = self._parse_alias(self._parse_string())
    6497            namespaces.append(self.expression(exp.XMLNamespace, this=uri))
    6498            if not self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    6499                break
    6500
    6501        return namespaces
    6502
    6503    def _parse_decode(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Decode | exp.Case]:
    6504        """
    6505        There are generally two variants of the DECODE function:
    6506
    6507        - DECODE(bin, charset)
    6508        - DECODE(expression, search, result [, search, result] ... [, default])
    6509
    6510        The second variant will always be parsed into a CASE expression. Note that NULL
    6511        needs special treatment, since we need to explicitly check for it with `IS NULL`,
    6512        instead of relying on pattern matching.
    6513        """
    6514        args = self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)
    6515
    6516        if len(args) < 3:
    6517            return self.expression(exp.Decode, this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=seq_get(args, 1))
    6518
    6519        expression, *expressions = args
    6520        if not expression:
    6521            return None
    6522
    6523        ifs = []
    6524        for search, result in zip(expressions[::2], expressions[1::2]):
    6525            if not search or not result:
    6526                return None
    6527
    6528            if isinstance(search, exp.Literal):
    6529                ifs.append(
    6530                    exp.If(this=exp.EQ(this=expression.copy(), expression=search), true=result)
    6531                )
    6532            elif isinstance(search, exp.Null):
    6533                ifs.append(
    6534                    exp.If(this=exp.Is(this=expression.copy(), expression=exp.Null()), true=result)
    6535                )
    6536            else:
    6537                cond = exp.or_(
    6538                    exp.EQ(this=expression.copy(), expression=search),
    6539                    exp.and_(
    6540                        exp.Is(this=expression.copy(), expression=exp.Null()),
    6541                        exp.Is(this=search.copy(), expression=exp.Null()),
    6542                        copy=False,
    6543                    ),
    6544                    copy=False,
    6545                )
    6546                ifs.append(exp.If(this=cond, true=result))
    6547
    6548        return exp.Case(ifs=ifs, default=expressions[-1] if len(expressions) % 2 == 1 else None)
    6549
    6550    def _parse_json_key_value(self) -> t.Optional[exp.JSONKeyValue]:
    6551        self._match_text_seq("KEY")
    6552        key = self._parse_column()
    6553        self._match_set(self.JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS)
    6554        self._match_text_seq("VALUE")
    6555        value = self._parse_bitwise()
    6556
    6557        if not key and not value:
    6558            return None
    6559        return self.expression(exp.JSONKeyValue, this=key, expression=value)
    6560
    6561    def _parse_format_json(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6562        if not this or not self._match_text_seq("FORMAT", "JSON"):
    6563            return this
    6564
    6565        return self.expression(exp.FormatJson, this=this)
    6566
    6567    def _parse_on_condition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.OnCondition]:
    6568        # MySQL uses "X ON EMPTY Y ON ERROR" (e.g. JSON_VALUE) while Oracle uses the opposite (e.g. JSON_EXISTS)
    6569        if self.dialect.ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR:
    6570            empty = self._parse_on_handling("EMPTY", *self.ON_CONDITION_TOKENS)
    6571            error = self._parse_on_handling("ERROR", *self.ON_CONDITION_TOKENS)
    6572        else:
    6573            error = self._parse_on_handling("ERROR", *self.ON_CONDITION_TOKENS)
    6574            empty = self._parse_on_handling("EMPTY", *self.ON_CONDITION_TOKENS)
    6575
    6576        null = self._parse_on_handling("NULL", *self.ON_CONDITION_TOKENS)
    6577
    6578        if not empty and not error and not null:
    6579            return None
    6580
    6581        return self.expression(
    6582            exp.OnCondition,
    6583            empty=empty,
    6584            error=error,
    6585            null=null,
    6586        )
    6587
    6588    def _parse_on_handling(
    6589        self, on: str, *values: str
    6590    ) -> t.Optional[str] | t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6591        # Parses the "X ON Y" or "DEFAULT <expr> ON Y syntax, e.g. NULL ON NULL (Oracle, T-SQL, MySQL)
    6592        for value in values:
    6593            if self._match_text_seq(value, "ON", on):
    6594                return f"{value} ON {on}"
    6595
    6596        index = self._index
    6597        if self._match(TokenType.DEFAULT):
    6598            default_value = self._parse_bitwise()
    6599            if self._match_text_seq("ON", on):
    6600                return default_value
    6601
    6602            self._retreat(index)
    6603
    6604        return None
    6605
    6606    @t.overload
    6607    def _parse_json_object(self, agg: Lit[False]) -> exp.JSONObject: ...
    6608
    6609    @t.overload
    6610    def _parse_json_object(self, agg: Lit[True]) -> exp.JSONObjectAgg: ...
    6611
    6612    def _parse_json_object(self, agg=False):
    6613        star = self._parse_star()
    6614        expressions = (
    6615            [star]
    6616            if star
    6617            else self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_format_json(self._parse_json_key_value()))
    6618        )
    6619        null_handling = self._parse_on_handling("NULL", "NULL", "ABSENT")
    6620
    6621        unique_keys = None
    6622        if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "UNIQUE"):
    6623            unique_keys = True
    6624        elif self._match_text_seq("WITHOUT", "UNIQUE"):
    6625            unique_keys = False
    6626
    6627        self._match_text_seq("KEYS")
    6628
    6629        return_type = self._match_text_seq("RETURNING") and self._parse_format_json(
    6630            self._parse_type()
    6631        )
    6632        encoding = self._match_text_seq("ENCODING") and self._parse_var()
    6633
    6634        return self.expression(
    6635            exp.JSONObjectAgg if agg else exp.JSONObject,
    6636            expressions=expressions,
    6637            null_handling=null_handling,
    6638            unique_keys=unique_keys,
    6639            return_type=return_type,
    6640            encoding=encoding,
    6641        )
    6642
    6643    # Note: this is currently incomplete; it only implements the "JSON_value_column" part
    6644    def _parse_json_column_def(self) -> exp.JSONColumnDef:
    6645        if not self._match_text_seq("NESTED"):
    6646            this = self._parse_id_var()
    6647            kind = self._parse_types(allow_identifiers=False)
    6648            nested = None
    6649        else:
    6650            this = None
    6651            kind = None
    6652            nested = True
    6653
    6654        path = self._match_text_seq("PATH") and self._parse_string()
    6655        nested_schema = nested and self._parse_json_schema()
    6656
    6657        return self.expression(
    6658            exp.JSONColumnDef,
    6659            this=this,
    6660            kind=kind,
    6661            path=path,
    6662            nested_schema=nested_schema,
    6663        )
    6664
    6665    def _parse_json_schema(self) -> exp.JSONSchema:
    6666        self._match_text_seq("COLUMNS")
    6667        return self.expression(
    6668            exp.JSONSchema,
    6669            expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_json_column_def, optional=True),
    6670        )
    6671
    6672    def _parse_json_table(self) -> exp.JSONTable:
    6673        this = self._parse_format_json(self._parse_bitwise())
    6674        path = self._match(TokenType.COMMA) and self._parse_string()
    6675        error_handling = self._parse_on_handling("ERROR", "ERROR", "NULL")
    6676        empty_handling = self._parse_on_handling("EMPTY", "ERROR", "NULL")
    6677        schema = self._parse_json_schema()
    6678
    6679        return exp.JSONTable(
    6680            this=this,
    6681            schema=schema,
    6682            path=path,
    6683            error_handling=error_handling,
    6684            empty_handling=empty_handling,
    6685        )
    6686
    6687    def _parse_match_against(self) -> exp.MatchAgainst:
    6688        expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_column)
    6689
    6690        self._match_text_seq(")", "AGAINST", "(")
    6691
    6692        this = self._parse_string()
    6693
    6694        if self._match_text_seq("IN", "NATURAL", "LANGUAGE", "MODE"):
    6695            modifier = "IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE"
    6696            if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "QUERY", "EXPANSION"):
    6697                modifier = f"{modifier} WITH QUERY EXPANSION"
    6698        elif self._match_text_seq("IN", "BOOLEAN", "MODE"):
    6699            modifier = "IN BOOLEAN MODE"
    6700        elif self._match_text_seq("WITH", "QUERY", "EXPANSION"):
    6701            modifier = "WITH QUERY EXPANSION"
    6702        else:
    6703            modifier = None
    6704
    6705        return self.expression(
    6706            exp.MatchAgainst, this=this, expressions=expressions, modifier=modifier
    6707        )
    6708
    6709    # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/openjson-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16
    6710    def _parse_open_json(self) -> exp.OpenJSON:
    6711        this = self._parse_bitwise()
    6712        path = self._match(TokenType.COMMA) and self._parse_string()
    6713
    6714        def _parse_open_json_column_def() -> exp.OpenJSONColumnDef:
    6715            this = self._parse_field(any_token=True)
    6716            kind = self._parse_types()
    6717            path = self._parse_string()
    6718            as_json = self._match_pair(TokenType.ALIAS, TokenType.JSON)
    6719
    6720            return self.expression(
    6721                exp.OpenJSONColumnDef, this=this, kind=kind, path=path, as_json=as_json
    6722            )
    6723
    6724        expressions = None
    6725        if self._match_pair(TokenType.R_PAREN, TokenType.WITH):
    6726            self._match_l_paren()
    6727            expressions = self._parse_csv(_parse_open_json_column_def)
    6728
    6729        return self.expression(exp.OpenJSON, this=this, path=path, expressions=expressions)
    6730
    6731    def _parse_position(self, haystack_first: bool = False) -> exp.StrPosition:
    6732        args = self._parse_csv(self._parse_bitwise)
    6733
    6734        if self._match(TokenType.IN):
    6735            return self.expression(
    6736                exp.StrPosition, this=self._parse_bitwise(), substr=seq_get(args, 0)
    6737            )
    6738
    6739        if haystack_first:
    6740            haystack = seq_get(args, 0)
    6741            needle = seq_get(args, 1)
    6742        else:
    6743            haystack = seq_get(args, 1)
    6744            needle = seq_get(args, 0)
    6745
    6746        return self.expression(
    6747            exp.StrPosition, this=haystack, substr=needle, position=seq_get(args, 2)
    6748        )
    6749
    6750    def _parse_predict(self) -> exp.Predict:
    6751        self._match_text_seq("MODEL")
    6752        this = self._parse_table()
    6753
    6754        self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    6755        self._match_text_seq("TABLE")
    6756
    6757        return self.expression(
    6758            exp.Predict,
    6759            this=this,
    6760            expression=self._parse_table(),
    6761            params_struct=self._match(TokenType.COMMA) and self._parse_bitwise(),
    6762        )
    6763
    6764    def _parse_join_hint(self, func_name: str) -> exp.JoinHint:
    6765        args = self._parse_csv(self._parse_table)
    6766        return exp.JoinHint(this=func_name.upper(), expressions=args)
    6767
    6768    def _parse_substring(self) -> exp.Substring:
    6769        # Postgres supports the form: substring(string [from int] [for int])
    6770        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/functions-string.html @ Table 9-6
    6771
    6772        args = t.cast(t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]], self._parse_csv(self._parse_bitwise))
    6773
    6774        if self._match(TokenType.FROM):
    6775            args.append(self._parse_bitwise())
    6776        if self._match(TokenType.FOR):
    6777            if len(args) == 1:
    6778                args.append(exp.Literal.number(1))
    6779            args.append(self._parse_bitwise())
    6780
    6781        return self.validate_expression(exp.Substring.from_arg_list(args), args)
    6782
    6783    def _parse_trim(self) -> exp.Trim:
    6784        # https://www.w3resource.com/sql/character-functions/trim.php
    6785        # https://docs.oracle.com/javadb/10.8.3.0/ref/rreftrimfunc.html
    6786
    6787        position = None
    6788        collation = None
    6789        expression = None
    6790
    6791        if self._match_texts(self.TRIM_TYPES):
    6792            position = self._prev.text.upper()
    6793
    6794        this = self._parse_bitwise()
    6795        if self._match_set((TokenType.FROM, TokenType.COMMA)):
    6796            invert_order = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.FROM or self.TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
    6797            expression = self._parse_bitwise()
    6798
    6799            if invert_order:
    6800                this, expression = expression, this
    6801
    6802        if self._match(TokenType.COLLATE):
    6803            collation = self._parse_bitwise()
    6804
    6805        return self.expression(
    6806            exp.Trim, this=this, position=position, expression=expression, collation=collation
    6807        )
    6808
    6809    def _parse_window_clause(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
    6810        return self._match(TokenType.WINDOW) and self._parse_csv(self._parse_named_window)
    6811
    6812    def _parse_named_window(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6813        return self._parse_window(self._parse_id_var(), alias=True)
    6814
    6815    def _parse_respect_or_ignore_nulls(
    6816        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]
    6817    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6818        if self._match_text_seq("IGNORE", "NULLS"):
    6819            return self.expression(exp.IgnoreNulls, this=this)
    6820        if self._match_text_seq("RESPECT", "NULLS"):
    6821            return self.expression(exp.RespectNulls, this=this)
    6822        return this
    6823
    6824    def _parse_having_max(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6825        if self._match(TokenType.HAVING):
    6826            self._match_texts(("MAX", "MIN"))
    6827            max = self._prev.text.upper() != "MIN"
    6828            return self.expression(
    6829                exp.HavingMax, this=this, expression=self._parse_column(), max=max
    6830            )
    6831
    6832        return this
    6833
    6834    def _parse_window(
    6835        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression], alias: bool = False
    6836    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6837        func = this
    6838        comments = func.comments if isinstance(func, exp.Expression) else None
    6839
    6840        # T-SQL allows the OVER (...) syntax after WITHIN GROUP.
    6841        # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/percentile-disc-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16
    6842        if self._match_text_seq("WITHIN", "GROUP"):
    6843            order = self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_order)
    6844            this = self.expression(exp.WithinGroup, this=this, expression=order)
    6845
    6846        if self._match_pair(TokenType.FILTER, TokenType.L_PAREN):
    6847            self._match(TokenType.WHERE)
    6848            this = self.expression(
    6849                exp.Filter, this=this, expression=self._parse_where(skip_where_token=True)
    6850            )
    6851            self._match_r_paren()
    6852
    6853        # SQL spec defines an optional [ { IGNORE | RESPECT } NULLS ] OVER
    6854        # Some dialects choose to implement and some do not.
    6855        # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/window-function-descriptions.html
    6856
    6857        # There is some code above in _parse_lambda that handles
    6858        #   SELECT FIRST_VALUE(TABLE.COLUMN IGNORE|RESPECT NULLS) OVER ...
    6859
    6860        # The below changes handle
    6861        #   SELECT FIRST_VALUE(TABLE.COLUMN) IGNORE|RESPECT NULLS OVER ...
    6862
    6863        # Oracle allows both formats
    6864        #   (https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/sqlrf/img_text/first_value.html)
    6865        #   and Snowflake chose to do the same for familiarity
    6866        #   https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/first_value.html#usage-notes
    6867        if isinstance(this, exp.AggFunc):
    6868            ignore_respect = this.find(exp.IgnoreNulls, exp.RespectNulls)
    6869
    6870            if ignore_respect and ignore_respect is not this:
    6871                ignore_respect.replace(ignore_respect.this)
    6872                this = self.expression(ignore_respect.__class__, this=this)
    6873
    6874        this = self._parse_respect_or_ignore_nulls(this)
    6875
    6876        # bigquery select from window x AS (partition by ...)
    6877        if alias:
    6878            over = None
    6879            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    6880        elif not self._match_set(self.WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS):
    6881            return this
    6882        else:
    6883            over = self._prev.text.upper()
    6884
    6885        if comments and isinstance(func, exp.Expression):
    6886            func.pop_comments()
    6887
    6888        if not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    6889            return self.expression(
    6890                exp.Window,
    6891                comments=comments,
    6892                this=this,
    6893                alias=self._parse_id_var(False),
    6894                over=over,
    6895            )
    6896
    6897        window_alias = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS)
    6898
    6899        first = self._match(TokenType.FIRST)
    6900        if self._match_text_seq("LAST"):
    6901            first = False
    6902
    6903        partition, order = self._parse_partition_and_order()
    6904        kind = self._match_set((TokenType.ROWS, TokenType.RANGE)) and self._prev.text
    6905
    6906        if kind:
    6907            self._match(TokenType.BETWEEN)
    6908            start = self._parse_window_spec()
    6909            self._match(TokenType.AND)
    6910            end = self._parse_window_spec()
    6911            exclude = (
    6912                self._parse_var_from_options(self.WINDOW_EXCLUDE_OPTIONS)
    6913                if self._match_text_seq("EXCLUDE")
    6914                else None
    6915            )
    6916
    6917            spec = self.expression(
    6918                exp.WindowSpec,
    6919                kind=kind,
    6920                start=start["value"],
    6921                start_side=start["side"],
    6922                end=end["value"],
    6923                end_side=end["side"],
    6924                exclude=exclude,
    6925            )
    6926        else:
    6927            spec = None
    6928
    6929        self._match_r_paren()
    6930
    6931        window = self.expression(
    6932            exp.Window,
    6933            comments=comments,
    6934            this=this,
    6935            partition_by=partition,
    6936            order=order,
    6937            spec=spec,
    6938            alias=window_alias,
    6939            over=over,
    6940            first=first,
    6941        )
    6942
    6943        # This covers Oracle's FIRST/LAST syntax: aggregate KEEP (...) OVER (...)
    6944        if self._match_set(self.WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS, advance=False):
    6945            return self._parse_window(window, alias=alias)
    6946
    6947        return window
    6948
    6949    def _parse_partition_and_order(
    6950        self,
    6951    ) -> t.Tuple[t.List[exp.Expression], t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    6952        return self._parse_partition_by(), self._parse_order()
    6953
    6954    def _parse_window_spec(self) -> t.Dict[str, t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]]:
    6955        self._match(TokenType.BETWEEN)
    6956
    6957        return {
    6958            "value": (
    6959                (self._match_text_seq("UNBOUNDED") and "UNBOUNDED")
    6960                or (self._match_text_seq("CURRENT", "ROW") and "CURRENT ROW")
    6961                or self._parse_bitwise()
    6962            ),
    6963            "side": self._match_texts(self.WINDOW_SIDES) and self._prev.text,
    6964        }
    6965
    6966    def _parse_alias(
    6967        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression], explicit: bool = False
    6968    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    6969        # In some dialects, LIMIT and OFFSET can act as both identifiers and keywords (clauses)
    6970        # so this section tries to parse the clause version and if it fails, it treats the token
    6971        # as an identifier (alias)
    6972        if self._can_parse_limit_or_offset():
    6973            return this
    6974
    6975        any_token = self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    6976        comments = self._prev_comments or []
    6977
    6978        if explicit and not any_token:
    6979            return this
    6980
    6981        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    6982            aliases = self.expression(
    6983                exp.Aliases,
    6984                comments=comments,
    6985                this=this,
    6986                expressions=self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_id_var(any_token)),
    6987            )
    6988            self._match_r_paren(aliases)
    6989            return aliases
    6990
    6991        alias = self._parse_id_var(any_token, tokens=self.ALIAS_TOKENS) or (
    6992            self.STRING_ALIASES and self._parse_string_as_identifier()
    6993        )
    6994
    6995        if alias:
    6996            comments.extend(alias.pop_comments())
    6997            this = self.expression(exp.Alias, comments=comments, this=this, alias=alias)
    6998            column = this.this
    6999
    7000            # Moves the comment next to the alias in `expr /* comment */ AS alias`
    7001            if not this.comments and column and column.comments:
    7002                this.comments = column.pop_comments()
    7003
    7004        return this
    7005
    7006    def _parse_id_var(
    7007        self,
    7008        any_token: bool = True,
    7009        tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
    7010    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7011        expression = self._parse_identifier()
    7012        if not expression and (
    7013            (any_token and self._advance_any()) or self._match_set(tokens or self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
    7014        ):
    7015            quoted = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.STRING
    7016            expression = self._identifier_expression(quoted=quoted)
    7017
    7018        return expression
    7019
    7020    def _parse_string(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7021        if self._match_set(self.STRING_PARSERS):
    7022            return self.STRING_PARSERS[self._prev.token_type](self, self._prev)
    7023        return self._parse_placeholder()
    7024
    7025    def _parse_string_as_identifier(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Identifier]:
    7026        output = exp.to_identifier(self._match(TokenType.STRING) and self._prev.text, quoted=True)
    7027        if output:
    7028            output.update_positions(self._prev)
    7029        return output
    7030
    7031    def _parse_number(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7032        if self._match_set(self.NUMERIC_PARSERS):
    7033            return self.NUMERIC_PARSERS[self._prev.token_type](self, self._prev)
    7034        return self._parse_placeholder()
    7035
    7036    def _parse_identifier(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7037        if self._match(TokenType.IDENTIFIER):
    7038            return self._identifier_expression(quoted=True)
    7039        return self._parse_placeholder()
    7040
    7041    def _parse_var(
    7042        self,
    7043        any_token: bool = False,
    7044        tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
    7045        upper: bool = False,
    7046    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7047        if (
    7048            (any_token and self._advance_any())
    7049            or self._match(TokenType.VAR)
    7050            or (self._match_set(tokens) if tokens else False)
    7051        ):
    7052            return self.expression(
    7053                exp.Var, this=self._prev.text.upper() if upper else self._prev.text
    7054            )
    7055        return self._parse_placeholder()
    7056
    7057    def _advance_any(self, ignore_reserved: bool = False) -> t.Optional[Token]:
    7058        if self._curr and (ignore_reserved or self._curr.token_type not in self.RESERVED_TOKENS):
    7059            self._advance()
    7060            return self._prev
    7061        return None
    7062
    7063    def _parse_var_or_string(self, upper: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7064        return self._parse_string() or self._parse_var(any_token=True, upper=upper)
    7065
    7066    def _parse_primary_or_var(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7067        return self._parse_primary() or self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    7068
    7069    def _parse_null(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7070        if self._match_set(self.NULL_TOKENS):
    7071            return self.PRIMARY_PARSERS[TokenType.NULL](self, self._prev)
    7072        return self._parse_placeholder()
    7073
    7074    def _parse_boolean(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7075        if self._match(TokenType.TRUE):
    7076            return self.PRIMARY_PARSERS[TokenType.TRUE](self, self._prev)
    7077        if self._match(TokenType.FALSE):
    7078            return self.PRIMARY_PARSERS[TokenType.FALSE](self, self._prev)
    7079        return self._parse_placeholder()
    7080
    7081    def _parse_star(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7082        if self._match(TokenType.STAR):
    7083            return self.PRIMARY_PARSERS[TokenType.STAR](self, self._prev)
    7084        return self._parse_placeholder()
    7085
    7086    def _parse_parameter(self) -> exp.Parameter:
    7087        this = self._parse_identifier() or self._parse_primary_or_var()
    7088        return self.expression(exp.Parameter, this=this)
    7089
    7090    def _parse_placeholder(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7091        if self._match_set(self.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS):
    7092            placeholder = self.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS[self._prev.token_type](self)
    7093            if placeholder:
    7094                return placeholder
    7095            self._advance(-1)
    7096        return None
    7097
    7098    def _parse_star_op(self, *keywords: str) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
    7099        if not self._match_texts(keywords):
    7100            return None
    7101        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    7102            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_expression)
    7103
    7104        expression = self._parse_expression()
    7105        return [expression] if expression else None
    7106
    7107    def _parse_csv(
    7108        self, parse_method: t.Callable, sep: TokenType = TokenType.COMMA
    7109    ) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    7110        parse_result = parse_method()
    7111        items = [parse_result] if parse_result is not None else []
    7112
    7113        while self._match(sep):
    7114            self._add_comments(parse_result)
    7115            parse_result = parse_method()
    7116            if parse_result is not None:
    7117                items.append(parse_result)
    7118
    7119        return items
    7120
    7121    def _parse_tokens(
    7122        self, parse_method: t.Callable, expressions: t.Dict
    7123    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7124        this = parse_method()
    7125
    7126        while self._match_set(expressions):
    7127            this = self.expression(
    7128                expressions[self._prev.token_type],
    7129                this=this,
    7130                comments=self._prev_comments,
    7131                expression=parse_method(),
    7132            )
    7133
    7134        return this
    7135
    7136    def _parse_wrapped_id_vars(self, optional: bool = False) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    7137        return self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_id_var, optional=optional)
    7138
    7139    def _parse_wrapped_csv(
    7140        self, parse_method: t.Callable, sep: TokenType = TokenType.COMMA, optional: bool = False
    7141    ) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    7142        return self._parse_wrapped(
    7143            lambda: self._parse_csv(parse_method, sep=sep), optional=optional
    7144        )
    7145
    7146    def _parse_wrapped(self, parse_method: t.Callable, optional: bool = False) -> t.Any:
    7147        wrapped = self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
    7148        if not wrapped and not optional:
    7149            self.raise_error("Expecting (")
    7150        parse_result = parse_method()
    7151        if wrapped:
    7152            self._match_r_paren()
    7153        return parse_result
    7154
    7155    def _parse_expressions(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    7156        return self._parse_csv(self._parse_expression)
    7157
    7158    def _parse_select_or_expression(self, alias: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7159        return self._parse_select() or self._parse_set_operations(
    7160            self._parse_alias(self._parse_assignment(), explicit=True)
    7161            if alias
    7162            else self._parse_assignment()
    7163        )
    7164
    7165    def _parse_ddl_select(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7166        return self._parse_query_modifiers(
    7167            self._parse_set_operations(self._parse_select(nested=True, parse_subquery_alias=False))
    7168        )
    7169
    7170    def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
    7171        this = None
    7172        if self._match_texts(self.TRANSACTION_KIND):
    7173            this = self._prev.text
    7174
    7175        self._match_texts(("TRANSACTION", "WORK"))
    7176
    7177        modes = []
    7178        while True:
    7179            mode = []
    7180            while self._match(TokenType.VAR):
    7181                mode.append(self._prev.text)
    7182
    7183            if mode:
    7184                modes.append(" ".join(mode))
    7185            if not self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
    7186                break
    7187
    7188        return self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=this, modes=modes)
    7189
    7190    def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
    7191        chain = None
    7192        savepoint = None
    7193        is_rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
    7194
    7195        self._match_texts(("TRANSACTION", "WORK"))
    7196
    7197        if self._match_text_seq("TO"):
    7198            self._match_text_seq("SAVEPOINT")
    7199            savepoint = self._parse_id_var()
    7200
    7201        if self._match(TokenType.AND):
    7202            chain = not self._match_text_seq("NO")
    7203            self._match_text_seq("CHAIN")
    7204
    7205        if is_rollback:
    7206            return self.expression(exp.Rollback, savepoint=savepoint)
    7207
    7208        return self.expression(exp.Commit, chain=chain)
    7209
    7210    def _parse_refresh(self) -> exp.Refresh:
    7211        self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    7212        return self.expression(exp.Refresh, this=self._parse_string() or self._parse_table())
    7213
    7214    def _parse_add_column(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7215        if not self._match_text_seq("ADD"):
    7216            return None
    7217
    7218        self._match(TokenType.COLUMN)
    7219        exists_column = self._parse_exists(not_=True)
    7220        expression = self._parse_field_def()
    7221
    7222        if expression:
    7223            expression.set("exists", exists_column)
    7224
    7225            # https://docs.databricks.com/delta/update-schema.html#explicitly-update-schema-to-add-columns
    7226            if self._match_texts(("FIRST", "AFTER")):
    7227                position = self._prev.text
    7228                column_position = self.expression(
    7229                    exp.ColumnPosition, this=self._parse_column(), position=position
    7230                )
    7231                expression.set("position", column_position)
    7232
    7233        return expression
    7234
    7235    def _parse_drop_column(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Drop | exp.Command]:
    7236        drop = self._match(TokenType.DROP) and self._parse_drop()
    7237        if drop and not isinstance(drop, exp.Command):
    7238            drop.set("kind", drop.args.get("kind", "COLUMN"))
    7239        return drop
    7240
    7241    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/athena/latest/ug/alter-table-drop-partition.html
    7242    def _parse_drop_partition(self, exists: t.Optional[bool] = None) -> exp.DropPartition:
    7243        return self.expression(
    7244            exp.DropPartition, expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_partition), exists=exists
    7245        )
    7246
    7247    def _parse_alter_table_add(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    7248        index = self._index - 1
    7249
    7250        if self._match_set(self.ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS, advance=False):
    7251            return self._parse_csv(
    7252                lambda: self.expression(
    7253                    exp.AddConstraint, expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_constraint)
    7254                )
    7255            )
    7256
    7257        self._retreat(index)
    7258        if not self.ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN and self._match_text_seq("ADD"):
    7259            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_field_def, optional=True)
    7260
    7261        if self._match_text_seq("ADD", "COLUMNS"):
    7262            schema = self._parse_schema()
    7263            if schema:
    7264                return [schema]
    7265            return []
    7266
    7267        return self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_add_column, optional=True)
    7268
    7269    def _parse_alter_table_alter(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7270        if self._match_texts(self.ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS):
    7271            return self.ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
    7272
    7273        # Many dialects support the ALTER [COLUMN] syntax, so if there is no
    7274        # keyword after ALTER we default to parsing this statement
    7275        self._match(TokenType.COLUMN)
    7276        column = self._parse_field(any_token=True)
    7277
    7278        if self._match_pair(TokenType.DROP, TokenType.DEFAULT):
    7279            return self.expression(exp.AlterColumn, this=column, drop=True)
    7280        if self._match_pair(TokenType.SET, TokenType.DEFAULT):
    7281            return self.expression(exp.AlterColumn, this=column, default=self._parse_assignment())
    7282        if self._match(TokenType.COMMENT):
    7283            return self.expression(exp.AlterColumn, this=column, comment=self._parse_string())
    7284        if self._match_text_seq("DROP", "NOT", "NULL"):
    7285            return self.expression(
    7286                exp.AlterColumn,
    7287                this=column,
    7288                drop=True,
    7289                allow_null=True,
    7290            )
    7291        if self._match_text_seq("SET", "NOT", "NULL"):
    7292            return self.expression(
    7293                exp.AlterColumn,
    7294                this=column,
    7295                allow_null=False,
    7296            )
    7297
    7298        if self._match_text_seq("SET", "VISIBLE"):
    7299            return self.expression(exp.AlterColumn, this=column, visible="VISIBLE")
    7300        if self._match_text_seq("SET", "INVISIBLE"):
    7301            return self.expression(exp.AlterColumn, this=column, visible="INVISIBLE")
    7302
    7303        self._match_text_seq("SET", "DATA")
    7304        self._match_text_seq("TYPE")
    7305        return self.expression(
    7306            exp.AlterColumn,
    7307            this=column,
    7308            dtype=self._parse_types(),
    7309            collate=self._match(TokenType.COLLATE) and self._parse_term(),
    7310            using=self._match(TokenType.USING) and self._parse_assignment(),
    7311        )
    7312
    7313    def _parse_alter_diststyle(self) -> exp.AlterDistStyle:
    7314        if self._match_texts(("ALL", "EVEN", "AUTO")):
    7315            return self.expression(exp.AlterDistStyle, this=exp.var(self._prev.text.upper()))
    7316
    7317        self._match_text_seq("KEY", "DISTKEY")
    7318        return self.expression(exp.AlterDistStyle, this=self._parse_column())
    7319
    7320    def _parse_alter_sortkey(self, compound: t.Optional[bool] = None) -> exp.AlterSortKey:
    7321        if compound:
    7322            self._match_text_seq("SORTKEY")
    7323
    7324        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    7325            return self.expression(
    7326                exp.AlterSortKey, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_id_vars(), compound=compound
    7327            )
    7328
    7329        self._match_texts(("AUTO", "NONE"))
    7330        return self.expression(
    7331            exp.AlterSortKey, this=exp.var(self._prev.text.upper()), compound=compound
    7332        )
    7333
    7334    def _parse_alter_table_drop(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    7335        index = self._index - 1
    7336
    7337        partition_exists = self._parse_exists()
    7338        if self._match(TokenType.PARTITION, advance=False):
    7339            return self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_drop_partition(exists=partition_exists))
    7340
    7341        self._retreat(index)
    7342        return self._parse_csv(self._parse_drop_column)
    7343
    7344    def _parse_alter_table_rename(self) -> t.Optional[exp.AlterRename | exp.RenameColumn]:
    7345        if self._match(TokenType.COLUMN):
    7346            exists = self._parse_exists()
    7347            old_column = self._parse_column()
    7348            to = self._match_text_seq("TO")
    7349            new_column = self._parse_column()
    7350
    7351            if old_column is None or to is None or new_column is None:
    7352                return None
    7353
    7354            return self.expression(exp.RenameColumn, this=old_column, to=new_column, exists=exists)
    7355
    7356        self._match_text_seq("TO")
    7357        return self.expression(exp.AlterRename, this=self._parse_table(schema=True))
    7358
    7359    def _parse_alter_table_set(self) -> exp.AlterSet:
    7360        alter_set = self.expression(exp.AlterSet)
    7361
    7362        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False) or self._match_text_seq(
    7363            "TABLE", "PROPERTIES"
    7364        ):
    7365            alter_set.set("expressions", self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment))
    7366        elif self._match_text_seq("FILESTREAM_ON", advance=False):
    7367            alter_set.set("expressions", [self._parse_assignment()])
    7368        elif self._match_texts(("LOGGED", "UNLOGGED")):
    7369            alter_set.set("option", exp.var(self._prev.text.upper()))
    7370        elif self._match_text_seq("WITHOUT") and self._match_texts(("CLUSTER", "OIDS")):
    7371            alter_set.set("option", exp.var(f"WITHOUT {self._prev.text.upper()}"))
    7372        elif self._match_text_seq("LOCATION"):
    7373            alter_set.set("location", self._parse_field())
    7374        elif self._match_text_seq("ACCESS", "METHOD"):
    7375            alter_set.set("access_method", self._parse_field())
    7376        elif self._match_text_seq("TABLESPACE"):
    7377            alter_set.set("tablespace", self._parse_field())
    7378        elif self._match_text_seq("FILE", "FORMAT") or self._match_text_seq("FILEFORMAT"):
    7379            alter_set.set("file_format", [self._parse_field()])
    7380        elif self._match_text_seq("STAGE_FILE_FORMAT"):
    7381            alter_set.set("file_format", self._parse_wrapped_options())
    7382        elif self._match_text_seq("STAGE_COPY_OPTIONS"):
    7383            alter_set.set("copy_options", self._parse_wrapped_options())
    7384        elif self._match_text_seq("TAG") or self._match_text_seq("TAGS"):
    7385            alter_set.set("tag", self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment))
    7386        else:
    7387            if self._match_text_seq("SERDE"):
    7388                alter_set.set("serde", self._parse_field())
    7389
    7390            alter_set.set("expressions", [self._parse_properties()])
    7391
    7392        return alter_set
    7393
    7394    def _parse_alter(self) -> exp.Alter | exp.Command:
    7395        start = self._prev
    7396
    7397        alter_token = self._match_set(self.ALTERABLES) and self._prev
    7398        if not alter_token:
    7399            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    7400
    7401        exists = self._parse_exists()
    7402        only = self._match_text_seq("ONLY")
    7403        this = self._parse_table(schema=True)
    7404        cluster = self._parse_on_property() if self._match(TokenType.ON) else None
    7405
    7406        if self._next:
    7407            self._advance()
    7408
    7409        parser = self.ALTER_PARSERS.get(self._prev.text.upper()) if self._prev else None
    7410        if parser:
    7411            actions = ensure_list(parser(self))
    7412            not_valid = self._match_text_seq("NOT", "VALID")
    7413            options = self._parse_csv(self._parse_property)
    7414
    7415            if not self._curr and actions:
    7416                return self.expression(
    7417                    exp.Alter,
    7418                    this=this,
    7419                    kind=alter_token.text.upper(),
    7420                    exists=exists,
    7421                    actions=actions,
    7422                    only=only,
    7423                    options=options,
    7424                    cluster=cluster,
    7425                    not_valid=not_valid,
    7426                )
    7427
    7428        return self._parse_as_command(start)
    7429
    7430    def _parse_analyze(self) -> exp.Analyze | exp.Command:
    7431        start = self._prev
    7432        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/analyze
    7433        if not self._curr:
    7434            return self.expression(exp.Analyze)
    7435
    7436        options = []
    7437        while self._match_texts(self.ANALYZE_STYLES):
    7438            if self._prev.text.upper() == "BUFFER_USAGE_LIMIT":
    7439                options.append(f"BUFFER_USAGE_LIMIT {self._parse_number()}")
    7440            else:
    7441                options.append(self._prev.text.upper())
    7442
    7443        this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    7444        inner_expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    7445
    7446        kind = self._curr and self._curr.text.upper()
    7447
    7448        if self._match(TokenType.TABLE) or self._match(TokenType.INDEX):
    7449            this = self._parse_table_parts()
    7450        elif self._match_text_seq("TABLES"):
    7451            if self._match_set((TokenType.FROM, TokenType.IN)):
    7452                kind = f"{kind} {self._prev.text.upper()}"
    7453                this = self._parse_table(schema=True, is_db_reference=True)
    7454        elif self._match_text_seq("DATABASE"):
    7455            this = self._parse_table(schema=True, is_db_reference=True)
    7456        elif self._match_text_seq("CLUSTER"):
    7457            this = self._parse_table()
    7458        # Try matching inner expr keywords before fallback to parse table.
    7459        elif self._match_texts(self.ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS):
    7460            kind = None
    7461            inner_expression = self.ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
    7462        else:
    7463            # Empty kind  https://prestodb.io/docs/current/sql/analyze.html
    7464            kind = None
    7465            this = self._parse_table_parts()
    7466
    7467        partition = self._try_parse(self._parse_partition)
    7468        if not partition and self._match_texts(self.PARTITION_KEYWORDS):
    7469            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    7470
    7471        # https://docs.starrocks.io/docs/sql-reference/sql-statements/cbo_stats/ANALYZE_TABLE/
    7472        if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "SYNC", "MODE") or self._match_text_seq(
    7473            "WITH", "ASYNC", "MODE"
    7474        ):
    7475            mode = f"WITH {self._tokens[self._index - 2].text.upper()} MODE"
    7476        else:
    7477            mode = None
    7478
    7479        if self._match_texts(self.ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS):
    7480            inner_expression = self.ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
    7481
    7482        properties = self._parse_properties()
    7483        return self.expression(
    7484            exp.Analyze,
    7485            kind=kind,
    7486            this=this,
    7487            mode=mode,
    7488            partition=partition,
    7489            properties=properties,
    7490            expression=inner_expression,
    7491            options=options,
    7492        )
    7493
    7494    # https://spark.apache.org/docs/3.5.1/sql-ref-syntax-aux-analyze-table.html
    7495    def _parse_analyze_statistics(self) -> exp.AnalyzeStatistics:
    7496        this = None
    7497        kind = self._prev.text.upper()
    7498        option = self._prev.text.upper() if self._match_text_seq("DELTA") else None
    7499        expressions = []
    7500
    7501        if not self._match_text_seq("STATISTICS"):
    7502            self.raise_error("Expecting token STATISTICS")
    7503
    7504        if self._match_text_seq("NOSCAN"):
    7505            this = "NOSCAN"
    7506        elif self._match(TokenType.FOR):
    7507            if self._match_text_seq("ALL", "COLUMNS"):
    7508                this = "FOR ALL COLUMNS"
    7509            if self._match_texts("COLUMNS"):
    7510                this = "FOR COLUMNS"
    7511                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_column_reference)
    7512        elif self._match_text_seq("SAMPLE"):
    7513            sample = self._parse_number()
    7514            expressions = [
    7515                self.expression(
    7516                    exp.AnalyzeSample,
    7517                    sample=sample,
    7518                    kind=self._prev.text.upper() if self._match(TokenType.PERCENT) else None,
    7519                )
    7520            ]
    7521
    7522        return self.expression(
    7523            exp.AnalyzeStatistics, kind=kind, option=option, this=this, expressions=expressions
    7524        )
    7525
    7526    # https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/21/sqlrf/ANALYZE.html
    7527    def _parse_analyze_validate(self) -> exp.AnalyzeValidate:
    7528        kind = None
    7529        this = None
    7530        expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    7531        if self._match_text_seq("REF", "UPDATE"):
    7532            kind = "REF"
    7533            this = "UPDATE"
    7534            if self._match_text_seq("SET", "DANGLING", "TO", "NULL"):
    7535                this = "UPDATE SET DANGLING TO NULL"
    7536        elif self._match_text_seq("STRUCTURE"):
    7537            kind = "STRUCTURE"
    7538            if self._match_text_seq("CASCADE", "FAST"):
    7539                this = "CASCADE FAST"
    7540            elif self._match_text_seq("CASCADE", "COMPLETE") and self._match_texts(
    7541                ("ONLINE", "OFFLINE")
    7542            ):
    7543                this = f"CASCADE COMPLETE {self._prev.text.upper()}"
    7544                expression = self._parse_into()
    7545
    7546        return self.expression(exp.AnalyzeValidate, kind=kind, this=this, expression=expression)
    7547
    7548    def _parse_analyze_columns(self) -> t.Optional[exp.AnalyzeColumns]:
    7549        this = self._prev.text.upper()
    7550        if self._match_text_seq("COLUMNS"):
    7551            return self.expression(exp.AnalyzeColumns, this=f"{this} {self._prev.text.upper()}")
    7552        return None
    7553
    7554    def _parse_analyze_delete(self) -> t.Optional[exp.AnalyzeDelete]:
    7555        kind = self._prev.text.upper() if self._match_text_seq("SYSTEM") else None
    7556        if self._match_text_seq("STATISTICS"):
    7557            return self.expression(exp.AnalyzeDelete, kind=kind)
    7558        return None
    7559
    7560    def _parse_analyze_list(self) -> t.Optional[exp.AnalyzeListChainedRows]:
    7561        if self._match_text_seq("CHAINED", "ROWS"):
    7562            return self.expression(exp.AnalyzeListChainedRows, expression=self._parse_into())
    7563        return None
    7564
    7565    # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/analyze-table.html
    7566    def _parse_analyze_histogram(self) -> exp.AnalyzeHistogram:
    7567        this = self._prev.text.upper()
    7568        expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    7569        expressions = []
    7570        update_options = None
    7571
    7572        if self._match_text_seq("HISTOGRAM", "ON"):
    7573            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_column_reference)
    7574            with_expressions = []
    7575            while self._match(TokenType.WITH):
    7576                # https://docs.starrocks.io/docs/sql-reference/sql-statements/cbo_stats/ANALYZE_TABLE/
    7577                if self._match_texts(("SYNC", "ASYNC")):
    7578                    if self._match_text_seq("MODE", advance=False):
    7579                        with_expressions.append(f"{self._prev.text.upper()} MODE")
    7580                        self._advance()
    7581                else:
    7582                    buckets = self._parse_number()
    7583                    if self._match_text_seq("BUCKETS"):
    7584                        with_expressions.append(f"{buckets} BUCKETS")
    7585            if with_expressions:
    7586                expression = self.expression(exp.AnalyzeWith, expressions=with_expressions)
    7587
    7588            if self._match_texts(("MANUAL", "AUTO")) and self._match(
    7589                TokenType.UPDATE, advance=False
    7590            ):
    7591                update_options = self._prev.text.upper()
    7592                self._advance()
    7593            elif self._match_text_seq("USING", "DATA"):
    7594                expression = self.expression(exp.UsingData, this=self._parse_string())
    7595
    7596        return self.expression(
    7597            exp.AnalyzeHistogram,
    7598            this=this,
    7599            expressions=expressions,
    7600            expression=expression,
    7601            update_options=update_options,
    7602        )
    7603
    7604    def _parse_merge(self) -> exp.Merge:
    7605        self._match(TokenType.INTO)
    7606        target = self._parse_table()
    7607
    7608        if target and self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False):
    7609            target.set("alias", self._parse_table_alias())
    7610
    7611        self._match(TokenType.USING)
    7612        using = self._parse_table()
    7613
    7614        self._match(TokenType.ON)
    7615        on = self._parse_assignment()
    7616
    7617        return self.expression(
    7618            exp.Merge,
    7619            this=target,
    7620            using=using,
    7621            on=on,
    7622            whens=self._parse_when_matched(),
    7623            returning=self._parse_returning(),
    7624        )
    7625
    7626    def _parse_when_matched(self) -> exp.Whens:
    7627        whens = []
    7628
    7629        while self._match(TokenType.WHEN):
    7630            matched = not self._match(TokenType.NOT)
    7631            self._match_text_seq("MATCHED")
    7632            source = (
    7633                False
    7634                if self._match_text_seq("BY", "TARGET")
    7635                else self._match_text_seq("BY", "SOURCE")
    7636            )
    7637            condition = self._parse_assignment() if self._match(TokenType.AND) else None
    7638
    7639            self._match(TokenType.THEN)
    7640
    7641            if self._match(TokenType.INSERT):
    7642                this = self._parse_star()
    7643                if this:
    7644                    then: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = self.expression(exp.Insert, this=this)
    7645                else:
    7646                    then = self.expression(
    7647                        exp.Insert,
    7648                        this=exp.var("ROW")
    7649                        if self._match_text_seq("ROW")
    7650                        else self._parse_value(values=False),
    7651                        expression=self._match_text_seq("VALUES") and self._parse_value(),
    7652                    )
    7653            elif self._match(TokenType.UPDATE):
    7654                expressions = self._parse_star()
    7655                if expressions:
    7656                    then = self.expression(exp.Update, expressions=expressions)
    7657                else:
    7658                    then = self.expression(
    7659                        exp.Update,
    7660                        expressions=self._match(TokenType.SET)
    7661                        and self._parse_csv(self._parse_equality),
    7662                    )
    7663            elif self._match(TokenType.DELETE):
    7664                then = self.expression(exp.Var, this=self._prev.text)
    7665            else:
    7666                then = self._parse_var_from_options(self.CONFLICT_ACTIONS)
    7667
    7668            whens.append(
    7669                self.expression(
    7670                    exp.When,
    7671                    matched=matched,
    7672                    source=source,
    7673                    condition=condition,
    7674                    then=then,
    7675                )
    7676            )
    7677        return self.expression(exp.Whens, expressions=whens)
    7678
    7679    def _parse_show(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7680        parser = self._find_parser(self.SHOW_PARSERS, self.SHOW_TRIE)
    7681        if parser:
    7682            return parser(self)
    7683        return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
    7684
    7685    def _parse_set_item_assignment(
    7686        self, kind: t.Optional[str] = None
    7687    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7688        index = self._index
    7689
    7690        if kind in ("GLOBAL", "SESSION") and self._match_text_seq("TRANSACTION"):
    7691            return self._parse_set_transaction(global_=kind == "GLOBAL")
    7692
    7693        left = self._parse_primary() or self._parse_column()
    7694        assignment_delimiter = self._match_texts(("=", "TO"))
    7695
    7696        if not left or (self.SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER and not assignment_delimiter):
    7697            self._retreat(index)
    7698            return None
    7699
    7700        right = self._parse_statement() or self._parse_id_var()
    7701        if isinstance(right, (exp.Column, exp.Identifier)):
    7702            right = exp.var(right.name)
    7703
    7704        this = self.expression(exp.EQ, this=left, expression=right)
    7705        return self.expression(exp.SetItem, this=this, kind=kind)
    7706
    7707    def _parse_set_transaction(self, global_: bool = False) -> exp.Expression:
    7708        self._match_text_seq("TRANSACTION")
    7709        characteristics = self._parse_csv(
    7710            lambda: self._parse_var_from_options(self.TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS)
    7711        )
    7712        return self.expression(
    7713            exp.SetItem,
    7714            expressions=characteristics,
    7715            kind="TRANSACTION",
    7716            **{"global": global_},  # type: ignore
    7717        )
    7718
    7719    def _parse_set_item(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7720        parser = self._find_parser(self.SET_PARSERS, self.SET_TRIE)
    7721        return parser(self) if parser else self._parse_set_item_assignment(kind=None)
    7722
    7723    def _parse_set(self, unset: bool = False, tag: bool = False) -> exp.Set | exp.Command:
    7724        index = self._index
    7725        set_ = self.expression(
    7726            exp.Set, expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_set_item), unset=unset, tag=tag
    7727        )
    7728
    7729        if self._curr:
    7730            self._retreat(index)
    7731            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
    7732
    7733        return set_
    7734
    7735    def _parse_var_from_options(
    7736        self, options: OPTIONS_TYPE, raise_unmatched: bool = True
    7737    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Var]:
    7738        start = self._curr
    7739        if not start:
    7740            return None
    7741
    7742        option = start.text.upper()
    7743        continuations = options.get(option)
    7744
    7745        index = self._index
    7746        self._advance()
    7747        for keywords in continuations or []:
    7748            if isinstance(keywords, str):
    7749                keywords = (keywords,)
    7750
    7751            if self._match_text_seq(*keywords):
    7752                option = f"{option} {' '.join(keywords)}"
    7753                break
    7754        else:
    7755            if continuations or continuations is None:
    7756                if raise_unmatched:
    7757                    self.raise_error(f"Unknown option {option}")
    7758
    7759                self._retreat(index)
    7760                return None
    7761
    7762        return exp.var(option)
    7763
    7764    def _parse_as_command(self, start: Token) -> exp.Command:
    7765        while self._curr:
    7766            self._advance()
    7767        text = self._find_sql(start, self._prev)
    7768        size = len(start.text)
    7769        self._warn_unsupported()
    7770        return exp.Command(this=text[:size], expression=text[size:])
    7771
    7772    def _parse_dict_property(self, this: str) -> exp.DictProperty:
    7773        settings = []
    7774
    7775        self._match_l_paren()
    7776        kind = self._parse_id_var()
    7777
    7778        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    7779            while True:
    7780                key = self._parse_id_var()
    7781                value = self._parse_primary()
    7782                if not key and value is None:
    7783                    break
    7784                settings.append(self.expression(exp.DictSubProperty, this=key, value=value))
    7785            self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN)
    7786
    7787        self._match_r_paren()
    7788
    7789        return self.expression(
    7790            exp.DictProperty,
    7791            this=this,
    7792            kind=kind.this if kind else None,
    7793            settings=settings,
    7794        )
    7795
    7796    def _parse_dict_range(self, this: str) -> exp.DictRange:
    7797        self._match_l_paren()
    7798        has_min = self._match_text_seq("MIN")
    7799        if has_min:
    7800            min = self._parse_var() or self._parse_primary()
    7801            self._match_text_seq("MAX")
    7802            max = self._parse_var() or self._parse_primary()
    7803        else:
    7804            max = self._parse_var() or self._parse_primary()
    7805            min = exp.Literal.number(0)
    7806        self._match_r_paren()
    7807        return self.expression(exp.DictRange, this=this, min=min, max=max)
    7808
    7809    def _parse_comprehension(
    7810        self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]
    7811    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Comprehension]:
    7812        index = self._index
    7813        expression = self._parse_column()
    7814        if not self._match(TokenType.IN):
    7815            self._retreat(index - 1)
    7816            return None
    7817        iterator = self._parse_column()
    7818        condition = self._parse_assignment() if self._match_text_seq("IF") else None
    7819        return self.expression(
    7820            exp.Comprehension,
    7821            this=this,
    7822            expression=expression,
    7823            iterator=iterator,
    7824            condition=condition,
    7825        )
    7826
    7827    def _parse_heredoc(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Heredoc]:
    7828        if self._match(TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING):
    7829            return self.expression(exp.Heredoc, this=self._prev.text)
    7830
    7831        if not self._match_text_seq("$"):
    7832            return None
    7833
    7834        tags = ["$"]
    7835        tag_text = None
    7836
    7837        if self._is_connected():
    7838            self._advance()
    7839            tags.append(self._prev.text.upper())
    7840        else:
    7841            self.raise_error("No closing $ found")
    7842
    7843        if tags[-1] != "$":
    7844            if self._is_connected() and self._match_text_seq("$"):
    7845                tag_text = tags[-1]
    7846                tags.append("$")
    7847            else:
    7848                self.raise_error("No closing $ found")
    7849
    7850        heredoc_start = self._curr
    7851
    7852        while self._curr:
    7853            if self._match_text_seq(*tags, advance=False):
    7854                this = self._find_sql(heredoc_start, self._prev)
    7855                self._advance(len(tags))
    7856                return self.expression(exp.Heredoc, this=this, tag=tag_text)
    7857
    7858            self._advance()
    7859
    7860        self.raise_error(f"No closing {''.join(tags)} found")
    7861        return None
    7862
    7863    def _find_parser(
    7864        self, parsers: t.Dict[str, t.Callable], trie: t.Dict
    7865    ) -> t.Optional[t.Callable]:
    7866        if not self._curr:
    7867            return None
    7868
    7869        index = self._index
    7870        this = []
    7871        while True:
    7872            # The current token might be multiple words
    7873            curr = self._curr.text.upper()
    7874            key = curr.split(" ")
    7875            this.append(curr)
    7876
    7877            self._advance()
    7878            result, trie = in_trie(trie, key)
    7879            if result == TrieResult.FAILED:
    7880                break
    7881
    7882            if result == TrieResult.EXISTS:
    7883                subparser = parsers[" ".join(this)]
    7884                return subparser
    7885
    7886        self._retreat(index)
    7887        return None
    7888
    7889    def _match(self, token_type, advance=True, expression=None):
    7890        if not self._curr:
    7891            return None
    7892
    7893        if self._curr.token_type == token_type:
    7894            if advance:
    7895                self._advance()
    7896            self._add_comments(expression)
    7897            return True
    7898
    7899        return None
    7900
    7901    def _match_set(self, types, advance=True):
    7902        if not self._curr:
    7903            return None
    7904
    7905        if self._curr.token_type in types:
    7906            if advance:
    7907                self._advance()
    7908            return True
    7909
    7910        return None
    7911
    7912    def _match_pair(self, token_type_a, token_type_b, advance=True):
    7913        if not self._curr or not self._next:
    7914            return None
    7915
    7916        if self._curr.token_type == token_type_a and self._next.token_type == token_type_b:
    7917            if advance:
    7918                self._advance(2)
    7919            return True
    7920
    7921        return None
    7922
    7923    def _match_l_paren(self, expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None) -> None:
    7924        if not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, expression=expression):
    7925            self.raise_error("Expecting (")
    7926
    7927    def _match_r_paren(self, expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None) -> None:
    7928        if not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN, expression=expression):
    7929            self.raise_error("Expecting )")
    7930
    7931    def _match_texts(self, texts, advance=True):
    7932        if (
    7933            self._curr
    7934            and self._curr.token_type != TokenType.STRING
    7935            and self._curr.text.upper() in texts
    7936        ):
    7937            if advance:
    7938                self._advance()
    7939            return True
    7940        return None
    7941
    7942    def _match_text_seq(self, *texts, advance=True):
    7943        index = self._index
    7944        for text in texts:
    7945            if (
    7946                self._curr
    7947                and self._curr.token_type != TokenType.STRING
    7948                and self._curr.text.upper() == text
    7949            ):
    7950                self._advance()
    7951            else:
    7952                self._retreat(index)
    7953                return None
    7954
    7955        if not advance:
    7956            self._retreat(index)
    7957
    7958        return True
    7959
    7960    def _replace_lambda(
    7961        self, node: t.Optional[exp.Expression], expressions: t.List[exp.Expression]
    7962    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    7963        if not node:
    7964            return node
    7965
    7966        lambda_types = {e.name: e.args.get("to") or False for e in expressions}
    7967
    7968        for column in node.find_all(exp.Column):
    7969            typ = lambda_types.get(column.parts[0].name)
    7970            if typ is not None:
    7971                dot_or_id = column.to_dot() if column.table else column.this
    7972
    7973                if typ:
    7974                    dot_or_id = self.expression(
    7975                        exp.Cast,
    7976                        this=dot_or_id,
    7977                        to=typ,
    7978                    )
    7979
    7980                parent = column.parent
    7981
    7982                while isinstance(parent, exp.Dot):
    7983                    if not isinstance(parent.parent, exp.Dot):
    7984                        parent.replace(dot_or_id)
    7985                        break
    7986                    parent = parent.parent
    7987                else:
    7988                    if column is node:
    7989                        node = dot_or_id
    7990                    else:
    7991                        column.replace(dot_or_id)
    7992        return node
    7993
    7994    def _parse_truncate_table(self) -> t.Optional[exp.TruncateTable] | exp.Expression:
    7995        start = self._prev
    7996
    7997        # Not to be confused with TRUNCATE(number, decimals) function call
    7998        if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    7999            self._retreat(self._index - 2)
    8000            return self._parse_function()
    8001
    8002        # Clickhouse supports TRUNCATE DATABASE as well
    8003        is_database = self._match(TokenType.DATABASE)
    8004
    8005        self._match(TokenType.TABLE)
    8006
    8007        exists = self._parse_exists(not_=False)
    8008
    8009        expressions = self._parse_csv(
    8010            lambda: self._parse_table(schema=True, is_db_reference=is_database)
    8011        )
    8012
    8013        cluster = self._parse_on_property() if self._match(TokenType.ON) else None
    8014
    8015        if self._match_text_seq("RESTART", "IDENTITY"):
    8016            identity = "RESTART"
    8017        elif self._match_text_seq("CONTINUE", "IDENTITY"):
    8018            identity = "CONTINUE"
    8019        else:
    8020            identity = None
    8021
    8022        if self._match_text_seq("CASCADE") or self._match_text_seq("RESTRICT"):
    8023            option = self._prev.text
    8024        else:
    8025            option = None
    8026
    8027        partition = self._parse_partition()
    8028
    8029        # Fallback case
    8030        if self._curr:
    8031            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    8032
    8033        return self.expression(
    8034            exp.TruncateTable,
    8035            expressions=expressions,
    8036            is_database=is_database,
    8037            exists=exists,
    8038            cluster=cluster,
    8039            identity=identity,
    8040            option=option,
    8041            partition=partition,
    8042        )
    8043
    8044    def _parse_with_operator(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    8045        this = self._parse_ordered(self._parse_opclass)
    8046
    8047        if not self._match(TokenType.WITH):
    8048            return this
    8049
    8050        op = self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    8051
    8052        return self.expression(exp.WithOperator, this=this, op=op)
    8053
    8054    def _parse_wrapped_options(self) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    8055        self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    8056        self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
    8057
    8058        opts: t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]] = []
    8059        option: exp.Expression | None
    8060        while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    8061            if self._match_text_seq("FORMAT_NAME", "="):
    8062                # The FORMAT_NAME can be set to an identifier for Snowflake and T-SQL
    8063                option = self._parse_format_name()
    8064            else:
    8065                option = self._parse_property()
    8066
    8067            if option is None:
    8068                self.raise_error("Unable to parse option")
    8069                break
    8070
    8071            opts.append(option)
    8072
    8073        return opts
    8074
    8075    def _parse_copy_parameters(self) -> t.List[exp.CopyParameter]:
    8076        sep = TokenType.COMMA if self.dialect.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV else None
    8077
    8078        options = []
    8079        while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN, advance=False):
    8080            option = self._parse_var(any_token=True)
    8081            prev = self._prev.text.upper()
    8082
    8083            # Different dialects might separate options and values by white space, "=" and "AS"
    8084            self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    8085            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    8086
    8087            param = self.expression(exp.CopyParameter, this=option)
    8088
    8089            if prev in self.COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS and self._match(
    8090                TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False
    8091            ):
    8092                # Snowflake FILE_FORMAT case, Databricks COPY & FORMAT options
    8093                param.set("expressions", self._parse_wrapped_options())
    8094            elif prev == "FILE_FORMAT":
    8095                # T-SQL's external file format case
    8096                param.set("expression", self._parse_field())
    8097            else:
    8098                param.set("expression", self._parse_unquoted_field())
    8099
    8100            options.append(param)
    8101            self._match(sep)
    8102
    8103        return options
    8104
    8105    def _parse_credentials(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Credentials]:
    8106        expr = self.expression(exp.Credentials)
    8107
    8108        if self._match_text_seq("STORAGE_INTEGRATION", "="):
    8109            expr.set("storage", self._parse_field())
    8110        if self._match_text_seq("CREDENTIALS"):
    8111            # Snowflake case: CREDENTIALS = (...), Redshift case: CREDENTIALS <string>
    8112            creds = (
    8113                self._parse_wrapped_options() if self._match(TokenType.EQ) else self._parse_field()
    8114            )
    8115            expr.set("credentials", creds)
    8116        if self._match_text_seq("ENCRYPTION"):
    8117            expr.set("encryption", self._parse_wrapped_options())
    8118        if self._match_text_seq("IAM_ROLE"):
    8119            expr.set("iam_role", self._parse_field())
    8120        if self._match_text_seq("REGION"):
    8121            expr.set("region", self._parse_field())
    8122
    8123        return expr
    8124
    8125    def _parse_file_location(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    8126        return self._parse_field()
    8127
    8128    def _parse_copy(self) -> exp.Copy | exp.Command:
    8129        start = self._prev
    8130
    8131        self._match(TokenType.INTO)
    8132
    8133        this = (
    8134            self._parse_select(nested=True, parse_subquery_alias=False)
    8135            if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False)
    8136            else self._parse_table(schema=True)
    8137        )
    8138
    8139        kind = self._match(TokenType.FROM) or not self._match_text_seq("TO")
    8140
    8141        files = self._parse_csv(self._parse_file_location)
    8142        credentials = self._parse_credentials()
    8143
    8144        self._match_text_seq("WITH")
    8145
    8146        params = self._parse_wrapped(self._parse_copy_parameters, optional=True)
    8147
    8148        # Fallback case
    8149        if self._curr:
    8150            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    8151
    8152        return self.expression(
    8153            exp.Copy,
    8154            this=this,
    8155            kind=kind,
    8156            credentials=credentials,
    8157            files=files,
    8158            params=params,
    8159        )
    8160
    8161    def _parse_normalize(self) -> exp.Normalize:
    8162        return self.expression(
    8163            exp.Normalize,
    8164            this=self._parse_bitwise(),
    8165            form=self._match(TokenType.COMMA) and self._parse_var(),
    8166        )
    8167
    8168    def _parse_ceil_floor(self, expr_type: t.Type[TCeilFloor]) -> TCeilFloor:
    8169        args = self._parse_csv(lambda: self._parse_lambda())
    8170
    8171        this = seq_get(args, 0)
    8172        decimals = seq_get(args, 1)
    8173
    8174        return expr_type(
    8175            this=this, decimals=decimals, to=self._match_text_seq("TO") and self._parse_var()
    8176        )
    8177
    8178    def _parse_star_ops(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    8179        if self._match_text_seq("COLUMNS", "(", advance=False):
    8180            this = self._parse_function()
    8181            if isinstance(this, exp.Columns):
    8182                this.set("unpack", True)
    8183            return this
    8184
    8185        return self.expression(
    8186            exp.Star,
    8187            **{  # type: ignore
    8188                "except": self._parse_star_op("EXCEPT", "EXCLUDE"),
    8189                "replace": self._parse_star_op("REPLACE"),
    8190                "rename": self._parse_star_op("RENAME"),
    8191            },
    8192        )
    8193
    8194    def _parse_grant_privilege(self) -> t.Optional[exp.GrantPrivilege]:
    8195        privilege_parts = []
    8196
    8197        # Keep consuming consecutive keywords until comma (end of this privilege) or ON
    8198        # (end of privilege list) or L_PAREN (start of column list) are met
    8199        while self._curr and not self._match_set(self.PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS, advance=False):
    8200            privilege_parts.append(self._curr.text.upper())
    8201            self._advance()
    8202
    8203        this = exp.var(" ".join(privilege_parts))
    8204        expressions = (
    8205            self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_column)
    8206            if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False)
    8207            else None
    8208        )
    8209
    8210        return self.expression(exp.GrantPrivilege, this=this, expressions=expressions)
    8211
    8212    def _parse_grant_principal(self) -> t.Optional[exp.GrantPrincipal]:
    8213        kind = self._match_texts(("ROLE", "GROUP")) and self._prev.text.upper()
    8214        principal = self._parse_id_var()
    8215
    8216        if not principal:
    8217            return None
    8218
    8219        return self.expression(exp.GrantPrincipal, this=principal, kind=kind)
    8220
    8221    def _parse_grant(self) -> exp.Grant | exp.Command:
    8222        start = self._prev
    8223
    8224        privileges = self._parse_csv(self._parse_grant_privilege)
    8225
    8226        self._match(TokenType.ON)
    8227        kind = self._match_set(self.CREATABLES) and self._prev.text.upper()
    8228
    8229        # Attempt to parse the securable e.g. MySQL allows names
    8230        # such as "foo.*", "*.*" which are not easily parseable yet
    8231        securable = self._try_parse(self._parse_table_parts)
    8232
    8233        if not securable or not self._match_text_seq("TO"):
    8234            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    8235
    8236        principals = self._parse_csv(self._parse_grant_principal)
    8237
    8238        grant_option = self._match_text_seq("WITH", "GRANT", "OPTION")
    8239
    8240        if self._curr:
    8241            return self._parse_as_command(start)
    8242
    8243        return self.expression(
    8244            exp.Grant,
    8245            privileges=privileges,
    8246            kind=kind,
    8247            securable=securable,
    8248            principals=principals,
    8249            grant_option=grant_option,
    8250        )
    8251
    8252    def _parse_overlay(self) -> exp.Overlay:
    8253        return self.expression(
    8254            exp.Overlay,
    8255            **{  # type: ignore
    8256                "this": self._parse_bitwise(),
    8257                "expression": self._match_text_seq("PLACING") and self._parse_bitwise(),
    8258                "from": self._match_text_seq("FROM") and self._parse_bitwise(),
    8259                "for": self._match_text_seq("FOR") and self._parse_bitwise(),
    8260            },
    8261        )
    8262
    8263    def _parse_format_name(self) -> exp.Property:
    8264        # Note: Although not specified in the docs, Snowflake does accept a string/identifier
    8265        # for FILE_FORMAT = <format_name>
    8266        return self.expression(
    8267            exp.Property,
    8268            this=exp.var("FORMAT_NAME"),
    8269            value=self._parse_string() or self._parse_table_parts(),
    8270        )
    8271
    8272    def _parse_max_min_by(self, expr_type: t.Type[exp.AggFunc]) -> exp.AggFunc:
    8273        args: t.List[exp.Expression] = []
    8274
    8275        if self._match(TokenType.DISTINCT):
    8276            args.append(self.expression(exp.Distinct, expressions=[self._parse_assignment()]))
    8277            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    8278
    8279        args.extend(self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment))
    8280
    8281        return self.expression(
    8282            expr_type, this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), count=seq_get(args, 2)
    8283        )
    8284
    8285    def _identifier_expression(
    8286        self, token: t.Optional[Token] = None, **kwargs: t.Any
    8287    ) -> exp.Identifier:
    8288        token = token or self._prev
    8289        expression = self.expression(exp.Identifier, this=token.text, **kwargs)
    8290        expression.update_positions(token)
    8291        return expression

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

Parser( error_level: Optional[sqlglot.errors.ErrorLevel] = None, error_message_context: int = 100, max_errors: int = 3, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.Dialect], NoneType] = None) View Source

    1522    def __init__(
    1523        self,
    1524        error_level: t.Optional[ErrorLevel] = None,
    1525        error_message_context: int = 100,
    1526        max_errors: int = 3,
    1527        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1528    ):
    1529        from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect
    1530
    1531        self.error_level = error_level or ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
    1532        self.error_message_context = error_message_context
    1533        self.max_errors = max_errors
    1534        self.dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect)
    1535        self.reset()

FUNCTIONS: Dict[str, Callable] = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.And'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPLY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Apply'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHAR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COALESCE': <function build_coalesce>, 'IFNULL': <function build_coalesce>, 'NVL': <function build_coalesce>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COLUMNS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Columns'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Contains'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CONVERT_TIMEZONE': <function build_convert_timezone>, 'CONVERT_TO_CHARSET': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConvertToCharset'>>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_SCHEMA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentSchema'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATE_BIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateBin'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc'>>, 'DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK_ISO': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'ISODOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exists'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXPLODING_GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FEATURES_AT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FeaturesAtTime'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'FROM_ISO8601_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromISO8601Timestamp'>>, 'GAP_FILL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GapFill'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <function build_hex>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'INLINE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Inline'>>, 'INT64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>>, 'IS_ASCII': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsAscii'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExists'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'J_S_O_N_B_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONCast'>>, 'J_S_O_N_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExists'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractArray'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'J_S_O_N_VALUE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONValueArray'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'CHAR_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'CHARACTER_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LIST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.List'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <function build_lower>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LOWER_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LowerHex'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAKE_INTERVAL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MEDIAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Median'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NORMALIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Normalize'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OBJECT_INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Or'>>, 'OVERLAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlay'>>, 'PAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pad'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtractAll'>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_PART': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SplitPart'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'SPLIT_BY_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUBSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_DOUBLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDatetime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNICODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unicode'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_SECONDS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixSeconds'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UNNEST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GEN_RANDOM_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GENERATE_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'UUID_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'XMLELEMENT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLElement'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEFTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'RIGHTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SCOPE_RESOLUTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRPOS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'CHARINDEX': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'LOCATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS = {<TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>}
STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>}
NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>}
ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>}
AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>}
TYPE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>}
SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN = {<TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>: <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>: <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>: <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>: <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>: <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>: <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>}
SUBQUERY_PREDICATES = {<TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Any'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.All'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exists'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Any'>}
RESERVED_TOKENS = {<TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, <TokenType.HASH: 'HASH'>, <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>}
DB_CREATABLES = {<TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>}
CREATABLES = {<TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>}
ALTERABLES = {<TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>}
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>}
ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>}
COLON_PLACEHOLDER_TOKENS = {<TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>}
ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = {'ARRAY': <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>, 'LIST': <class 'sqlglot.expressions.List'>}
COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>}
UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>}
TRIM_TYPES = {'TRAILING', 'BOTH', 'LEADING'}
FUNC_TOKENS = {<TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>}
CONJUNCTION: Dict[sqlglot.tokens.TokenType, Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = {<TokenType.AND: 'AND'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.And'>}
ASSIGNMENT: Dict[sqlglot.tokens.TokenType, Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = {<TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PropertyEQ'>}
DISJUNCTION: Dict[sqlglot.tokens.TokenType, Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = {<TokenType.OR: 'OR'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Or'>}
EQUALITY = {<TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EQ'>, <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NEQ'>, <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NullSafeEQ'>}
COMPARISON = {<TokenType.GT: 'GT'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GT'>, <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GTE'>, <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LT'>, <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LTE'>}
BITWISE = {<TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>, <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>, <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>}
TERM = {<TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sub'>, <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Add'>, <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Mod'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>}
FACTOR = {<TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>, <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Distance'>, <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Div'>, <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Mul'>}
EXPONENT: Dict[sqlglot.tokens.TokenType, Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = {}
TIMES = {<TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>}
TIMESTAMPS = {<TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>}
SET_OPERATIONS = {<TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>}
JOIN_METHODS = {<TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.POSITIONAL: 'POSITIONAL'>}
JOIN_SIDES = {<TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>}
JOIN_KINDS = {<TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>}
JOIN_HINTS: Set[str] = set()
LAMBDAS = {<TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
COLUMN_OPERATORS = {<TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>: None, <TokenType.DOTCOLON: 'DOTCOLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
EXPRESSION_PARSERS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Column'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Condition'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataType'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Expression'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.From'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Group'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Having'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hint'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Identifier'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Join'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lambda'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lateral'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Limit'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Offset'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ordered'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Properties'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Qualify'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Returning'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sort'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Table'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TableAlias'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tuple'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Whens'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Where'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Window'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.With'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JOIN_TYPE': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ANALYZE: 'ANALYZE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
UNARY_PARSERS = {<TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIPE_SLASH: 'PIPE_SLASH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DPIPE_SLASH: 'DPIPE_SLASH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
STRING_PARSERS = {<TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING: 'HEREDOC_STRING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.NATIONAL_STRING: 'NATIONAL_STRING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.RAW_STRING: 'RAW_STRING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.STRING: 'STRING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNICODE_STRING: 'UNICODE_STRING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
NUMERIC_PARSERS = {<TokenType.BIT_STRING: 'BIT_STRING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BYTE_STRING: 'BYTE_STRING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.HEX_STRING: 'HEX_STRING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.NUMBER: 'NUMBER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
PRIMARY_PARSERS = {<TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING: 'HEREDOC_STRING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.NATIONAL_STRING: 'NATIONAL_STRING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.RAW_STRING: 'RAW_STRING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.STRING: 'STRING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNICODE_STRING: 'UNICODE_STRING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BIT_STRING: 'BIT_STRING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BYTE_STRING: 'BYTE_STRING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.HEX_STRING: 'HEX_STRING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.NUMBER: 'NUMBER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INTRODUCER: 'INTRODUCER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SESSION_PARAMETER: 'SESSION_PARAMETER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {<TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
RANGE_PARSERS = {<TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
PROPERTY_PARSERS: Dict[str, Callable] = {'ALLOWED_VALUES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ALGORITHM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BACKUP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BLOCKCOMPRESSION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARSET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARACTER SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHECKSUM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COLLATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONTAINS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COPY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATABLOCKSIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATA_DELETION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DEFINER': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DETERMINISTIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTRIBUTED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DUPLICATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DYNAMIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTSTYLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EMPTY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ENGINE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ENVIRONMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXECUTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTERNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FALLBACK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FREESPACE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOBAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'HEAP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ICEBERG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IMMUTABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INHERITS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JOURNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LANGUAGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LAYOUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIFETIME': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCATION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCKING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATERIALIZED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MERGEBLOCKRATIO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MODIFIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MULTISET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ORDER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OUTPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RANGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'READS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'REMOTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RETURNS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STREAMING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW_FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAMPLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SECURE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SECURITY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SETTINGS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHARING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SORTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SOURCE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STORED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSTEM_VERSIONING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TBLPROPERTIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMPORARY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSIENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSFORM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TTL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'USING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNLOGGED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'VOLATILE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'WITH': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {'AUTOINCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASESPECIFIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARACTER SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHECK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COLLATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMPRESS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NONCLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DEFAULT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ENCODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EPHEMERAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXCLUDE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IDENTITY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INLINE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NOT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NULL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PATH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PERIOD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'REFERENCES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TITLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TTL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNIQUE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UPPERCASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'WATERMARK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'WITH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BUCKET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRUNCATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
ALTER_PARSERS = {'ADD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ALTER': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DELETE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DROP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RENAME': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SWAP': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS = {'DISTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTSTYLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SORTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMPOUND': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS = {'EXCLUDE', 'CHECK', 'FOREIGN KEY', 'WATERMARK', 'BUCKET', 'PERIOD', 'LIKE', 'UNIQUE', 'PRIMARY KEY', 'TRUNCATE'}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IF': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS = {<TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.STRING: 'STRING'>}
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {'STRUCT'}
KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Alias'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EQ'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PropertyEQ'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Slice'>)
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ARG_MAX': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'ARGMAX': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'MAX_BY': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'ARG_MIN': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'ARGMIN': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'MIN_BY': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CEIL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DECODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FLOOR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GAP_FILL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NORMALIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OVERLAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'XMLELEMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'XMLTABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {<TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE: 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PREWHERE: 'PREWHERE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
SET_PARSERS = {'GLOBAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SESSION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSACTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
SHOW_PARSERS: Dict[str, Callable] = {}
TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS = {<Type.JSON: 'JSON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
TYPE_CONVERTERS: Dict[sqlglot.expressions.DataType.Type, Callable[[sqlglot.expressions.DataType], sqlglot.expressions.DataType]] = {}
DDL_SELECT_TOKENS = {<TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>}
PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>}
TRANSACTION_KIND = {'DEFERRED', 'IMMEDIATE', 'EXCLUSIVE'}
TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS: Dict[str, Sequence[Union[Sequence[str], str]]] = {'ISOLATION': (('LEVEL', 'REPEATABLE', 'READ'), ('LEVEL', 'READ', 'COMMITTED'), ('LEVEL', 'READ', 'UNCOMITTED'), ('LEVEL', 'SERIALIZABLE')), 'READ': ('WRITE', 'ONLY')}
CONFLICT_ACTIONS: Dict[str, Sequence[Union[Sequence[str], str]]] = {'ABORT': (), 'FAIL': (), 'IGNORE': (), 'REPLACE': (), 'ROLLBACK': (), 'UPDATE': (), 'DO': ('NOTHING', 'UPDATE')}
CREATE_SEQUENCE: Dict[str, Sequence[Union[Sequence[str], str]]] = {'SCALE': ('EXTEND', 'NOEXTEND'), 'SHARD': ('EXTEND', 'NOEXTEND'), 'NO': ('CYCLE', 'CACHE', 'MAXVALUE', 'MINVALUE'), 'SESSION': (), 'GLOBAL': (), 'KEEP': (), 'NOKEEP': (), 'ORDER': (), 'NOORDER': (), 'NOCACHE': (), 'CYCLE': (), 'NOCYCLE': (), 'NOMINVALUE': (), 'NOMAXVALUE': (), 'NOSCALE': (), 'NOSHARD': ()}
ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS: Dict[str, Sequence[Union[Sequence[str], str]]] = {'FOR': ('ALL', 'INSERT', 'NONE')}
USABLES: Dict[str, Sequence[Union[Sequence[str], str]]] = {'ROLE': (), 'WAREHOUSE': (), 'DATABASE': (), 'SCHEMA': (), 'CATALOG': ()}
CAST_ACTIONS: Dict[str, Sequence[Union[Sequence[str], str]]] = {'RENAME': ('FIELDS',), 'ADD': ('FIELDS',)}
SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS: Dict[str, Sequence[Union[Sequence[str], str]]] = {'TYPE': ('EVOLUTION',), 'BINDING': (), 'COMPENSATION': (), 'EVOLUTION': ()}
PROCEDURE_OPTIONS: Dict[str, Sequence[Union[Sequence[str], str]]] = {}
EXECUTE_AS_OPTIONS: Dict[str, Sequence[Union[Sequence[str], str]]] = {'CALLER': (), 'SELF': (), 'OWNER': ()}
KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS: Dict[str, Sequence[Union[Sequence[str], str]]] = {'NOT': ('ENFORCED',), 'MATCH': ('FULL', 'PARTIAL', 'SIMPLE'), 'INITIALLY': ('DEFERRED', 'IMMEDIATE'), 'USING': ('BTREE', 'HASH'), 'DEFERRABLE': (), 'NORELY': (), 'RELY': ()}
WINDOW_EXCLUDE_OPTIONS: Dict[str, Sequence[Union[Sequence[str], str]]] = {'NO': ('OTHERS',), 'CURRENT': ('ROW',), 'GROUP': (), 'TIES': ()}
INSERT_ALTERNATIVES = {'REPLACE', 'ABORT', 'IGNORE', 'FAIL', 'ROLLBACK'}
CLONE_KEYWORDS = {'CLONE', 'COPY'}
HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX = {'BEFORE', 'AT', 'END'}
HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND = {'VERSION', 'STREAM', 'STATEMENT', 'OFFSET', 'TIMESTAMP'}
OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS = {'NULLS', 'ASC', 'DESC', 'WITH'}
OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS = {<TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>}
TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS = {<TokenType.IGNORE: 'IGNORE'>, <TokenType.FORCE: 'FORCE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>}
VIEW_ATTRIBUTES = {'VIEW_METADATA', 'SCHEMABINDING', 'ENCRYPTION'}
WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>}
WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS = {<TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>}
WINDOW_SIDES = {'PRECEDING', 'FOLLOWING'}
JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>}
FETCH_TOKENS = {<TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>}
ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS = {<TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.KEY: 'KEY'>, <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>}
DISTINCT_TOKENS = {<TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>}
NULL_TOKENS = {<TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>}
UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>}
SELECT_START_TOKENS = {<TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>}
COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS = {'FILE_FORMAT', 'COPY_OPTIONS', 'CREDENTIAL', 'FORMAT_OPTIONS'}
IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND = {'VALUE', 'SCALAR', 'ARRAY', 'OBJECT'}
ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS = {'d': <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>, 't': <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>, 'ts': <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>}
ON_CONDITION_TOKENS = {'EMPTY', 'NULL', 'ERROR', 'FALSE', 'TRUE'}
PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS = {<TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>}
DESCRIBE_STYLES = {'FORMATTED', 'HISTORY', 'EXTENDED', 'ANALYZE'}
ANALYZE_STYLES = {'FULL', 'NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG', 'LOCAL', 'BUFFER_USAGE_LIMIT', 'VERBOSE', 'SAMPLE', 'SKIP_LOCKED'}
ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS = {'ALL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMPUTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DELETE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DROP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ESTIMATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UPDATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'VALIDATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
PARTITION_KEYWORDS = {'PARTITION', 'SUBPARTITION'}
AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_TOKENS = (<TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>)
OPERATION_MODIFIERS: Set[str] = set()
RECURSIVE_CTE_SEARCH_KIND = {'CYCLE', 'BREADTH', 'DEPTH'}
MODIFIABLES = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Query'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Table'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TableFromRows'>)
STRICT_CAST = True
PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS = False
IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = False
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = False
ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = True
TABLESAMPLE_CSV = False
DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD: Optional[str] = None
SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = True
TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST = False
STRING_ALIASES = False
MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP = True
SET_OP_MODIFIERS = {'offset', 'order', 'limit'}
NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = True
JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE = False
COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT = False
VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN = True
SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = False
INTERVAL_SPANS = True
SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION = False
WRAPPED_TRANSFORM_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT = True
OPTIONAL_ALIAS_TOKEN_CTE = True
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}
error_level
error_message_context
max_errors
dialect
def reset(self): View Source

    1537    def reset(self):
    1538        self.sql = ""
    1539        self.errors = []
    1540        self._tokens = []
    1541        self._index = 0
    1542        self._curr = None
    1543        self._next = None
    1544        self._prev = None
    1545        self._prev_comments = None

def parse( self, raw_tokens: List[sqlglot.tokens.Token], sql: Optional[str] = None) -> List[Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]: View Source

    1547    def parse(
    1548        self, raw_tokens: t.List[Token], sql: t.Optional[str] = None
    1549    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    1550        """
    1551        Parses a list of tokens and returns a list of syntax trees, one tree
    1552        per parsed SQL statement.
    1553
    1554        Args:
    1555            raw_tokens: The list of tokens.
    1556            sql: The original SQL string, used to produce helpful debug messages.
    1557
    1558        Returns:
    1559            The list of the produced syntax trees.
    1560        """
    1561        return self._parse(
    1562            parse_method=self.__class__._parse_statement, raw_tokens=raw_tokens, sql=sql
    1563        )

Parses a list of tokens and returns a list of syntax trees, one tree per parsed SQL statement.

###### Arguments:

- raw_tokens: The list of tokens.
- sql: The original SQL string, used to produce helpful debug messages.

###### Returns:

> The list of the produced syntax trees.

def parse_into( self, expression_types: Union[str, Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], Collection[Union[str, Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]]], raw_tokens: List[sqlglot.tokens.Token], sql: Optional[str] = None) -> List[Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]: View Source

    1565    def parse_into(
    1566        self,
    1567        expression_types: exp.IntoType,
    1568        raw_tokens: t.List[Token],
    1569        sql: t.Optional[str] = None,
    1570    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    1571        """
    1572        Parses a list of tokens into a given Expression type. If a collection of Expression
    1573        types is given instead, this method will try to parse the token list into each one
    1574        of them, stopping at the first for which the parsing succeeds.
    1575
    1576        Args:
    1577            expression_types: The expression type(s) to try and parse the token list into.
    1578            raw_tokens: The list of tokens.
    1579            sql: The original SQL string, used to produce helpful debug messages.
    1580
    1581        Returns:
    1582            The target Expression.
    1583        """
    1584        errors = []
    1585        for expression_type in ensure_list(expression_types):
    1586            parser = self.EXPRESSION_PARSERS.get(expression_type)
    1587            if not parser:
    1588                raise TypeError(f"No parser registered for {expression_type}")
    1589
    1590            try:
    1591                return self._parse(parser, raw_tokens, sql)
    1592            except ParseError as e:
    1593                e.errors[0]["into_expression"] = expression_type
    1594                errors.append(e)
    1595
    1596        raise ParseError(
    1597            f"Failed to parse '{sql or raw_tokens}' into {expression_types}",
    1598            errors=merge_errors(errors),
    1599        ) from errors[-1]

Parses a list of tokens into a given Expression type. If a collection of Expression types is given instead, this method will try to parse the token list into each one of them, stopping at the first for which the parsing succeeds.

###### Arguments:

- expression_types: The expression type(s) to try and parse the token list into.
- raw_tokens: The list of tokens.
- sql: The original SQL string, used to produce helpful debug messages.

###### Returns:

> The target Expression.

def check_errors(self) -> None: View Source

    1639    def check_errors(self) -> None:
    1640        """Logs or raises any found errors, depending on the chosen error level setting."""
    1641        if self.error_level == ErrorLevel.WARN:
    1642            for error in self.errors:
    1643                logger.error(str(error))
    1644        elif self.error_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.errors:
    1645            raise ParseError(
    1646                concat_messages(self.errors, self.max_errors),
    1647                errors=merge_errors(self.errors),
    1648            )

Logs or raises any found errors, depending on the chosen error level setting.

def raise_error(self, message: str, token: Optional[sqlglot.tokens.Token] = None) -> None: View Source

    1650    def raise_error(self, message: str, token: t.Optional[Token] = None) -> None:
    1651        """
    1652        Appends an error in the list of recorded errors or raises it, depending on the chosen
    1653        error level setting.
    1654        """
    1655        token = token or self._curr or self._prev or Token.string("")
    1656        start = token.start
    1657        end = token.end + 1
    1658        start_context = self.sql[max(start - self.error_message_context, 0) : start]
    1659        highlight = self.sql[start:end]
    1660        end_context = self.sql[end : end + self.error_message_context]
    1661
    1662        error = ParseError.new(
    1663            f"{message}. Line {token.line}, Col: {token.col}.\n"
    1664            f"  {start_context}\033[4m{highlight}\033[0m{end_context}",
    1665            description=message,
    1666            line=token.line,
    1667            col=token.col,
    1668            start_context=start_context,
    1669            highlight=highlight,
    1670            end_context=end_context,
    1671        )
    1672
    1673        if self.error_level == ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE:
    1674            raise error
    1675
    1676        self.errors.append(error)

Appends an error in the list of recorded errors or raises it, depending on the chosen error level setting.

def expression( self, exp_class: Type[~E], comments: Optional[List[str]] = None, **kwargs) -> ~E: View Source

    1678    def expression(
    1679        self, exp_class: t.Type[E], comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, **kwargs
    1680    ) -> E:
    1681        """
    1682        Creates a new, validated Expression.
    1683
    1684        Args:
    1685            exp_class: The expression class to instantiate.
    1686            comments: An optional list of comments to attach to the expression.
    1687            kwargs: The arguments to set for the expression along with their respective values.
    1688
    1689        Returns:
    1690            The target expression.
    1691        """
    1692        instance = exp_class(**kwargs)
    1693        instance.add_comments(comments) if comments else self._add_comments(instance)
    1694        return self.validate_expression(instance)

Creates a new, validated Expression.

###### Arguments:

- exp_class: The expression class to instantiate.
- comments: An optional list of comments to attach to the expression.
- kwargs: The arguments to set for the expression along with their respective values.

###### Returns:

> The target expression.

def validate_expression(self, expression: ~E, args: Optional[List] = None) -> ~E: View Source

    1701    def validate_expression(self, expression: E, args: t.Optional[t.List] = None) -> E:
    1702        """
    1703        Validates an Expression, making sure that all its mandatory arguments are set.
    1704
    1705        Args:
    1706            expression: The expression to validate.
    1707            args: An optional list of items that was used to instantiate the expression, if it's a Func.
    1708
    1709        Returns:
    1710            The validated expression.
    1711        """
    1712        if self.error_level != ErrorLevel.IGNORE:
    1713            for error_message in expression.error_messages(args):
    1714                self.raise_error(error_message)
    1715
    1716        return expression

Validates an Expression, making sure that all its mandatory arguments are set.

###### Arguments:

- expression: The expression to validate.
- args: An optional list of items that was used to instantiate the expression, if it's a Func.

###### Returns:

> The validated expression.

def parse_set_operation( self, this: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]) -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    4689    def parse_set_operation(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    4690        start = self._index
    4691        _, side_token, kind_token = self._parse_join_parts()
    4692
    4693        side = side_token.text if side_token else None
    4694        kind = kind_token.text if kind_token else None
    4695
    4696        if not self._match_set(self.SET_OPERATIONS):
    4697            self._retreat(start)
    4698            return None
    4699
    4700        token_type = self._prev.token_type
    4701
    4702        if token_type == TokenType.UNION:
    4703            operation: t.Type[exp.SetOperation] = exp.Union
    4704        elif token_type == TokenType.EXCEPT:
    4705            operation = exp.Except
    4706        else:
    4707            operation = exp.Intersect
    4708
    4709        comments = self._prev.comments
    4710
    4711        if self._match(TokenType.DISTINCT):
    4712            distinct: t.Optional[bool] = True
    4713        elif self._match(TokenType.ALL):
    4714            distinct = False
    4715        else:
    4716            distinct = self.dialect.SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT[operation]
    4717            if distinct is None:
    4718                self.raise_error(f"Expected DISTINCT or ALL for {operation.__name__}")
    4719
    4720        by_name = self._match_text_seq("BY", "NAME") or self._match_text_seq(
    4721            "STRICT", "CORRESPONDING"
    4722        )
    4723        if self._match_text_seq("CORRESPONDING"):
    4724            by_name = True
    4725            if not side and not kind:
    4726                kind = "INNER"
    4727
    4728        on_column_list = None
    4729        if by_name and self._match_texts(("ON", "BY")):
    4730            on_column_list = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_column)
    4731
    4732        expression = self._parse_select(nested=True, parse_set_operation=False)
    4733
    4734        return self.expression(
    4735            operation,
    4736            comments=comments,
    4737            this=this,
    4738            distinct=distinct,
    4739            by_name=by_name,
    4740            expression=expression,
    4741            side=side,
    4742            kind=kind,
    4743            on=on_column_list,
    4744        )

errors
sql